1. A memory element comprising an active material formed from a compound that exhibits multiple conductive states, said compound comprising:
a polymeric chain comprising a repeat unit repeated more than 5 times in said polymeric chain, said repeat unit comprising a first cyclic group and a second cyclic group conjugated to one another and a plurality of side groups each bonded to one of said first and second cyclic groups, wherein a side group bonded to said first cyclic group is an electron donor and a side group bonded to said second cyclic group is an electron acceptor, such that said compound is switchable between a first electrical conductive state and a second electrical conductive state by application of an electric field to said compound, and
wherein at least one of said plurality of side groups is selected so that said compound is soluble in an organic solvent.
2. The memory element of claim 1, wherein at least one of said electron donor and said electron acceptor is soluble in said organic solvent.
3. The memory element of claim 1, wherein said electron-donor comprises an amino (\u2014NH2), hydroxyl (\u2014OH), alkyl amino (\u2014NHR or \u2014NR2), alkyl (\u2014R), alkoxy (\u2014OR), easter (\u2014COOR), aryl, thionyl, or carbazol group, or a derivative thereof, wherein R is an alkyl group comprising 1 to 20 carbon atoms.
4. The memory element of claim 1, wherein said electron-acceptor comprises a nitro, cyano, isocyano, sulfonyl, sulfinyl, halogenated alkyl, formyl, carboxyl, carbonyl, alkyloxycarbonyl, aryloxycarbonyl, 1-tetrazolyl, carbzmoyl, or sulfamoyl group.
5. The memory element of claim 1, wherein said compound comprises a copolymer, said copolymer comprising:
a phenyl monomer comprising a substituent that is an electron-acceptor; and
a phenyleneethynylene monomer comprising a side chain that is an alkyl or alkoxy group having 1 to 20 carbon atoms.
6. The memory element of claim 5, wherein said alkyl or alkoxy group has 1 to 13 carbon atoms.
7. The memory element of claim 5, wherein said side chain is an octyloxy, hexyl, octyl, 2-ethylhexyl, decyl, dodecyl, hexyloxy, 2-ethylhexyloxy, decyloxy, or dodecyloxy group.
8. The memory element of claim 5, wherein said phenyl monomer is a p-phenyl or an m-phenyl.
9. The memory element of claim 5, wherein said phenyl monomer further comprises an additional electron-donor.
10. The memory element of claim 5, wherein said copolymer has a number average molar weight (Mn) of more than 2000 gmol.
11. The memory element of claim 1, wherein said organic solvent is toluene, benzene, xylene, tetrahydrofuran, chloroform, or dichloromethane.
12. The memory element of claim 1, wherein said compound comprises a chain structure represented by
wherein n is an integer greater than 5.
13. The memory element of claim 12, wherein n is from 8 to 10.
14. The memory element of claim 1, comprising a film formed from said active material.
15. The memory element of claim 1, comprising one or more memory cells, at least one of said one or more memory cells comprising said active material.
16. An electronic device comprising the memory element of claim 1.
17. A method of forming the memory element of claim 1, comprising:
dissolving said compound in an organic solvent to form a solution;
applying said solution to a surface to form a layer of said solution on said surface; and
removing said solvent from said layer of said solution to form a solid layer comprising said active material on said surface.
18. The electronic device of claim 16, comprising a storage device or a switching device.
19. The electronic device of claim 16, comprising a dynamic-random-access memory, non-volatile and rewritable flash memory, or write-once-read-many-times memory.
20. The electronic device of claim 16, comprising a cross point memory array, two-dimensional memory array, three-dimensional stacked memory array, two-terminal memory cell, or three-terminal memory cell.
The claims below are in addition to those above.
All refrences to claim(s) which appear below refer to the numbering after this setence.
1. A cyclic peptide having the formula:
wherein
X1 comprises m independently selected amino acids, wherein m is an integer of from 0 to 10;
X2 is a receptor-binding motif comprising n independently selected amino acids, wherein n is an integer of from 2 to 25;
X3 is an aromatic amino acid;
the \u03b5-amino group of Lys has a pi-pi stacking moiety conjugated thereto; and
X3 and Lys have the same configuration.
2. A cyclic peptide according to claim 1, wherein m is 0 or 1.
3. A cyclic peptide according to claim 1, wherein said pi-pi stacking moiety is selected from the group consisting of a benzoyl group, a benzyl group, a naphthoyl group, and a naphthyl group.
4. A cyclic peptide according to claim 3, wherein said pi-pi stacking moiety is labeled with a nuclide.
5. A cyclic peptide according to claim 4, wherein said nuclide is a radionuclide.
6. A cyclic peptide according to claim 5, wherein said radionuclide is selected from the group consisting of 11C, 13N, 15O, 18F, 61Cu, 62Cu, 64Cu, 67Cu, 68Ga, 124I, 125I, 131I.
7. A cyclic peptide according to claim 1, wherein said aromatic amino acid is selected from the group consisting of tyrosine (Tyr), phenylalanine (Phe), tryptophan (Trp), and an analog thereof.
