1. A three-dimensional electrode architecture for a supercapacitor andor battery characterized by high power density and high energy density, the three-dimensional electrode architecture comprising:
at least one negative electrode;
at least one positive electrode;
said at least one negative electrode and said at least one positive electrode each having a thickness, a width and a height, and wherein the thickness, width and height of the at least one negative electrode and the at least one positive electrode are each at least several thousand micrometers, and
said at least one negative electrode and said at least one positive electrode are disposed in an interpenetrating manner.
2. The three-dimensional electrode architecture of claim 1 wherein at least one of said at least one negative electrode and said at least one positive electrode comprises at least two branches disposed on opposite sides of the other of said at least one negative electrode and said at least one positive electrode.
3. The three-dimensional electrode architecture of claim 2 wherein said electrode branches are each about 50 \u03bcm to about 400 \u03bcm thick.
4. The three-dimensional electrode architecture of claim 3 wherein at least one of said electrode branches is about 150 \u03bcm to about 250 \u03bcm thick.
5. The three-dimensional electrode architecture of claim 1 wherein said at least one negative electrode and said at least one positive electrode each comprises a plurality of branches and wherein at least a plurality of said negative electrode branches are individually disposed in an interpenetrating manner with branches of said positive electrode.
6. The three-dimensional electrode architecture of claim 1 additionally comprising a separator disposed between said at least one negative electrode and said at least one positive electrode.
7. The three-dimensional electrode architecture of claim 6 wherein said separator is about 10 \u03bcm to about 100 \u03bcm thick.
8. The three-dimensional electrode architecture of claim 6 wherein said separator comprises a gel electrolyte separator.
9. The three-dimensional electrode architecture of claim 1 wherein at least one of said at least one negative electrode and said at least one positive electrode comprises a material selected from the group of activated carbon, graphene and graphene with oxide particles.
10. A three-dimensional supercapacitor or battery characterized by high power density and high energy density, the three-dimensional supercapacitor or battery comprising:
at least one negative electrode;
at least one positive electrode;
wherein said at least one negative electrode and said at least one positive electrode each have a thickness, a width and a height, and wherein the thickness, width and height of the at least one negative electrode and at least one positive electrode are at least several thousand micrometers, and said at least one negative electrode and said at least one positive electrode are disposed in an interpenetrating manner;
an electrolyte in contact with the electrodes; and
an outer insulating case.
11. The three-dimensional supercapacitor or battery of claim 10 additionally comprising at least one air or liquid cooling channel.
12. The three-dimensional supercapacitor or battery of claim 10 additionally comprising at least one forced air or flowing liquid cooling channel.
13. The three-dimensional supercapacitor or battery of claim 10 wherein at least one of said at least one negative electrode and said at least one positive electrode comprises at least two branches disposed on opposite sides of the other of said at least one negative electrode and said at least one positive electrode.
14. The three-dimensional supercapacitor or battery of claim 13 wherein said electrode branches are each about 50 \u03bcm to about 400 \u03bcm thick.
15. The three-dimensional supercapacitor or battery of claim 10 wherein said at least one negative electrode and said at least one positive electrode each comprises a plurality of branches and wherein at least a plurality of said negative electrode branches are individually disposed in an interpenetrating manner with branches of said positive electrode.
16. A method for making the three-dimensional supercapacitor or battery of claim 10, said method comprising:
a first extrusion deposition of a first layer of a positive electrode, a negative electrode and an insulating outer case, wherein the first layer positive and negative electrodes are disposed in an interpenetrating manner and the first layer insulating outer case is disposed around said first layer interpenetrating positive and negative electrodes;
a second extrusion deposition of a second layer of a positive electrode, a negative electrode and an insulating outer case, wherein the second layer positive and negative electrodes are disposed in an interpenetrating manner and the second layer insulating outer case is disposed around said second layer interpenetrating positive and negative electrodes, and wherein the first layer and the second layer are in register one with the other;
a deposition of an electrolyte between the positive and negative electrodes; and
a final encapsulation of the three-dimensional supercapacitor or battery.
