1. A method, for adjusting a user interface of a device, comprising:
providing a user interface comprising:
a substrate comprising an attachment face and a plurality of support members continuous with the attachment face, each support member including a fluid channel configured to communicate fluid through the support member, the substrate defining a fluid network fluidly coupled to a portion of the fluid channels;
a tactile layer comprising an outer tactile surface and a back surface opposite the tactile surface, the back surface coupled to the attachment face at an undeformable region of the tactile layer, the back surface adjacent to and disconnected from the support members at a plurality of deformable regions of the tactile layer, each deformable region of a thickness at least as great as a width dimension of a corresponding fluid channel, each support member configured to limit inward deformation of a corresponding deformable region due to a force applied to the tactile surface; and
a displacement device configured to displace fluid through the fluid network and toward the back surfaces of a portion of the deformable regions to transition each of the portion of deformable regions from a retracted setting to an expanded setting, each deformable region defining a tactile guidance at the tactile surface in at least one of the retracted and expanded settings;
retrieving a user preference for either of a first characteristic and a second characteristic of the tactile guidance proximal at least one deformable region; and
displacing fluid through the fluid network to transition the tactile guidance to either of the first characteristic and the second characteristic based upon the user preference.
2. The method of claim 1, further comprising providing a display coupled to the substrate and transmitting an image through the tactile surface, wherein the image is an input key substantially aligned with at least one deformable region of the tactile layer.
3. The method of claim 1, wherein retrieving the user preference includes capturing a user input through the user interface.
4. The method of claim 1, further comprising displacing fluid through the fluid network to transition a portion of the deformable regions to the expanded setting, wherein, in the expanded setting, the deformable regions represent keys of a keyboard.
5. The method of claim 4, wherein the keyboard is of a type selected from the group consisting of an alphabetical keyboard and a numeric keypad.
6. The method of claim 1, wherein displacing fluid through the fluid network includes:
for the first characteristic, transitioning a first selection of deformable regions from the retracted setting to the expanded setting; and
for the second characteristic, transitioning a second selection of deformable regions from the retracted setting to the expanded setting.
7. The method of claim 1, wherein displacing fluid through the fluid network includes:
for the first characteristic, deforming a deformable region to a first height in the expanded setting; and
for the second characteristic, deforming the deformable region to a second height different than the first height in the expanded setting.
8. The method of claim 7, further comprising adjusting fluid pressure within a portion of the fluid channels to adjust the offset of corresponding deformable regions relative to the undeformable region.
9. The method of claim 1, wherein displacing fluid through the fluid network includes:
for the first characteristic, adjusting the firmness of a deformable region to a first firmness; and
for the second characteristic, adjusting the firmness of the deformable region to a second firmness different than the first firmness.
10. The method of claim 9, further comprising adjusting fluid pressure within a portion of the fluid channels to adjust the firmness of the deformable region in the expanded setting.
11. The method of claim 1, wherein displacing fluid through the fluid network includes:
for the first characteristic, transitioning a deformable region, from the retracted setting to the expanded setting, at a first rate; and
for the second characteristic, transitioning a deformable region, from the retracted setting to the expanded setting, at a second rate different than the first rate.
12. The method of claim 1, wherein displacing fluid through the fluid network includes:
for the first characteristic, maintaining a deformable region in the expanded setting for a first duration of time; and
for the second characteristic, maintaining a deformable region in the expanded setting for a second duration of time different than the first duration of time.
13. The method of claim 1, wherein displacing fluid through the fluid network includes:
for the first characteristic, transitioning a deformable region from the retracted setting to the expanded setting, after a first time duration, following a particular event; and
for the second characteristic, transitioning the deformable region from the retracted setting to the expanded setting, after a second time duration, following the particular event.
14. The method of claim 1, further comprising detecting an input on the tactile surface proximal at least one deformable region.
15. The method of claim 14, comprising detecting a fluid pressure change in a portion of the fluid network, wherein the pressure change is indicative of a an input on the tactile surface.
16. The method of claim 14, comprising:
receiving a user selection for either of a first sensitivity and a second sensitivity to a user touch on the tactile surface proximal a deformable region; and
adjusting the sensitivity of the tactile guidance to either of the first and the second sensitivities based upon the user selection.
