1. An impact modifier which comprises a graft copolymer comprising:
a rubber polymer (A) obtained from a mixture comprising one or more kinds of (meth)acrylic monomers and having a glass transition temperature of 0\xb0 C. or lower and being in the form of particles where 80 wt % or more of them has a particle diameter within the range of 400 to 1,000 nm and wherein the particles exhibit a peak position in which a group from 510-610 nm is heaviest as determined from a particle diameter distribution on a weight basis; and
branches (B) grafted thereto obtained from one or more kinds of vinyl monomers.
2. The impact modifier according to claim 1, wherein one or more kinds of monomer units which are derived from vinyl monomers having one or more functional groups selected from the group consisting of epoxy group, hydroxyl group, and isobomyl group are components of the rubber polymer (A) andor the branches (B).
3. The impact modifier according to claim 1, further comprising inorganic filler (C).
4. The impact modifier according to claim 1, wherein the rubber polymer (A) includes a composite rubber comprising an acrylic rubber (A1) component containing at least one of a (meth)acrylate of an alcohol having a branched side chain or an alcohol having an alkyl group with 13 or more carbon atoms as a constituent component, and an acrylic rubber (A2) component containing n-butyl acrylate as a constituent component, and wherein the glass transition temperature (Tg1) comes from the acrylic rubber (A1) component is lower than the glass transition temperature (Tg2) comes from the acrylic rubber (A2) component.
5. The impact modifier according to claim 4, wherein the acrylic rubber (A1) component comprises one or more kinds of compounds selected from the group consisting of 2-ethylhexyl acrylate, ethoxyethyl acrylate, methoxytripropylene glycol acrylate, 4-hydroxybutyl acrylate, tridecyl methacrylate, stearyl methacrylate, and stearyl acrylate.
6. The impact modifier according to claim 1, wherein d=d85-d15 of the rubber polymer (A) is 180 nm or less when the rubber polymer (A) comprises particles and each of 80 wt % or more of them has a particle diameter within the range of 400 to 1,000 nm based on a particle diameter distribution on a weight basis measured by Capillary Hydro Dynamic Flow Fractionation, and when difference between the diameter correspond to 85% of cumulative distribution from the smallest particle diameter on a weight basis (d85) and the diameter correspond to 15% of it (d15) is defined as d.
7. The impact modifier according to claim 1, wherein the heaviest group of the rubber polymer (A) in the groups having peak values of diameter within the range of 400 to 1,000 nm forms 70% by weight or more of the gross weight of the particles having diameter within the range of 400 to 1,000 nm when the particle diameter distribution of the rubber polymer (A) is measured by Capillary Hydro Dynamic Flow Fractionation.
8. The impact modifier according to claim 4, wherein the composite rubber comprising the acrylic rubber (A1) component which is within a range from 5 to 95% by weight and the acrylic rubber (A2) component which is within a range from 95 to 5% by weight.
9. The impact modifier according to claim 1, wherein the heaviest group of the rubber polymer (A) in the groups having peak values of diameter within the range of 400 to 1,000 nm forms 90% by weight or more of the gross weight of the particles which is measured by Capillary Hydro Dynamic Flow Fractionation.
10. The impact modifier according to claim 1, wherein the rubber polymer (A) comprising units come from monomers having two or more unsaturated bonds which is within a range of 2% by weight or less.
11. The impact modifier according to claim 1, wherein the branches (B) is obtained by multi-stage polymerization.
12. The impact modifier according to claim 1, wherein the branches (B) comprises units come from monomers which work as crosslinking agents andor graft cross agents.
13. The impact modifier according to claim 1, further comprising compound (R) having a sulfonic acid group, sulfosuccinic acid group, or a sulfuric acid group, or a salt of compound (R).
14. The impact modifier according to claim 13, wherein the compound (R) or the salt has one or more phenyl skeletons.
15. The impact modifier according to claim 13, wherein the compound (R) or the salt is used as emulsifiers for the emulsion polymerization to produce the graft copolymer.
16. The impact modifier according to claim 15, further comprising carbonic acid-type emulsifier used as emulsifiers for the polymerization to produce the graft copolymer.
17. The impact modifier according to claim 1, further comprising a compound having one or more structures which are selected from the group consisting of mercapto group, sulfuric acid group, ammonium group, and calcium atom.
18. The impact modifier according to claim 1, wherein the rubber polymer (A) is obtained by seed polymerization.
19. A process for producing the impact modifier of claim 1, wherein there are two or more processes of polymerization for the rubber polymer (A).
20. A process for producing the impact modifier of claim 4, wherein the (A1) component is produced by a process of polymerization after a forced emulsification treatment process.
