1. A combustor for a turbine engine, comprising:
an outer liner having a first group of air admission holes and defining a plurality of outer liner regions, each outer liner region being separated from an adjacent outer liner region by an outer boundary line;
an inner liner circumscribed by the outer liner and forming a combustion chamber therebetween, the inner liner having a second group of air admission holes and defining a plurality of inner liner regions, each inner liner region being separated from an adjacent inner liner region by an inner boundary line; and
a plurality of fuel injectors extending into the combustion chamber, each of the plurality of fuel injectors being associated with one of the outer liner regions and one of the inner liner regions, wherein the first group of air admission holes within a respective outer liner region includes
a first plunged air admission hole approximately axially aligned with the respective fuel injector,
a second plunged air admission hole approximately on the outer boundary line between the respective outer liner region and a first adjacent outer liner region, the first air admission hole being downstream of the second air admission hole, and
a third plunged air admission hole approximately on the outer boundary line between the respective outer liner region and a second adjacent outer liner region.
2. The combustor of claim 1, wherein the first group of air admission holes includes
fourth and fifth plunged air admission holes arranged on a line between the first and second plunged air admission holes, and
sixth and seventh plunged air admission holes arranged on a line between the second and third plunged air admission holes.
3. The combustor of claim 2, wherein the first, second and third plunged air admission holes are larger than the fourth, fifth, sixth and seventh plunged air admission holes.
4. The combustor of claim 1, wherein the first and second plunged air admission holes are arranged to respectively reduce NOx in the combustion chamber at the first outer boundary line and downstream of the respective fuel injector.
5. The combustor of claim 1, wherein the first group of air admission holes has a pattern that is repeated in additional groups of air admission holes in the adjacent outer regions.
6. The combustor of claim 1, wherein the combustion chamber defines a rich burn zone, a quench zone, and a lean burn zone, the first group of air admission holes introducing air jets into quench zone.
7. The combustor of claim 1, wherein the second group of air admission holes within a respective inner liner region includes
a plunged first plunged air admission hole axially aligned with the respective fuel injector,
a second plunged air admission hole approximately on the inner boundary line between the respective inner liner region and a first adjacent inner liner region, the first plunged air admission hole being downstream of the second plunged air admission hole,
a third plunged air admission hole approximately on the inner boundary line between the respective inner liner region and a second adjacent inner liner region,
a fourth plunged air admission hole of the second group that is on a line between the first and second plunged air admission holes, and
a fifth plunged air admission hole of the second group that is on a line between the second and third plunged air admission holes.
8. The combustor of claim 7, wherein the first group of air admission holes is generally aligned with the second group of air admission holes.
9. The combustor of claim 7, wherein the second group of air admission holes has a pattern that is repeated in additional groups of air admission holes in the adjacent outer regions.
10. The combustor of claim 7, wherein first and second groups each include a plurality of large air admission holes, the large air admission holes of the first and second groups being circumferentially staggered with respect to each other.
11. The combustor of claim 7, wherein the combustor chamber defines a width and wherein the first plunged air admission hole of the first group admits a first air jet that penetrates about 75% of the width of the combustor chamber and the first plunged air admission hole of the second group admits a second air jet that penetrates about 25% of the width of the combustion chamber.
12. The combustor of claim 1, wherein the first plunged air admission hole is integral with the outer liner.
13. The combustor of claim 1, wherein the first plunged air admission hole includes an insert that extends into the combustion chamber.
14. The combustor of claim 1, wherein the outer liner is a dual walled liner with a first wall and a second wall.
15. The combustor of claim 14, wherein the first plunged air admission hole includes an insert that directs air through the first wall, through the second wall, and into the combustion chamber.
16. An outer liner of a combustor of a gas turbine engine, comprising:
a plurality of liner regions arranged adjacent one another and separated by boundary lines; and
a plurality of plunged air admission holes formed in the liner regions, the air admission holes within each liner region forming a V-pattern.
17. The outer liner of claim 16, wherein a respective liner region is separated from a first adjacent liner region by a first boundary line and a second adjacent liner region by a second boundary line, wherein the plunged air admission holes include a first plunged air admission hole approximately on the first boundary line, a second plunged air admission hole approximately on the second boundary line, and a third plunged air admission hole approximately centered between the first and second boundary lines, wherein the first and second plunged air admission holes are circumferentially aligned and the third plunged air admission hole is downstream of the first and second air admission holes.
18. The outer liner of claim 17, wherein the first, second, and third plunged air admissions holes are integral with the outer liner.