17. The method of claim 1, wherein the device is an electronic device selected from the group consisting of: an automotive console; a desktop computer; a laptop computer; a tablet computer; a television; a radio; a desk phone; a mobile phone; a PDA; a personal navigation device; a personal media player; a camera; a gaming console; a gaming controller; a remote control; and a watch.
18. The method of claim 1, further comprising:
receiving a user selection for either of a first action and a second action of the device; and
adjusting an action of the device to either of the first action and the second action based upon the user selection.
19. The method of claim 18, wherein the first action is a feedback mechanism at a first intensity and the second action is the feedback mechanism at a second intensity.
20. The method of claim 18, wherein the first and second actions are selected from the group consisting of: vibratory feedback, audible feedback, and visual feedback.
The claims below are in addition to those above.
All refrences to claim(s) which appear below refer to the numbering after this setence.
1. A cyclopentane carboxylate compound having a general formula (I):
wherein groups R1, R2 and R3, which are identical or different, are independently selected from the group consisting of linear or branched C1-C20alkyl, C3-C20cycloalkyl, C6-C20aryl, C7-C20alkaryl and C7-C20aralkyl.
2. The cyclopentane carboxylate compound according to claim 1, wherein R1 is C1-C8alkyl; R2 is selected from the group consisting of C1-C10alkyl, C3-C10cycloalkyl, C4-C9alkylcycloalkyl, C4-C9cycloalkylalkyl, C6-C10aryl, C7-C10alkaryl and C7-C10aralkyl; andor R3 is selected from the group consisting of C1-C10alkyl, C3-C10cycloalkyl, C6-C10aryl, C7-C10alkaryl and C7-C10aralkyl.
3. The cyclopentane carboxylate compound according to claim 1, wherein R1 is selected from the group consisting of methyl, ethyl and iso-butyl; R2 is selected from the group consisting of C1-C10alkyl, C3-C8cycloalkyl, C5-C7cycloalkylmethyl, C6-C9aryl, C7-C10alkaryl and C7-C10aralkyl; andor R3 is selected from the group consisting of C1-C4alkyl, C5-C8cycloalkyl, phenyl, p-methylphenyl, o-methylphenyl, m-methylphenyl and benzyl.
4. The cyclopentane carboxylate compound according to claim 3, wherein R2 is selected from the group consisting of C1-C6alkyl, C5-C8cycloalkyl, C6-C9aryl, benzyl, p-methylbenzyl and phenethyl.
5. The cyclopentane carboxylate compound according to claim 3, wherein R1 is methyl or ethyl; R2 is selected from the group consisting of methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, iso-propyl, n-butyl, iso-butyl, n-pentyl, iso-pentyl, n-hexyl, benzyl, p-methylbenzyl and phenethyl; andor R3 is selected from the group consisting of methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, iso-propyl, n-butyl, phenyl, p-methylphenyl, o-methylphenyl, rn-methylphenyl and benzyl.
6. The cyclopentane carboxylate compound according to claim 1, which is selected from the group consisting of
ethyl 1-benzyl-2-benzoyloxy-cyclopentane carboxylate;
ethyl 1-benzyl-2-p-methylbenzoyloxy-cyclopentane carboxylate;
ethyl 1-benzyl-2-m-methylbenzoyloxy-cyclopentane carboxylate;
ethyl 1-benzyl-2-o-methylbenzoyloxy-cyclopentane carboxylate;
methyl 1-p-methylbenzyl-2-benzoyloxy-cyclopentane carboxylate;
methyl 1-p-methylbenzyl-2-p-methylbenzoyloxy-cyclopentane carboxylate;
methyl 1-p-methylbenzyl-2-m-methylbenzoyloxy-cyclopentane carboxylate;
methyl 1-p-methylbenzyl-2-o-methylbenzoyloxy-cyclopentane carboxylate;
ethyl 1-n-butyl-2-benzoyloxy-cyclopentane carboxylate;
