1. A self-activating hydroprocessing catalyst for treating heavy hydrocarbon feedstocks, wherein said catalyst comprises: a calcined particle comprising a co-mulled mixture made by co-mulling inorganic oxide powder, molybdenum trioxide in the form of small particles having a particle size in the range 0.2 to 150 \u03bcm, and a nickel compound and then forming said co-mulled mixture into a particle that is calcined at a temperature in the range from 700\xb0 C. (1292\xb0 F.) to 790\xb0 C. (1454\xb0 F.) to thereby provide said calcined particle, wherein said calcined particle comprises molybdenum that is present in an amount in the range of from 1 to 10 weight percent, as metal and based on the total weight of said calcined particle, and nickel that is present in an amount such that the weight ratio of said nickel-to-said molybdenum is less than 0.4, and wherein said calcined particle has a pore size distribution such that less than 70% of the total pore volume of said calcined particle is in the pores of said calcined particle having a diameter in the range of from 70 \u212b to 150 \u212b, at least 10% of the total pore volume of said calcined particle is in the pores of said calcined particle having a diameter in the range of from 130 \u212b to 300 \u212b, and less than 10% of the total pore volume of said calcined particle is in the pores of said calcined particle having a diameter greater than 1000 \u212b.
2. A catalyst as recited in claim 1, wherein said calcined particle comprises a material absence of cobalt.
3. A catalyst as recited in claim 2, wherein said calcined particle comprises less than 0.1 weight percent cobalt as metal and based on the total weight of said calcined particle.
4. A catalyst as recited in claim 3, wherein said calcined particle consists essentially of an inorganic oxide, molybdenum, and nickel.
5. A catalyst as recited in claim 4, wherein said calcined particle comprises nickel such that the weight ratio of said nickel-to-said molybdenum is greater than 0.01.
6. A catalyst as recited in claim 5, wherein said calcined particle comprises molybdenum in an amount that is less than 9.5 weight percent of the total weight of said calcined particle based on the molybdenum as metal.
7. A catalyst as recited in claim 6, wherein said calcined particle comprises molybdenum in an amount that is at least 2 weight percent of the total weight of said calcined particle based on the molybdenum as metal.
8. A catalyst as recited in claim 7, wherein at least 5% of the total pore volume of said calcined particle is in the pores of said calcined particle having a diameter of greater than 350 \u212b.
9. A catalyst as recited in claim 1, wherein the calcined particle is further characterized by and exhibits a Raman spectrum that includes a Raman peak within the band range of from 546 cm\u22121 to 586 cm\u22121.
10. A self activating hydroprocessing catalyst as recited in claim 1, wherein the calcined particle is further characterized by its Raman spectrum that includes a Raman peak within the band range of from 828 cm\u22121 to 868 cm\u22121.
11. A self activating hydroprocessing catalyst as recited in claim 1, wherein the calcined particle is further characterized by its Raman spectrum that includes a Raman peak within the band range of from 879 cm\u22121 to 919 cm\u22121.
12. A catalyst as recited in claim 1, wherein the atomic ratio of the nickel-to-molybdenum in the calcined particle is less than 0.4:1.
13. A catalyst as recited in claim 12, wherein the atomic ratio of the nickel-to-molybdenum in the calcined particle is in the range of from 0.01:0.3:1.
14. A catalyst as recited in claim 1, wherein the particle size of the molybdenum trioxide is in the range from 0.3 to 100 \u03bcm.
15. A process comprising: contacting, under process conditions suitable for providing for the self activation of a self activating catalyst, a heavy hydrocarbon feedstock having a nickel content in the range of from 2 ppmw to 250 ppmw, a vanadium content in the range of from 5 ppmw to 250 ppmw, and a sulfur content in the range of from 2 wt % to 8 wt %, with said self activating catalyst that comprises a calcined particle comprising a co-mulled mixture made by co-mulling inorganic oxide powder, molybdenum trioxide in the form of small particles having a particle size in the range 0.2 to 150 \u03bcm, and a nickel compound and then forming said co-mulled mixture into a particle that is calcined at a temperature in the range from 700\xb0 C. (1292\xb0 F.) to 790\xb0 C. (1454\xb0 F.) to thereby provide said calcined particle, wherein said calcined particle comprises molybdenum that is present in an amount in the range of from 1 to 10 weight percent, as metal and based on the total weight of said calcined particle, and nickel that is present in an amount such at the weight ratio of said nickel-to-molybdenum is less than 0.4, and wherein said calcined particle has a pore size distribution such that less than 70% of the total pore volume of said calcined particle is in the pores of said calcined particle having a diameter in the range of from 70 \u212b to 150 \u212b, at least 10% of the total pore volume of said calcined particle is in the pores of said calcined particle having a diameter in the range of from 130 \u212b to 300 \u212b, and less than 10% of the total pore volume of said calcined particle is in the pores of said calcined particle having a diameter greater than 1000 \u212b.
16. A process as recited in claim 15, wherein said process conditions includes a reaction pressure in the range of from 2298 kPa (300 psig) to 20,684 kPa (3000 psig); reaction temperature in the range of from 340\xb0 C. (644\xb0 F.) to 480\xb0 C. (896\xb0 F.); a liquid hourly space velocity (LHSV) in the range of from 0.01 hr\u22121 to 3 hr\u22121; and a hydrogen treat gas rate in the range of from 89 m3m3 (500 SCFbbl) to 1781 m3m3 (10,000 SCFbbl).
