1. A complex emulsion comprising:
from about 10 to about 90 vol%, based on total volume, of an oil external phase,
from about 90 to about 10 vol%, based on the total volume, of an internal aqueous acid phase containing a microemulsion, and
from about 0.1 to about 40 vol%, based on total volume, of an emulsifier in the hydrocarbon phase.
2. The complex emulsion of claim 1 where the oil external phase is selected from the group consisting of xylene, diesel, toluene, kerosene, other aromatics, refined hydrocarbons and mixtures thereof.
3. The complex emulsion of claim 1 where the acid in the aqueous acid phase is selected from the group of acids consisting of hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid, phosphoric acid, hydrofluoric acid, hydrobromic acid, fluoroboric acid, formic acid, acetic acid, glycolic acid, dicarboxylic acid, tricarboxylic acids, aminocarboxylic acids and mixtures thereof.
4. The complex emulsion of claim 1 where the emulsifier is has an HLB of about 12 or below.
5. The complex emulsion of claim 1 where the emulsifier is selected from the group consisting of polysorbates, fatty acid amine carboxylates, stearyl alcohol, lecithin, fatty acids, ethoxylated fatty acids, propoxylated fatty acids, fatty acid salts, tall oils, castor oils, triglycerides, glucosides, and mixtures thereof.
6. A complex emulsion comprising:
from about 10 to about 90 vol%, based on total volume, of an oil external phase selected from the group consisting of xylene, diesel, toluene, kerosene, other aromatics, refined hydrocarbons and mixtures there of,
from about 90 to about 10 vol%, based on the total volume, of an internal aqueous acid phase containing a microemulsion internal to the aqueous acid phase, where the acid is selected from the group of acids consisting of hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid, phosphoric acid, hydrofluoric acid, hydrobromic acid, fluoroboric acid, formic acid, acetic acid, glycolic acid, dicarboxylic acid, tricarboxylic acids, aminocarboxylic acids and mixtures thereof, and
from about 0.1 to about 40 vol%, based on total volume, an emulsifier in the hydrocarbon phase, where the emulsifier is selected from the group consisting of polysorbates, carboxylate amines, fatty acids, ethoxylated fatty acids, propoxylated fatty acids, fatty acid salts, tall oils, castor oils, triglycerides, glucosides and mixtures thereof.
7. A method for making a complex emulsion comprising:
mixing an acid aqueous phase with an oil external microemulsion to give an initial product, where the acid aqueous phase is an external phase and the microemulsion is an internal phase; and
mixing the initial product with a second oil containing an emulsifier to make the complex emulsion.
8. The method of claim 7 where the complex emulsion comprises:
from about 10 to about 90 vol%, based on total volume, of an oil external phase, the oil external phase originating from the second oil,
from about90 to about 10 vol%, based on the total volume, of an aqueous acid phase containing a microemulsion, and
from about 0.1 to about 40 vol%, based on total volume, of an emulsifier in the hydrocarbon phase.
9. The method of claim 8 where the oil from the oil external microemulsion and the second oil are selected from the group consisting of the same oils and different oils.
10. The method of claim 7 where the oil in the oil external microemulsion and the second oil are selected from the group consisting of xylene, diesel, toluene, kerosene, other aromatics, refined hydrocarbons and mixtures thereof.
11. The method of claim 7 where the acid is selected from the group of acids consisting of hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid, phosphoric acid, hydrofluoric acid, hydrobromic acid, fluoroboric acid, formic acid, acetic acid, glycolic acid, dicarboxylic acid, tricarboxylic acids, aminocarboxylic acids and mixtures thereof.
12. The method of claim 7 where the emulsifier is has an HLB of about 12 or below.
13. The method of claim 7 where the emulsifier is selected from the group consisting of polysorbates, fatty acid amine carboxylates, stearyl alcohol, lecithin, fatty acids, ethoxylated fatty acids, propoxylated fatty acids, fatty acid salts, tall oils, castor oils, triglycerides, glucosides and mixtures thereof.