ethyl 1-n-butyl-2-p-methylbenzoyloxy-cyclopentane carboxylate;
ethyl 1-n-hexyl-2-benzoyloxy-cyclopentane carboxylate;
ethyl 1-n-hexyl-2-p-methylbenzoyloxy-cyclopentane carboxylate;
ethyl 1-n-hexyl-2-m-methylbenzoyloxy-cyclopentane carboxylate;
ethyl 1-n-hexyl-2-o-methylbenzoyloxy-cyclopentane carboxylate;
ethyl 1-ethyl-2-acetoxy-cyclopentane carboxylate;
ethyl 1-ethyl-2-benzoyloxy-cyclopentane carboxylate;
ethyl 1-ethyl-2-o-methylbenzoyloxy-cyclopentane carboxylate;
ethyl 1-n-propyl-2-benzoyloxy-cyclopentane carboxylate;
ethyl 1-n-propyl-2-o-methylbenzoyloxy-cyclopentane carboxylate;
ethyl 1-n-propyl-2-m-methylbenzoyloxy-cyclopentane carboxylate;
ethyl 1-n-propyl-2-p-methylbenzoyloxy-cyclopentane carboxylate;
ethyl 1-n-butyl-2-m-methylbenzoyloxy-cyclopentane carboxylate;
ethyl 1-n-butyl-2-o-methylbenzoyloxy-cyclopentane carboxylate;
ethyl 1-iso-butyl-2-benzoyloxy-cyclopentane carboxylate;
ethyl 1-iso-butyl-2-o-methylbenzoyloxy-cyclopentane carboxylate;
ethyl 1-iso-butyl-2-m-methylbenzoyloxy-cyclopentane carboxylate; and
ethyl 1-iso-pentyl-2-benzoyloxy-cyclopentane carboxylate.
7. A process for preparing the cyclopentane carboxylate compound according to any one of claims 1-6, comprising, in turn, the steps of
1) synthesizing 2-hydrocarbyl-2-hydrocarbyloxycarbonyl-cyclopentanol intermediate having a general formula (II)
wherein groups R1 and R2, which are identical or different, are independently selected from the group consisting of linear or branched C1-C20alkyl, C3-C20cycloalkyl, C6-C20aryl, C7-C20alkaryl and C7-C20aralkylare, by hydrocarbylating 2-oxocyclopentane carboxylate on \u03b1-carbon with a halohydrocarbon R2X in the presence of a base and an aprotic solvent to form 1-hydrocarbyl-2-oxocyclopentane carboxylate, and then selectively reducing the 1-hydrocarbyl-2-oxocyclopentane carboxylate to form 2-hydrocarbyl-2-hydrocarbyloxycarbonyl-cyclopentanol of the formula (II); and
2) synthesizing 1-hydrocarbyl-2-acyloxy-cyclopentane carboxylate compound (I) by acylating 2-hydrocarbyl-2-hydrocarbyloxycarbonyl-cyclopentanol of the formula (II) obtained in step 1) with an acyl halide in the presence of a base and an aprotic solvent, to form the corresponding 1-hydrocarbyl-2-acyloxy-cyclopentane carboxylate compound of the formula (I); alternatively, by acylating 2-hydrocarbyl-2-hydrocarbyloxycarbonyl-cyclopentanol of the formula (II) with a acid anhydride under acid catalytic action and in the presence of an aprotic solvent, to form corresponding 1-hydrocarbyl-2-acyloxy-cyclopentane carboxylate compound of the formula (I).
8. The process according to claim 7, wherein in the step 1), the base used is selected from the group consisting of alkali metal, alkaline earth metal, hydride of alkali metal or alkaline earth metal, carbonates of alkali metal or alkaline earth metal, and combination thereof; andor the aprotic solvent is selected from the group consisting of acetone, dimethyl sulfoxide, N,N-dimethyl formamide, tetrahydrofuran, pentane, hexane, benzene, toluene, xylene, and combination thereof.
9. The process according to claim 8, wherein in the step 1), the aprotic solvent is polar solvent N,N-dimethyl formamide, andor the base is a carbonate of alkali metal.
10. The process according to claim 7, wherein in the step 1), benzyl triethyl ammonium chloride or tetra-n-butyl ammonium bromide or combination thereof as phase-transfer catalyst is used when the halohydrocarbon used in the hydrocarbylation on \u03b1-carbon is a branched or cyclic group-containing haloalkane.
