1. A method for monitoring a system in which a datum-line display is generated on a viewing screen for at least one parameter of the system as follows:
logging of a variation with time of the values of the parameter concerned,
determination of a base value for the parameter concerned,
determination of an instantaneous deviation between the base value and the current parameter value or a current mean value of a specified group, containing the current parameter value, of consecutive parameter values,
creation of a baseline representing the base value,
display of the baseline on the viewing screen in such a way that the baseline extends horizontally on the viewing screen and with a specified length,
creation of a continuous curve that represents the variation with time of the parameter values for a specified time period and is normalized with respect to the baseline,
display of the continuous curve on the viewing screen in such a way that the continuous curve’s time axis extends horizontally on the viewing screen and that the continuous curve on the viewing screen essentially extends over the entire length of the baseline,
creation of a deviation bar that represents the instantaneous deviation and is normalized with respect to the baseline,
display of the deviation bar on the viewing screen in such a way that the deviation bar extends vertically on the viewing screen from the level of the baseline, wherein the datum-line display has a trend arrow that is generated as follows:
determination of the trend of the value variation with time in the current parameter value,
creation of the trend arrow, which represents the trend,
display of the trend arrow on the viewing screen and wherein the trend arrow is displayed on the viewing screen in such a way that the trend arrow points upward in the case of a positive instantaneous slope and points downward in the case of a negative instantaneous slope.
2. A method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the trend arrow is displayed on the viewing screen in such a way that the trend arrow is disposed adjacently to one end of the continuous curve on the viewing screen.
3. A method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the trend arrow is disposed between the continuous curve and the deviation bar on the viewing screen, or in that the trend arrow is disposed on the viewing screen in such a way that the deviation bar is situated between the trend arrow and the continuous curve.
4. A method for monitoring a system in which a datum-line display is generated on a viewing screen for at least one parameter of the system as follows:
logging of a variation with time of the values of the parameter concerned,
determination of a base value for the parameter concerned,
determination of an instantaneous deviation between the base value and the current parameter value or a current mean value of a specified group, containing the current parameter value, of consecutive parameter values,
creation of a baseline representing the base value,
display of the baseline on the viewing screen in such a way that the baseline extends horizontally on the viewing screen and with a specified length,
creation of a continuous curve that represents the variation with time of the parameter values for a specified time period and is normalized with respect to the baseline,
display of the continuous curve on the viewing screen in such a way that the continuous curve’s time axis extends horizontally on the viewing screen and that the continuous curve on the viewing screen essentially extends over the entire length of the baseline,
creation of a deviation bar that represents the instantaneous deviation and is normalized with respect to the baseline,
display of the deviation bar on the viewing screen in such a way that the deviation bar extends vertically on the viewing screen from the level of the baseline, wherein the datum-line display has a trend arrow that is generated as follows:
determination of the trend of the value variation with time in the current parameter value,
creation of the trend arrow, which represents the trend,
display of the trend arrow on the viewing screen and wherein the orientation of the trend arrow depends on the value of the instantaneous slope.
5. A method for monitoring a system in which a datum-line display is generated on a viewing screen for at least one parameter of the system as follows:
logging of a variation with time of the values of the parameter concerned,
determination of a base value for the parameter concerned,
determination of an instantaneous deviation between the base value and the current parameter value or a current mean value of a specified group, containing the current parameter value, of consecutive parameter values,
creation of a baseline representing the base value,
display of the baseline on the viewing screen in such a way that the baseline extends horizontally on the viewing screen and with a specified length,
creation of a continuous curve that represents the variation with time of the parameter values for a specified time period and is normalized with respect to the baseline,
display of the continuous curve on the viewing screen in such a way that the continuous curve’s time axis extends horizontally on the viewing screen and that the continuous curve on the viewing screen essentially extends over the entire length of the baseline,
creation of a deviation bar that represents the instantaneous deviation and is normalized with respect to the baseline,
display of the deviation bar on the viewing screen in such a way that the deviation bar extends vertically on the viewing screen from the level of the baseline, wherein the datum-line display has a trend arrow that is generated as follows:
determination of the trend of the value variation with time in the current parameter value,
creation of the trend arrow, which represents the trend,
display of the trend arrow on the viewing screen and wherein the trend arrow points in the vertical direction at one end of the continuous curve if the instantaneous slope has the value zero or is in a specified interval containing the value zero.
