1. A turbocharging system for an internal combustion engine, comprising:
a plurality of turbochargers which are driven by exhaust gas from the internal combustion engine;
flow path switching valves which respectively switch an intake flow path of intake gas drawn into the internal combustion engine and an exhaust flow path of the exhaust gas from the internal combustion engine; and
a control unit which controls the flow path switching valves and the turbochargers,
wherein the plurality of turbochargers include a first turbocharger arranged on a most downstream side in the exhaust flow path and a second turbocharger arranged on an upstream side of the first turbocharger in the exhaust flow path, and
wherein the intake path of intake gas drawn into the internal combustion engine comprises:
an intake serial passage which is connected to the internal combustion engine via a turbo compressor of the first turbocharger and a turbo compressor of the second turbocharger;
an intake bypass passage which connects an exit side of the turbo compressor of the first turbocharger and an exit side of the turbo compressor of the second turbocharger;
an intake parallel passage which is connected to a downstream side of an upstream connection point between the intake bypass passage and the intake serial passage and introduces the intake air;
a flow path switching valve which is arranged at a connection point between the intake parallel passage and the intake serial passage and switch the intake flow path only; and
an onoff valve which is arranged in the intake bypass passage,
wherein the exhaust path of exhaust gas from the internal combustion engine comprises:
an exhaust serial passage which connects the internal combustion engine to outside through the second turbocharger and the first turbocharger;
a first exhaust bypass passage which connects an entrance side of a turbine of the second turbocharger and an entrance side of a turbine of the first turbocharger;
a second exhaust bypass passage which connects to an upstream side of a downstream connection point between the first exhaust bypass passage and the exhaust serial passage and an exit side of the turbine of the first turbocharger;
a flow path switching valve which is arranged at an upstream connection point between the second exhaust bypass passage and the exhaust serial passage and switch the exhaust flow path only; and
a flow control valve which is arranged in the first exhaust bypass passage and is capable to control the flow rate in a continuous manner,
wherein four valves including: flow path switching valves, each of which being arranged in the intake flow path and the exhaust flow path; the onoff valve; and the flow control valve, switch the intake flow path and the exhaust flow path and control the flow rate to select a mode from a series turbocharging mode, a one-stage turbocharging mode, a parallel turbocharging mode, and a variable two-stage mode, the first turbocharger and the second turbochargers being connected in series when the series turbocharging mode is selected, only one of the first turbocharger and the second turbocharger being supplied with gas when the one-stage turbocharging mode is selected, the first turbocharger and the second turbocharger being connected in parallel when the parallel turbocharging mode is selected, the flow of the exhaust gas to the first turbocharger and the second turbocharger being variable-controlled in the series turbocharging when the variable two-stage mode is selected.
2. The turbocharging system for the internal combustion engine according to claim 1, wherein the plurality of turbochargers have the same turbine capacity.
3. The turbocharging system for the internal combustion engine according to claim 1, further comprising:
a low pressure turbo control passage which connects the first exhaust bypass passage on a downstream side of the flow control valve to a downstream side of the first turbocharger; and
a flow control valve which is arranged in the low pressure turbo control passage.
4. The turbocharging system for the internal combustion engine according to claim 1, wherein the second turbocharger includes a variable flow turbo.
5. The turbocharging system for the internal combustion engine according to claim 1, wherein the second turbocharger includes a variable capacity turbo.
6. The turbocharging system for the internal combustion engine according to claim 1, wherein the second turbocharger includes a twin scroll turbo.
The claims below are in addition to those above.
All refrences to claim(s) which appear below refer to the numbering after this setence.
1. A shielded integrated circuit structure comprising:
an integrated circuit having a plurality of storage elements thereon; and
a tiled array comprising a plurality of shielding elements comprising a magnetic material having a saturation less than or equal to 20,000 gauss, each storage element having one of the plurality of shielding elements proximate thereto.
2. The shielded integrated circuit structure of claim 1 wherein the magnetic material has a saturation less than or equal to 12,000 gauss.
3. The shielded integrated circuit structure of claim 1 wherein the shielding elements comprise ferrites, manganites, chromites, cobaltites, Fe, Mg, Mn, Ni, Cu, Co, or alloys thereof.
4. The shielded integrated circuit structure of claim 3 wherein the shielding elements comprise Ni\u2014Fe alloy.
5. The shielded integrated circuit structure of claim 1 wherein the shielding elements are 0.1 mm to 1 cm in longest dimension.
6. The shielded integrated circuit structure of claim 1 wherein the storage elements are magnetic storage elements.
7. The shielded integrated circuit structure of claim 1 wherein the shielding elements are square.
8. The shielded integrated circuit structure of claim 1 wherein the shielding elements are less than or equal to 0.1 mm thick.
9. The shielded integrated circuit structure of claim 1 wherein each shielding element is spaced from an adjacent shielding element by at least 0.1 mm.
10. The shielded integrated circuit structure of claim 1 further comprising a solid bulk shield on a side of the integrated circuit opposite the tiled array.
11. The shielded integrated circuit structure of claim 10 further comprising a second solid bulk shield, with the tiled array positioned between the integrated circuit and the second solid bulk shield.
12. A shielded integrated circuit structure comprising:
a substrate;
a solid bulk shield proximate the substrate;
an integrated circuit having a plurality of storage elements thereon; and
a tiled array comprising a plurality of shielding elements comprising a magnetic material having a saturation less than or equal to 20,000 gauss, each storage element having one of the plurality of shielding elements proximate thereto, and each shielding element spaced from an adjacent shielding element by at least 0.1 mm.
13. The shielded integrated circuit structure of claim 12 wherein the magnetic material has a saturation less than or equal to 12,000 gauss.
14. The shielded integrated circuit structure of claim 12 further comprising a second solid bulk shield, with the tiled array positioned between the integrated circuit and the second bulk shield.
15. The shielded integrated circuit structure of claim 12 wherein the shielding elements comprise ferrites, manganites, chromites, cobaltites, Fe, Mg, Mn, Ni, Cu, Co, or alloys thereof.
16. The shielded integrated circuit structure of claim 15 wherein the shielding elements comprise Ni\u2014Fe alloy.
17. A shielded integrated circuit structure comprising:
an integrated circuit having a plurality of functional elements thereon; and
a tiled array comprising a plurality of shielding elements comprising a magnetic material having a saturation less than or equal to 20,000 gauss, each functional element having one of the plurality of shielding elements proximate thereto.
18. The shielded integrated circuit structure of claim 17 wherein the shielding elements comprise ferrites, manganites, chromites, cobaltites, Fe, Mg, Mn, Ni, Cu, Co, or alloys thereof.
19. The shielded integrated circuit structure of claim 17 further comprising a solid bulk shield on a side of the integrated circuit opposite the tiled array.
20. The shielded integrated circuit structure of claim 19 further comprising a second solid bulk shield, with the tiled array positioned between the integrated circuit and the second solid bulk shield.