11. The process according to claim 1, wherein in the step 1), 1-hydrocarbyl-2-oxocyclopentane carboxylate is reduced with a reducing agent, which is selected from the group consisting of lithium borohydride, sodium borohydride, potassium borohydride, zinc borohydride, aluminum alkoxides, and combination thereof, in an alcoholic solvent.
12. The process according to claim 11, wherein the reducing agent and the solvent are respectively sodium borohydride and methanol; or aluminum isopropoxide and isopropanol.
13. The process according to claim 7, wherein the 1-hydrocarbyl-2-oxocyclopentane carboxylate is selectively reduced under conditions of catalytic hydrogenation, with the used catalyst being selected from the group consisting of nickel-containing catalysts, palladium-containing catalysts, Adams’ catalyst, and ruthenium-containing catalysts.
14. The process according to claim 7, wherein in the step 2), the base is selected from the group consisting of pyridine, triethylamine, and combination thereof; andor the aprotic solvent is selected from the group consisting of pyridine, tetrahydrofuran, methylene chloride, chloroform, pentane, hexane, benzene, toluene, xylene, and combination thereof.
15. The process according to claim 7, wherein in the hydrocarbylation on \u03b1-carbon of the step 1), molar ratio of the 2-oxocyclopentane carboxylate to the halohydrocarbon is in a range of from 1:0.5 to 1:5, andor molar ratio of the 2-oxocyclopentane carboxylate to the base is in a range of from 1:0.5 to 1:5.
16. The process according to claim 7, wherein in the hydrocarbylation on \u03b1-carbon of the step 1), reaction pressure is in a range of from atmosphere pressure to 3 atm, reaction temperature is in a range of from 10 to 190\xb0 C., andor reaction time is in a range of from 1 to 24 hours.
17. The process according to claim 11, wherein in the reduction reaction of the step 1), molar ratio of the 1-hydrocarbyl-2-oxocyclopentane carboxylate to the reducing agent is in a range of from 1:0.5 to 1:2; reaction pressure is in a range of from atmosphere pressure to 3 atm; reaction temperature is in a range of from \u221220 to 100\xb0 C.; andor reaction time is in a range of from 0.1 to 10 hours.
18. The process according to claim 7, wherein the reduction of the step 1) is carried out under conditions of catalytic hydrogenation, wherein reaction pressure is in a range of from 1 to 10 atm; reaction temperature is in a range of from 0 to 200\xb0 C.; reaction time is in a range of from 0.5 to 24 hours; the solvent is selected from the group consisting of alcohols, ethers, esters, and combination thereof; andor catalyst is used in an amount of from 0.1 to 5 percent by mole with respect to the reactant 1-hydrocarbyl-2-oxocyclopentane carboxylate.
19. The process according to claim 7, wherein in the step 2), an acyl halide is used as acylating agent, and molar ratio of the acylating agent to the intermediate (II) is in a range of from 1:1 to 15:1; molar ratio of base to the acylating agent is in a range of from 1:1 to 10:1; reaction temeperature is in a range of from \u221220 to 200\xb0 C.; andor reaction pressure is in a range of from atmosphere pressure to 3 atm.
20. A compound having a general formula (II),
wherein R1 is C1-C4alkyl; R2 is selected from the group consisting of C1-C10alkyl, C3-C10cycloalkyl, C4-C9alkylcycloalkyl, C4-C9cycloalkylalkyl, C6-C10aryl, C7-C10alkaryl and C7-C10aralkyl, with the proviso that R2 is not one of methyl, propyl and benzyl, useful as intermediates for the synthesis of the cyclopentane carboxylate compound according to claim 1.
20. The compound according to claim 19, which is selected from the group consisting of
2-ethyl-2-ethoxycarbonyl cyclopentanol;
2-n-butyl-2-ethoxycarbonyl cyclopentanol;
2-n-hexyl-2-ethoxycarbonyl cyclopentanol;
2-p-methylbenzyl-2-ethoxycarbonyl cyclopentanol;
2-iso-butyl-2-ethoxycarbonyl cyclopentanol;
2-n-pentyl-2-ethoxycarbonyl cyclopentanol;
2-iso-pentyl-2-ethoxycarbonyl cyclopentanol.
21. Use of the cyclopentane carboxylate compound according to claim 1 in the preparation of a catalyst for olefin polymerization.