6. A method for monitoring a system in which a datum-line display is generated on a viewing screen for at least one parameter of the system as follows:
logging of a variation with time of the values of the parameter concerned,
determination of a base value for the parameter concerned,
determination of an instantaneous deviation between the base value and the current parameter value or a current mean value of a specified group, containing the current parameter value, of consecutive parameter values,
creation of a baseline representing the base value,
display of the baseline on the viewing screen in such a way that the baseline extends horizontally on the viewing screen and with a specified length,
creation of a continuous curve that represents the variation with time of the parameter values for a specified time period and is normalized with respect to the baseline,
display of the continuous curve on the viewing screen in such a way that the continuous curve’s time axis extends horizontally on the viewing screen and that the continuous curve on the viewing screen essentially extends over the entire length of the baseline,
creation of a deviation bar that represents the instantaneous deviation and is normalized with respect to the baseline,
display of the deviation bar on the viewing screen in such a way that the deviation bar extends vertically on the viewing screen from the level of the baseline and wherein the display of the continuous curve can be deactivated.
7. A method as claimed in claim 6,
wherein the datum-line display has a rectangular window whose top side and bottom side extend parallel to the baseline and have the same geometrical spacing in the vertical direction from the baseline,
wherein a specified upper limit value for the parameter concerned is assigned to the top side,
wherein a specified lower limit value for the parameter concerned is assigned to the bottom side,
wherein the continuous curve and the deviation bar are, in addition, normalized with respect to the upper limit value and the lower limit value.
8. A method as claimed in claim 7,
wherein an upper limit-value line representing the upper limit value is created and is displayed on the viewing screen in such a way that it essentially extends over the entire length of the baseline on the top side of the rectangular window,
wherein a lower limit-value line representing the lower limit value is created and is displayed on the viewing screen in such a way that it essentially extends over the entire length of the baseline on the bottom side of the rectangular window.
9. A method as claimed in claim 7, wherein the limit values have different numerical spacings from the base value although the top side and the bottom side have the same geometrical spacing from the baseline on the viewing screen.
10. A method as claimed in claim 7,
wherein the top sides of the rectangular windows of horizontally adjacent datum-line displays are disposed coaxially in alignment with one another on the viewing screen,
wherein the bottom sides of the rectangular windows of horizontally adjacent datum-line displays are disposed coaxially in alignment with one another on the viewing screen.
11. A method as claimed in claim 6, wherein the continuous curve does not cover the current parameter value, but those parameter values that precede the current parameter value in a specified time period.
12. A method as claimed in claim 6, wherein a separate datum-line display is generated in each case for a plurality of different parameters in such a way that a plurality of datum-line displays are disposed horizontally next to one another on the viewing screen and in that the baselines of horizontally adjacent datum-line displays are disposed coaxially in alignment with one another on the viewing screen.
13. A method as claimed in claim 6, wherein at least one parameter can be selected from a plurality of different parameters of the system for which parameter or parameters a datum-line display is generated in each case.
14. A method as claimed in claim 6, wherein the system to be monitored is a patient.
15. A method for monitoring a system in which a datum-line display is generated on a viewing screen for at least one parameter of the system as follows:
logging of a variation with time of the values of the parameter concerned,
determination of a base value for the parameter concerned,
determination of an instantaneous deviation between the base value and the current parameter value or a current mean value of a specified group, containing the current parameter value, of consecutive parameter values,
creation of a baseline representing the base value,
display of the baseline on the viewing screen in such a way that the baseline extends horizontally on the viewing screen and with a specified length,
creation of a continuous curve that represents the variation with time of the parameter values for a specified time period and is normalized with respect to the baseline,
display of the continuous curve on the viewing screen in such a way that the continuous curve’s time axis extends horizontally on the viewing screen and that the continuous curve on the viewing screen essentially extends over the entire length of the baseline,
creation of a deviation bar that represents the instantaneous deviation and is normalized with respect to the baseline,
display of the deviation bar on the viewing screen in such a way that the deviation bar extends vertically on the viewing screen from the level of the baseline and wherein the deviation bar extends on the viewing screen adjacently to the more recent end of the continuous curve.
The claims below are in addition to those above.
All refrences to claim(s) which appear below refer to the numbering after this setence.
1. A method for forming nanowires, the method comprising:
hydrothermally treating a chemical precursor composition in a hydrothermal treating solvent to form the nanowires, wherein the chemical precursor composition comprises a source of manganese cations and a source of counter cations, and wherein the nanowires comprise ordered porous manganese oxide-based octahedral molecular sieves.
