1-11. (canceled)
12. A catalytic reactor comprising at least two catalytic cellular architectures and at least one structural element, inserted between the two catalytic cellular architectures, wherein:
an entirety of an external perimeter of the combined catalytic cellular architectures and structural element(s) is in contact with an inner wall of the reactor; and
the cellular architectures and the structural element(s) are arranged coaxially.
13. The catalytic reactor of claim 12, wherein said at least one structural element is placed at an upper end of the catalytic architectures.
14. The catalytic reactor of claim 12, wherein the catalytic cellular architecture is a catalytic ceramic foam.
15. The catalytic reactor of claim 12, wherein the catalytic cellular architecture is a metallic foam covered with a protective oxide layer onto which a catalyst is deposited.
16. The catalytic reactor of claim 12, wherein the structural element is shaped as at least one ring, at least one half ring, at least one disk, at least one pierced grid; or a combinations of two or more thereof.
17. The catalytic reactor of claim 12, wherein the structural element is shaped as a disk having at least one opening, the opening(s) representing between 85% and 95% of a surface area of the disk.
18. The catalytic reactor of claim 12, wherein the structural element is metallic.
19. The catalytic reactor of claim 18, wherein the metallic structural element is machined from a same alloy as a shell of the catalytic reactor.
20. The catalytic reactor of claim 12, wherein the structural element is ceramic.
21. A method of producing syngas, comprising the step of producing syngas from a feed gas comprising oxygen andor carbon dioxide andor steam mixed with methane, wherein:
the reactor of claim 12 is used as a pre-reforming bed, a reforming bed andor a water-gas shift bed;
the reactor is maintained at a reaction temperature of between 200 and 1000\xb0 C., preferably between 400 and 1000\xb0 C.; and
a pressure of gaseous reactants fed to the reactor or gaseous products produced by the reactor of claim 12 are at a pressure of between 10 and 50 bar.
22. The method of claim 21, wherein the pressure of the gaseous reactants fed to the reactor of claim 12 or gaseous products produced by the reactor of claim 12 are at a pressure of between 15 and 35 bar.
The claims below are in addition to those above.
All refrences to claim(s) which appear below refer to the numbering after this setence.
1. A detection control circuit for detecting a consumption status of liquid contained in a liquid container by a detection device having a piezoelectric element, the detection device comprising an actually vibrating part facing a cavity which defines the vibration of the liquid, the circuit comprising:
a measurement circuit segment for measuring a residual vibration of the detection device; and
a detection circuit segment receiving a signal from said measurement circuit segment and outputting a signal indicative of the consumption status of the liquid contained in the liquid container on the basis of the output signal of said measurement circuit segment.
2. The detection control circuit according to claim 1, wherein said measurement circuit segment measures a frequency of the residual vibration of the detection device.
3. The detection control circuit according to claim 1, wherein said measurement circuit segment measures at least one resonance frequency of the liquid surrounding the detection device.
4. The detection control circuit according to claim 1, wherein the liquid container is an ink cartridge for an ink-jet type printing apparatus.
5. The detection control circuit according to claim 1, wherein a node of the vibration of the detection device is located on the periphery of the cavity.
6. The detection control circuit according to claim 1, wherein at least a part of said vibrating part contacts the liquid in the liquid container.
7. The detection control circuit according to claim 1, wherein the depth of said cavity is smaller than the narrowest width of said cavity.
8. The detection control circuit according to claim 7, wherein a ratio of a radius of said cavity with a depth thereof is larger than 3\u03c08.
9. The detection control circuit according to claim 7, wherein the depth of said cavity is less than one-third of the narrowest width of said cavity.
10. The detection control circuit according to claim 1, wherein said detection device comprises a base member at which said cavity is formed, and the compliance of said vibrating part is greater than that of said base member.
11. A detection control circuit for detecting a consumption status of liquid contained in a liquid container by a detection device having a piezoelectric element, the detection device comprising an actually vibrating part facing a cavity which defines the vibration of the liquid, the circuit comprising:
a measurement circuit segment for measuring a residual vibration of the detection device; and
a detection circuit segment receiving a signal from said measurement circuit segment and outputting a signal indicative of the consumption status of the liquid contained in the liquid container on the basis of the output signal of said measurement circuit segment,
wherein said measurement circuit segment comprises an amplifier, said amplifier comprises a PNP type transistor and a NPN type transistor which complementarily connects with said PNP type transistor, and emitter of said PNP type transistor and an emitter of said NPN type transistor connect with each other, and
wherein a drive voltage generated between a point connected between the emitter of said NPN type transistor and said PNP type transistor and the ground is applied to the detection device.
12. A detection control circuit for detecting a consumption status of liquid contained in a liquid container by a detection device having a piezoelectric element, the detection device comprising an actually vibrating part facing a cavity which defines the vibration of the liquid, the circuit comprising:
a measurement circuit segment for measuring a residual vibration of the detection device; and
a detection circuit segment receiving a signal from said measurement circuit segment and outputting a signal indicative of the consumption status of the liquid contained in the liquid container on the basis of the output signal of said measurement circuit segment,
wherein said measurement circuit segment comprises an amplifier, said amplifier comprises a P-channel field effect transistor and a N-channel field effect transistor which complementarily connects with said P-channel field effect transistor, and a source of said P-channel transistor and a source of said N-channel transistor connect with each other, and
wherein a drive voltage generated between a point connected between the sources of said N-channel FET and said P-channel FET and the ground is applied to the detection device.