14. A complex emulsion made by the method of claim 7.
15. A method of treating a subterranean formation comprising:
injecting a complex emulsion into a subterranean formation, where the complex emulsion has been made by a method for making a complex emulsion comprising:
mixing an acid aqueous phase with an oil external microemulsion to give an initial product, where the acid aqueous phase is an external phase and the microemulsion is an internal phase; and
mixing the initial product with a second oil containing an emulsifier to make the complex emulsion;
and wherein the complex emulsion comprises: from about 10 to about 90 vol%, based on total volume, of an oil external phase, the oil external phase originating from the second oil, from about 90 to about 10 vol%, based on the total volume, of an internal aqueous acid phase containing a microemulsion, and from about 0.1 to about 40 vol%, based on total volume, of an emulsifier in the hydrocarbon phase;
dissolving at least a portion of the formation with the acid.
16. The method of claim 15 where in the complex emulsion, the oil from the oil external microemulsion and the second oil are selected from the group consisting of the same oils and different oils.
17. The method of claim 15 where in the complex emulsion, the oil in the oil external microemulsion and the second oil are selected from the group consisting of xylene, diesel, toluene, kerosene, other aromatics, refined hydrocarbons and mixtures thereof.
18. The method of claim 15 where the acid is selected from the group of acids consisting of hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid, phosphoric acid, hydrofluoric acid, hydrobromic acid, fluoroboric acid, formic acid, acetic acid, glycolic acid, dicarboxylic acid, tricarboxylic acids, aminocarboxylic acids and mixtures thereof.
19. The method of claim 15 where the emulsifier is has an HLB of about 12 or below.
20. The method of claim 15 where the emulsifier is selected from the group consisting of polysorbates, fatty acid amine carboxylates, stearyl alcohol, lecithin, fatty acids, ethoxylated fatty acids, propoxylated fatty acids, fatty acid salts, tall oils, castor oils, triglycerides, glucosides and mixtures thereof.
21. The method of claim 15 further comprising removing at least a portion of the complex emulsion from the subterranean formation where the amount of complex emulsion removed is greater than would be removed using an identical complex emulsion except that the acid was not included in an oil external microemulsion.
The claims below are in addition to those above.
All refrences to claim(s) which appear below refer to the numbering after this setence.
1-12. (canceled)
13. A measuring device, comprising:
at least one measurement transmitter; and
a measuring tube, which has at least one T-joint, which is connected with said at least one measurement transmitter, said at least one measurement transmitter processing at least one measured value of at least one process variable, wherein:
said measuring tube together with said T-joint is monolithic; and
said T-joint is produced from said measuring tube at least partially by a plastic deformation method.
14. The measuring device as claimed in claim 13, wherein:
said measuring tube has a circularly round cross section.
15. The measuring device as claimed in claim 13, wherein:
said measuring tube comprises metal or a metal alloy.
16. The measuring device as claimed in claim 13, wherein:
said T-joint has an approximately planar end.
17. The measuring device as claimed in claim 13, wherein:
said T-joint has a circularly round cross section at an end of said T-joint.
18. The measuring device as claimed in claim 13, wherein:
said T-joint has an approximately constant wall thickness at the end said T-joint.
19. The measuring device as claimed in claim 13, further comprising:
a measuring transducer for registering at least one measured value of at least one process variable.
20. The measuring device as claimed in claim 19, wherein:
said measuring transducer is a temperature sensor.
21. The measuring device as claimed in claim 19, wherein:
said measuring transducer is connected with said T-joint.
22. The measuring device as claimed in claim 19, wherein:
said measuring transducer at least partially protrudes into said T-joint and is contactable by a measured medium in said measuring tube.
23. The measuring device as claimed in claim 19, wherein:
said measurement transmitter andor said measuring transducer tightly seals an opening in said measuring tube formed by said T-joint.
24. The measuring device as claimed in claim 19, wherein:
the measuring device has at least two other, equally constructed T-joints, at which, in each case, an ultrasonic transducer is arranged; and
said two ultrasonic transducers are of equal construction.