2. The method of claim 1, further comprising:
forming a suspension of the nanowires; and
contacting the suspension of the nanowires with a substrate at a temperature and for a time effective to self-assemble a film comprising the nanowires.
3. The method of claim 2, further comprising removing the substrate from the film to form a free standing membrane comprising the nanowires.
4. The method of claim 1, wherein the source of manganese cations comprises a manganese salt with an anion comprising a sulfate, persulfate, sulfide, nitrite, nitrate, phosphate, halide, perchlorate, carbonate, acetate, alkoxide, permanganate, dichromate, formate, chromate, oxalate, acetate, or a combination comprising at least one of the foregoing anions, or hydrates of one of the foregoing salts.
5. The method of claim 1, wherein the source of counter cations comprises a counter cation salt with an anion comprising a sulfate, persulfate, sulfide, nitrite, nitrate, phosphate, halide, perchlorate, carbonate, acetate, alkoxide, permanganate, dichromate, formate, chromate, oxalate, acetate, or a combination comprising at least one of the foregoing anions, or a hydrate of one of the foregoing salts.
6. The method of claim 1, wherein a counter cation is a cation of H, Li, K, Rb, Cs, Ba, Mg, Ca, Pb, Co, Ni, Cu, Fe, V, Nb, Ta, Cr, Mo, Ag, W, Zr, Ti, Cd, Zn, Ln, ammonium, or a combination comprising at least one of the foregoing cations.
7. The method of claim 1, wherein the chemical precursor composition further comprises a source of framework substituting cations, wherein a framework substituting cation comprises a cation of H, Li, K, Rb, Cs, Ba, Mg, Ca, Pb, Co, Ni, Cu, Fe, V, Nb, Ta, Cr, Mo, Ag, W, Zr, Ti, Cd, Zn, Ln, or a combination comprising at least one of the foregoing cations.
8. The method of claim 1, wherein the hydrothermally treating comprises heating in a sealed reaction vessel at about 150\xb0 C. to about 350\xb0 C. for greater than about 12 hours.
9. The method of claim 1, further comprising isolating the nanowires by filtration.
10. The method of claim 1, further comprising subjecting the nanowires to an ion exchange step, wherein a portion or all of the counter cations are replaced with different counter cations.
11. The method of claim 1, wherein the nanowires have substantially uniform average diameters of about 5 nanometers to about 100 nanometers and have average lengths of greater than about 10 micrometers.
12. The method of claim 2, wherein the contacting occurs at about 50\xb0 C. to about 150\xb0 C. for greater than about 3 hours.
13. The method of claim 3, wherein an average thickness of the film or membrane is about 1 rmicrometer to about 10 millimeters.
14. The method of claim 3, further comprising annealing the membrane at about 80\xb0 C. to about 200\xb0 C. for greater than about 1 hour.
15. A nanowire formed by the method of claim 1.
16. A single crystal ultra-long nanowire comprising an ordered porous manganese oxide-based octahedral molecular sieve, wherein the single crystal ultra-long nanowire has an average length greater than about 10 micrometers and an average diameter of about 5 nanometers to about 100 nanometers.
17. The single crystal ultra-long nanowire of claim 16, further comprising a counter cation, wherein the counter cation comprises a cation of H, Li, K, Rb, Cs, Ba, Mg, Ca, Pb, Co, Ni, Cu, Fe, V, Nb, Ta, Cr, Mo, Ag, W, Zr, Ti, Cd, Zn, Ln, ammonium, or a combination comprising at least one of the foregoing cations.
18. The single crystal ultra-long nanowire of claim 16, further comprising a framework substituting cation, wherein the framework substituting cation comprises a cation of H, Li, K, Rb, Cs, Ba, Mg, Ca, Pb, Co, Ni, Cu, Fe, V, Nb, Ta, Cr, Mo, Ag, W, Zr, Ti, Cd, Zn, Ln, or a combination comprising at least one of the foregoing cations.
19. The single crystal ultra-long nanowire of claim 16, wherein the nanowire comprises micropores, mesopores, macropores, or a combination comprising at least one of the foregoing pores.
20. The single crystal ultra-long nanowire of claim 19, further comprising a foreign material not integral to the nanowire framework embedded within at least one of the pores of the nanowire.