19. A rich burn, quick quench, lean burn (RQL) combustor for a turbine engine, comprising:
an outer liner having a first group of air admission holes and defining a plurality of outer liner regions, each outer liner region being separated from an adjacent outer liner by an outer boundary line;
an inner liner circumscribed by the outer liner and forming a combustion chamber therebetween, the inner liner having a second group of air admission holes and defining a plurality of inner liner regions, each inner liner region being separated from an adjacent inner liner region by an inner boundary line; and
a plurality of fuel injectors extending into the combustion chamber, each of the plurality of fuel injectors being associated with one of the outer liner regions and one of the inner liner regions,
wherein the first group of air admission holes within a respective outer liner region includes
a first plunged air admission hole axially aligned with the respective fuel injector,
a second plunged air admission hole approximately on the outer boundary line between the respective outer liner region and a first adjacent outer liner region, the first plunged air admission hole being downstream of the second air admission hole;
a third plunged air admission hole approximately on the outer boundary line between the respective outer liner region and a second adjacent outer liner region, the third plunged air admission hole being circumferentially aligned with the second air admission hole;
fourth and fifth plunged air admission holes on a line between the first and second plunged air admission holes; and
sixth and seventh plunged air admission holes on a line between the second and third plunged air admission holes.
20. The combustor of claim 19, wherein the second group of air admission holes within a respective inner liner region includes
a first plunged air admission hole of the inner liner axially aligned with the respective fuel injector,
a second plunged air admission hole of the inner liner approximately on the inner boundary line between the respective inner liner region and a first adjacent inner liner region, the first plunged air admission hole of the inner liner being downstream of the second plunged air admission hole of the inner liner,
a third plunged air admission hole of the inner liner approximately on the inner boundary between the respective inner liner region and a second adjacent inner liner region,
a fourth plunged air admission hole of the inner liner that is downstream of the second plunged air admission hole of the inner liner, upstream of the first plunged air admission hole of the inner liner, and circumferentially between the first and second plunged air admission holes of the inner liner; and
a fifth plunged air admission hole of the inner liner that is downstream of the third plunged air admission hole of the inner liner, upstream of the first plunged air admission hole of the inner liner, and circumferentially between the first and third plunged air admission holes of the inner liner.
The claims below are in addition to those above.
All refrences to claim(s) which appear below refer to the numbering after this setence.
1. A scavenger support obtained by reacting a functionalised organic support comprising pendant groups selected from 1,3-ketoesters or 1,3-ketoamides or mixtures thereof attached to a support with an amine, wherein the scavenger support is adapted to be a scavenger, is insoluble and in a form suitable for filtration, and is in the form of beads having a size in the range from 10 \u03bcm to 2000 \u03bcm,
and the amine is selected from the group consisting of:
(i) an optionally substituted hydrazine or salt thereof; and
(ii) an amine selected from:
2. A scavenger support according to claim 1 wherein the functionalised support comprises pendant 1,3-ketoester or 1,3-ketoamide groups of formula 1:
wherein
R1 is an optionally substituted hydrocarbyl, perhalogenated hydrocarbyl or heterocyclyl group;
X is O or NR2, wherein the free valence of O or NR2 is bonded to a support optionally via a linker; and
R2 is hydrogen, an optionally substituted hydrocarbyl, or heterocyclyl group.
3. A scavenger support according to claim 2 wherein the functionalised support comprising pendant groups selected from 1,3-ketoesters or 1,3-ketoamides or mixtures thereof attached to a support is obtained by reacting an amino functionalised polymer, with a functionalising agent selected from ethylene glycol diacetoacetate, ethylene bisacetoacetamide, 1,1,1-tris(acetoacetoxymethyl)propane, diacetoacet-o-tolidide, diacetoacet-1,4-phenylenediamide, diacetoacet-2,5-dimethyl-1,4-phenylenediamide, diacetoacet-2-chloro-5-methyl-1,4-phenylenediamide, diacetoacet-2,5-dichloro-1,4-phenylenediamide, diketene, or 2,2,6-trimethyl-4H-1,3-dioxin-4-one.
4. A scavenger support according to claim 2 wherein the functionalised support comprising pendant groups selected from 1,3-ketoesters or 1,3-ketoamides or mixtures thereof attached to a support is obtained by polymerisation of a composition comprising a functionalised monomer comprising pendant 1,3-ketoester or 1,3-ketoamide groups attached by means of a linker to a single monomer type.