17. A process as recited in claim 16, wherein said calcined particle comprises a material absence of cobalt.
18. A process as recited in claim 17, wherein said calcined particle comprises less than 0.1 weight percent cobalt as metal and based on the total weight of said calcined particle.
19. A process as recited in claim 18, wherein said calcined particle consists essentially of an inorganic oxide, molybdenum, and nickel.
20. A process as recited in claim 19, wherein said calcined particle comprises nickel such that the weight ratio of said nickel-to-said molybdenum is greater than 0.01.
21. A process as recited in claim 20, wherein said calcined particle comprises molybdenum in an amount that is less than 9.5 weight percent of the total weight of said calcined particle based on the molybdenum as metal.
22. A process as recited in claim 21, wherein said calcined particle comprises molybdenum in an amount that is at least 2 weight percent of the total weight of said calcined particle based on the molybdenum as metal.
23. A process as recited in claim 22, wherein at least 5% of the total pore volume of said calcined particle is in the pores of said calcined particle having a diameter of greater than 350 \u212b.
24. A process as recited in claim 23, wherein the calcination of said particle to provide said calcined particle is conducted under a controlled temperature condition in which the calcination temperature is in the range of from about 700\xb0 C. (1292\xb0 F.) to about 787.7\xb0 C. (1450\xb0 F.) for a calcination time period that is effective to provide said calcined mixture having a desired pore structure.
25. A process as recited in claim 16, wherein the calcined particle is further characterized by its Raman spectrum that includes a Raman peak within the band range of from 828 cm\u22121 to 868 cm\u22121.
26. A process as recited in claim 16, wherein the calcined particle is further characterized by its Raman spectrum that includes a Raman peak within the band range of from 879 cm\u22121to 919 cm\u22121.
27. A process as recited in claim 16, wherein the calcined particle wherein is further characterized by and exhibits a Raman spectrum that includes a Raman peak within the band range of from 546 cm\u22121 to 586 cm\u22121.
The claims below are in addition to those above.
All refrences to claim(s) which appear below refer to the numbering after this setence.
1. A hydraulic control arrangement for supplying a pressure medium to a plurality of consumers, comprising:
a variable displacement pump connected via the pressure medium to the plurality of consumers in each case via an adjustable supply metering orifice and an individual pressure compensator associated therewith,
wherein the individual pressure compensators are subjected in the opening direction to the pressure downstream of the respective supply metering orifices and in the closing direction to a control pressure,
wherein the control pressure is adjustable via a control unit, and
wherein the control pressure for the individual pressure compensators is approximately equal.
2. A hydraulic control arrangement for supplying a pressure medium to a plurality of consumers, comprising:
a variable displacement pump connected via the pressure medium to the plurality of consumers in each case via an adjustable supply metering orifice and an individual pressure compensator associated therewith,
wherein the individual pressure compensators are subjected in the opening direction to the pressure downstream of the respective supply metering orifices and in the closing direction to a control pressure,
wherein the control pressure is adjustable via a control unit, and
wherein the control pressure is adjusted in such a way that the individual pressure compensator of the consumer having the highest load pressure is set to a reference opening position and the individual pressure compensators of the consumers having lower load pressure are set to a smaller opening cross section.
3. The control arrangement according to claim 2, further comprising a pressure reducing valve configured to adjust the control pressure.
4. The control arrangement according to claim 3, wherein the pressure reducing valve is adjustable electrically or electrohydraulically via the control unit.
5. The control arrangement according to claim 3, wherein the individual pressure compensator, the supply metering orifice, and the pressure reducing valve are arranged locally in the region of the respective hydraulic consumer.
6. The control arrangement according to claim 2, wherein the control pressure is adjusted as a function of the lifts of the individual pressure compensators associated with the consumers.
7. The control arrangement according to claim 6, wherein the individual pressure compensator includes a displacement transducer.
8. The control arrangement according to claim 2, wherein the control pressure is adjusted as a function of the lift of the individual pressure compensator associated with the consumer having the highest load pressure.
9. The control arrangement according to claim 2, wherein at least the individual pressure compensator of a priority consumer is adjustable, by adjusting the control pressure, in such a way that the pressure difference across the associated supply metering orifice remains substantially constant.
10. The control arrangement according to claim 2, wherein the variable displacement pump is electroproportionally adjustable.
11. The control arrangement according to claim 2, wherein the individual pressure compensator and the supply metering orifice are arranged locally in the region of the respective hydraulic consumer.
12. The control arrangement according to claim 2, wherein a reference opening cross section is provided to be as close as possible to the maximum opening cross section.
13. The control arrangement according to claim 2, wherein the consumers are hydraulic cylinders of a piece of mobile equipment.
14. A method for activating a plurality of hydraulic consumers which are connected via pressure medium to a variable displacement pump via an individual pressure compensator and a supply metering orifice in each case, comprising:
subjecting the individual pressure compensators in the opening direction to a pressure downstream of the associated supply metering orifices;
subjecting the individual pressure compensators in the closing direction to a control pressure; and
adjusting the control pressure via a control unit,
wherein the adjusting the control pressure via the control unit is performed in dependence on opening cross sections of the individual pressure compensators.
15. The method according to claim 14, wherein the adjusting the control pressure via the control unit is performed in dependence on the individual pressure compensator which has a largest of the opening cross sections.
16. The method according to claim 15, wherein a reference value of the largest of the opening cross sections is smaller than a maximum opening cross section of the individual pressure compensator.