17. The method of claim 16 wherein said deposition of an electrolyte between the positive and negative electrodes comprises:
a first deposition of an electrolyte between the positive and negative electrodes of said first layer prior to said second extrusion deposition and, subsequent to said second extrusion deposition, a second deposition of an electrolyte between the positive and negative electrodes of said second layer.
18. The method of claim 16 wherein at least one of said at least one negative electrode and said at least one positive electrode comprises at least two branches disposed on opposite sides of the other of said at least one negative electrode and said at least one positive electrode.
19. The method of claim 16 wherein at least one of said first and second extrusion depositions comprises a multi-material micro-extrusion.
20. The method of claim 16 wherein said at least first extrusion deposition of a first layer of a positive electrode, a negative electrode and an insulating outer case comprises fabricating at least one of said positive and said negative electrodes via a micro-extrusion of a paste or slurry.
21. The three-dimensional electrode architecture of claim 1 wherein the thickness, width and height of the at least one negative electrode and the at least one positive electrode are each at least ten thousand micrometers.
22. The three-dimensional supercapacitor or battery of claim 10 wherein the thickness, width and height of the at least one negative electrode and the at least one positive electrode are each at least ten thousand micrometers.
The claims below are in addition to those above.
All refrences to claim(s) which appear below refer to the numbering after this setence.
1. A method of inducing addition of medium spiny neurons in post-natal and adult brain comprising:
providing a nucleic acid construct encoding a neurotrophic factor selected from the group consisting of NT-4 and brain-derived neurotrophic factor and a nucleic acid construct encoding a bone morphogenic inhibitor, wherein the nucleic acid constructs are in viral vectors, and
injecting said viral vectors into a subject’s lateral ventricles to infect the ventricular wall under conditions effective to express the neurotrophic factor and bone morphogenic inhibitor and to induce addition of medium spiny neurons in any one or all of the caudate nucleus and the putamen of the subject.
2. The method according to claim 1, wherein the neurotrophic factor is NT-4.
3. The method according to claim 1, wherein the neurotrophic factor is brain-derived neurotrophic factor.
4. The method according to claim 1, wherein the viral vectors are selected from the group consisting of an adenoviral vector, a lentiviral vector, a retroviral vector, an adeno-associated viral vector, and a combination thereof.
5. The method according to claim 1, wherein the nucleic acid construct encoding the neurotrophic factor further comprises a constitutive promoter for controlling expression of the neurotrophic factor.
6. The method according to claim 1, wherein the nucleic acid construct encoding the neurotrophic factor further comprises a cell-specific promoter for controlling expression of the neurotrophic factor.
7. The method according to claim 1, wherein the nucleic acid construct encoding the neurotrophic factor further comprises an inducible or conditional promoter for controlling expression of the neurotrophic factor.
8. A method of inducing addition of medium spiny neurons in a subject having Huntington’s disease comprising:
providing a nucleic acid construct encoding a neurotrophic factor selected from the group consisting of NT-4 and brain-derived neurotrophic factor and a nucleic acid construct encoding a bone morphogenic protein, wherein the nucleic acid constructs are in viral vectors, and
injecting said viral vectors into the subject’s lateral ventricles to infect the ventricular wall under conditions effective to express the neurotrophic factor and bone morphogenic protein and to induce addition of medium spiny neurons in any one or all of the caudate nucleus and the putamen of the subject.
9. The method according to claim 8, wherein the neurotrophic factor is NT-4.
10. The method according to claim 8, wherein the neurotrophic factor is brain-derived neurotrophic factor.
11. The method according to claim 8, wherein the viral vectors are selected from the group consisting of an adenoviral vector, a lentiviral vector, a retroviral vector, an adeno-associated viral vector, and a combination thereof.
12. The method according to claim 8, wherein the nucleic acid construct encoding the neurotrophic factor further comprises a constitutive promoter for controlling expression of the neurotrophic factor.
13. The method according to claim 8, wherein the nucleic acid construct encoding the neurotrophic factor further comprises a cell-specific promoter for controlling expression of the neurotrophic factor.
14. The method according to claim 8, wherein the nucleic acid construct encoding the neurotrophic factor further comprises an inducible or conditional promoter for controlling expression of the neurotrophic factor.