5. A scavenger support according to claim 4 wherein the functionalised support comprising pendant groups selected from 1,3-ketoesters or 1,3-ketoamides or mixtures thereof attached to a support is obtained by polymerisation of a composition comprising a functionalised monomer comprising pendant 1,3-ketoester or 1,3-ketoamide groups attached by means of a linker to a single monomer type, and one or more monomers selected from the group consisting of styrene and substituted styrenes; alkyl esters of mono-olefinically unsaturated dicarboxylic acids; vinyl esters of carboxylic acids; acrylamides; methacrylamides; nitrile monomers; esters of acrylic and methacrylic acid; divinylbenzene; trivinylbenzene; and multifunctional acrylates and methacrylates.
6. A scavenger support according to claim 4 wherein the functionalised monomer comprising pendant 1,3-ketoester or 1,3-ketoamide groups has the general formula 2:
wherein
each X is independently 0 or NR2;
R1 and R2 are as defined herein before above;
R3 is H or an optionally substituted hydrocarbyl, perhalogenated hydrocarbyl or heterocyclyl group; and
L is a linking group.
7. A scavenger support according to claim 6 wherein the functionalised monomer comprising pendant 1,3-ketoester or 1,3-ketoamide groups has the general formula 2a:
wherein
X is O or NR2;
R1 and R2 are as defined herein before above;
R3 is H or an optionally substituted hydrocarbyl, perhalogenated hydrocarbyl or heterocyclyl group; and
L is a linking group.
8. A scavenger support according to claim 7 wherein the functional support is obtained by polymerisation of a composition comprising one or more monomers selected from the group consisting of acetoacetoxyethyl acrylate, acetoacetoxyethyl methacrylate, acetoacetoxypropyl acrylate, and acetoacetoxypropyl methacrylate, one or more monomers selected from the group consisting of styrene, methyl acrylate, ethyl acrylate, methyl methacrylate, ethyl acrylate, and one or more monomers selected from the group consisting of divinylbenzene, trivinylbenzene, ethylene glycol diacrylate, ethylene glycol dimethacrylate, trimethylolpropane triacrylate, trimethylolpropane trimethacrylate, ethylene bisacrylamide, pentaerythritol triacrylate, pentaerythritol tetraacrylate, pentaerythritol trimethacrylate, pentaerythritol tetramethacrylate and N,N-bis-acryloyl ethylene diamine.
9. A scavenger support according to claim 8 wherein the functional support is obtained by polymerisation of compositions comprising acetoacetoxyethyl methacrylate, styrene and divinylbenzene.
10. A scavenger support according to claim 1 wherein the amine is selected from
11. A scavenger support according to claim 1 wherein the scavenger support is a scavenger support comprising pendant groups selected from 3-iminoesters, 3-iminoamides, 2,3-enaminoesters or 2,3-enaminoamides or mixtures thereof attached to a polymer support.
12. A scavenger support according to claim 11 wherein the scavenger support comprises pendant groups selected from 3-iminoesters, 3-iminoamides, 2,3-enaminoesters or 2,3-enaminoamides of formula (3) or (4)
wherein
R1 is an optionally substituted hydrocarbyl, perhalogenated hydrocarbyl or heterocyclyl group;
X is O or NR2, wherein the free valence of O or NR2 is bonded to a support optionally via a linker;
R2 is hydrogen, an optionally substituted hydrocarbyl, or heterocyclyl group;
R4 is a substituent group; and
R5 is hydrogen or a substituent group, or R4 and R5 may optionally be linked in such as way so as to form an optionally substituted heterocyclic ring,
or tautomers thereof.
13. A scavenger support according to claim 1 wherein the amine is a tri-amine.
14. A scavenger support obtained by reacting the scavenger support according to claim 13 with a reagent selected from carbon disulphide, an isothiocyanate, or a haloacetate.
15. A scavenger support obtained by reacting a functionalised inorganic support comprising pendant groups selected from 1,3-ketoesters or 1,3-ketoamides or mixtures thereof attached to a support with an amine.
16. A scavenger support according to claim 15 wherein the functionalised support comprising pendant groups selected from 1,3-ketoesters or 1,3-ketoamides or mixtures thereof attached to a support is obtained by reacting an amino functionalised silica with a functionalising agent selected from ethylene glycol diacetoacetate, ethylene bisacetoacetamide, 1,1,1-tris(acetoacetoxymethyl)propane, diacetoacet-o-tolidide, diacetoacet-1,4-phenylenediamide, diacetoacet-2,5-dimethyl-1,4-phenylenediamide, diacetoacet-2-chloro-5-methyl-1,4-phenylenediamide, diacetoacet-2,5-dichloro-1,4-phenylenediamide, diketene, or 2,2,6-trimethyl-4H-1,3-dioxin-4-one.