21. The process for producing the impact modifier according to claim 20, wherein there are two or more processes of polymerization to produce the (A1) component.
22. The process for producing the impact modifier according to claim 20, wherein all of raw materials which constitute the (A2) component are added to the (A1) component at the same time and these are polymerized after catalysts are added.
23. The process for producing the impact modifier according to claim 19, wherein calcium salt is used as a coagulating agent when the obtained graft copolymer is collected as powder by wet coagulation.
24. The process for producing the impact modifier according to claim 19, wherein the impact modifier is collected as powder by spray-drying.
25. A thermoplastic resin composition comprising a thermoplastic resin and the impact modifier of claim 1.
26. The thermoplastic resin composition according to claim 25, wherein the thermoplastic resin comprising one or more kinds of resins selected from the group consisting of polycarbonate resin, polyester resin, styrene resin, acrylic resin, polyamide resin, and vinyl chloride resin.
27. The thermoplastic resin composition according to claim 25, wherein the thermoplastic resin comprising one or more kinds of resins selected from the group consisting of polycarbonate resin, polyester resin, and ABS resin.
28. The thermoplastic resin composition according to claim 25, further comprising fibered reinforcements.
29. The thermoplastic resin composition according to claim 25, further comprising flame retardants.
30. The thermoplastic resin composition according to claim 29, wherein the flame retardants are halogen flame retardants, phosphoric acid flame retardants, or silicone flame retardants.
31. The thermoplastic resin composition according to claim 29, wherein the flame retardants are organic metal salt compounds containing halogen atoms.
The claims below are in addition to those above.
All refrences to claim(s) which appear below refer to the numbering after this setence.
1. A fibre optic distributed acoustic sensor comprising an interrogator unit and an optical fibre, the interrogator unit being configured to transmit optical pulse into said optical fibre and detect radiation backscattered from within the fibre wherein said optical fibre comprises a micro structured optical fibre wherein the microstructure is configured so as to provide different sensitivity to incident acoustic stimuli from different directions transverse to the path of the fiber.
2. A sensor as claimed in claim 1 wherein said microstructured optical fibre comprises a photonic band-gap fibre.
3. A sensor as claimed in claim 2 wherein said photonic band-gap fibre comprises a core region surrounded by a plurality of holes, the holes arranged to provide light guiding within the core region.
4. A sensor as claimed in claim 3 wherein said core region is hollow.
5. A sensor as claimed in claim 1 wherein said microstructured optical fibre comprises a holey fibre comprising a core region surrounded by a cladding region comprising a plurality of holes, the holes being arranged to effectively control the refractive index of the cladding region so as to provide light guiding within the core.
6. A sensor as claimed in claim 5 wherein said microstructured optical fibre comprises a hole-assisted fibre wherein the cladding comprises of a solid material having a different refractive index to the core.
7. A sensor as claimed in claim 1 wherein said microstructured optical fibre comprises a Bragg fibre.
8. A sensor as claimed in claim 1 wherein the microstructured fibre is configured to be more compliant than an equivalent fully solid optical fibre.
9. A sensor as claimed in claim 1 wherein the microstructured fibre is configured so as to exhibit a strong dependence on refractive index to strain.
10. A sensor as claimed in claim 1 wherein the microstructured fibre is configured so as to be more compliant in one transverse direction than the orthogonal transverse direction.
11. A sensor as claimed in claim 1 wherein the microstructured fibre is configured so as to exhibits a stronger change in refractive index if deformed in one transverse direction as compared to the orthogonal transverse direction.
12. A method of distributed acoustic sensing comprising, launching at least one pulse of optical radiation into an optical fibre and detecting radiation backscattered from within the fibre wherein the optical fibre is a microstructured optical fibre configured to provide different sensitivity to incident acoustic stimuli from different directions transverse to the path of the fiber.
13. A method as claimed in claim 12 wherein detecting backscattered radiation comprises detecting radiation which is Rayleigh backscattered.
14. A method as claimed in claim 12 comprising processing the detected backscatter to determine the acoustic signals incident on a plurality of sensing portions of the fibre.
15. A method as claimed in claim 12 wherein the microstructured fibre is one of a photonic band gap fibre, a holey fibre and a Bragg fibre.
16. A method as claimed in claim 12 wherein the microstructured fibre is arranged to exhibit a strong dependence of refractive index with strain.
17. A method as claimed in claim 12 wherein the microstructured fibre has a hollow core.
18. A method as claimed in claim 12 wherein the microstructured fibre is configured so as to be more compliant in one transverse direction than the orthogonal transverse direction.
19. A method as claimed in claim 12 wherein the microstructured fibre is configured so as to exhibits a stronger change in refractive index if deformed in one transverse direction as compared to the orthogonal transverse direction.