17. A scavenger support according to claim 15 wherein the functionalised support comprises pendant 1,3-ketoester or 1,3-ketoamide groups of formula 1:
wherein
R1 is an optionally substituted hydrocarbyl, perhalogenated hydrocarbyl or heterocyclyl group;
X is O or NR2, wherein the free valence of O or NR2 is bonded to a support optionally via a linker; and
R2 is hydrogen, an optionally substituted hydrocarbyl, or heterocyclyl group.
18. A scavenger support according to claim 15 wherein the amine is an optionally substituted primary amine, an optionally substituted secondary amine, an optionally substituted hydrazine or salt thereof.
19. A scavenger support according to claim 18 wherein the amine is selected from
20. A scavenger support according to claim 19 wherein the amine is selected from
21. A scavenger support according to claim 15 wherein the scavenger support is a scavenger support comprising pendant groups selected from 3-iminoesters, 3-iminoamides, 2,3-enaminoesters or 2,3-enaminoamides or mixtures thereof attached to a support.
22. A scavenger support according to claim 21 wherein the scavenger support comprises pendant groups selected from 3-iminoesters, 3-iminoamides, 2,3-enaminoesters or 2,3-enaminoamides of formula (3) or (4)
wherein
R1 is an optionally substituted hydrocarbyl, perhalogenated hydrocarbyl or heterocyclyl group;
X is O or NR2, wherein the free valence of O or NR2 is bonded to a support optionally via a linker;
R2 is hydrogen, an optionally substituted hydrocarbyl, or heterocyclyl group;
R4 is a substituent group; and
R5 is hydrogen or a substituent group, or R4 and R5 may optionally be linked in such as way so as to form an optionally substituted heterocyclic ring,
or tautomers thereof.
23. A scavenger support according to claim 15 wherein the amine is a tri-amine.
24. A scavenger support obtained by reacting the scavenger support according to claim 23 with a reagent selected from carbon disulphide, an isothiocyanate, or a haloacetate.
25. A scavenger support according to claim 5 wherein the functionalised monomer comprising pendant 1,3-ketoester or 1,3-ketoamide groups has the general formula 2:
wherein
each X is independently 0 or NR2;
R1 and R2 are as defined herein before above;
R3 is H or an optionally substituted hydrocarbyl, perhalogenated hydrocarbyl or heterocyclyl group; and
L is a linking group.
26. A scavenger support according to claim 3 wherein the amino functionalised polymer is an amino polystyrene.
27. A scavenger support according to claim 5 wherein:
(a) said substituted styrenes are selected from the group consisting of \u03b1-methyl styrene, methyl styrene, t-butyl styrene, bromo styrene and acetoxy styrene; andor
(b) said alkyl esters of mono-olenifically unsaturated dicarboxylic acids are selected from the group consisting of di-n-butyl maleate and di-n-butyl fumarate; andor
(c) said vinyl esters of carboxylic acids are selected from the group consisting of vinyl acetate, vinyl propionate, vinyl laurate and vinyl esters of versatic acid; andor
(d) said acrylamides are selected from the group consisting of methyl acrylamide and ethyl acrylamide; andor
(e) said nitrile monomers are selected from the group consisting of acrylonitrile and methacrylonitrile; andor
(f) said esters of acrylic acid and methacrylic acid are selected from the group consisting of methyl acrylate, ethyl acrylate, n-butyl acrylate, 2-ethylhexyl acrylate, i-propyl acrylate, n-propyl acrylate, methyl methacrylate, ethyl methacrylate, n-butyl methacrylate, 2-ethylhexyl methacrylate, i-propyl methacrylate, n-propyl methacrylate, hydroxyethyl acrylate, hydroxyethyl methacrylate, N,N-dimethylaminoethyl acrylate and N,N-dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate; andor
(g) said multifunctional acrylates and methacrylates are selected from the group consisting of ethylene glycol diacrylate, ethylene glycol dimethacrylate, trimethylolpropane triacrylate, trimethylolpropane trimethacrylate, ethylene bisacrylamide, pentaerythritol triacrylate, pentaerythritol trimethacrylate, pentaerythritol tetraacrylate, pentaerythritol tetramethacrylate and N,N-bis-acryloyl ethylene diamine.