8. A cyclic peptide according to claim 7, wherein said Tyr analog is selected from the group consisting of O-methyltyrosine (Tyr(Me)), O-benzyltyrosine (Tyr(Bzl)), homotyrosine (HoTyr), a C1-C4 alkyltyrosine, a C1-C4 alkoxytyrosine, a halotyrosine, a C1-C4 haloalkyltyrosine, an azidotyrosine, an aminotyrosine, a nitrotyrosine, a cyanotyrosine, a benzoyltyrosine, and a carboxytyrosine.
9. A cyclic peptide according to claim 7, wherein said Phe analog is selected from the group consisting of phenylglycine (Phg), homophenylalanine (HoPhe), a diphenylalanine, a C1-C4 alkylphenylalanine, a C1-C4 alkoxyphenylalanine, a halophenylalanine, a C1-C4 haloalkylphenylalanine, an azidophenylalanine, an aminophenylalanine, a nitrophenylalanine, a cyanophenylalanine, a benzoylphenylalanine, a carboxyphenylalanine, and a halophenylglycine.
10. A cyclic peptide according to claim 1, wherein said receptor-binding motif is selected from the group consisting of an integrin-binding motif, a growth factor receptor-binding motif, a cytokine receptor-binding motif, a transforming growth factor (TGF) receptor-binding motif, a tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor-binding motif, a G-protein coupled receptor-binding motif, a scavenger receptor-binding motif, a lipoprotein receptor-binding motif, and combinations thereof.
11. A cyclic peptide according to claim 1, wherein X3 and Lys have an L-configuration.
12. A cyclic peptide according to claim 1, wherein said cyclic peptide adopts a single conformation.
13. A cyclic peptide according to claim 1, wherein X2 is an integrin-binding motif; X3 is Tyr, Tyr(Me), or Phe; the 6-amino group of Lys has a benzoyl group conjugated thereto; and X3 and Lys have an L-configuration.
14. A cyclic peptide according to claim 13, wherein said integrin-binding motif has the amino acid sequence Arg-Gly-Asp (RGD).
15. A cyclic peptide according to claim 13, wherein said integrin-binding motif has the amino acid sequence Asp-Leu-X-X-Leu (DLXXL), and wherein X is any amino acid.
16. A cyclic peptide according to claim 13, wherein said benzoyl group is labeled with a nuclide.
17. A cyclic peptide according to claim 16, wherein said nuclide is 19F.
18. A cyclic peptide according to claim 16, wherein said nuclide is a radionuclide.
19. A cyclic peptide according to claim 18, wherein said radionuclide is selected from the group consisting of 18F, 64Cu, and 67Cu.
20. A cyclic peptide according to claim 13, wherein said cyclic peptide has the formula:
wherein
the \u03b5-amino group of Lys has a 4-18F-fluorobenzoyl group or a 4-19F-fluorobenzoyl group conjugated thereto.
21. A cyclic peptide according to claim 20, wherein said cyclic peptide has increased selectivity for \u03b1v\u03b23 integrin.
22. A cyclic peptide according to claim 20, wherein said cyclic peptide has increased binding affinity for \u03b1v\u03b23 integrin.
23. A method for imaging a tumor, organ, or tissue, said method comprising:
(a) administering to a subject in need of such imaging, a cyclic peptide having the formula:
wherein
X1 comprises m independently selected amino acids, wherein m is an integer of from 0 to 10;
X2 is a receptor-binding motif comprising n independently selected amino acids, wherein n is an integer of from 2 to 25;
X3 is an aromatic amino acid;
the \u03b5-amino group of Lys has a pi-pi stacking moiety conjugated thereto; and
X3 and Lys have the same configuration; and
(b) detecting said cyclic peptide to determine where said cyclic peptide is concentrated in said subject.
24. A method according to claim 23, wherein m is 0 or 1.
25. A method according to claim 23, wherein said pi-pi stacking moiety is selected from the group consisting of a benzoyl group, a benzyl group, a naphthoyl group, and a naphthyl group.
26. A method according to claim 23, wherein said pi-pi stacking moiety is labeled with a nuclide.
27. A method according to claim 26, wherein said nuclide is a radionuclide.
28. A method according to claim 27, wherein said radionuclide is selected from the group consisting of 11C, 13N, 15O, 18F, 61Cu, 62Cu, 64Cu, 68Ga, 124I, and 131I.
29. A method according to claim 23, wherein said cyclic peptide is detected by positron emission tomography (PET).
30. A method according to claim 23, wherein said cyclic peptide is detected by Single Photon Emission Computerized Tomography (SPECT).
31. A method according to claim 23, wherein said aromatic amino acid is selected from the group consisting of tyrosine (Tyr), phenylalanine (Phe), tryptophan (Trp), and an analog thereof.
32. A method according to claim 23, wherein said receptor-binding motif is selected from the group consisting of an integrin-binding motif, a growth factor receptor-binding motif, a cytokine receptor-binding motif, a transforming growth factor (TGF) receptor-binding motif, a tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor-binding motif, a G-protein coupled receptor-binding motif, a scavenger receptor-binding motif, a lipoprotein receptor-binding motif, and combinations thereof.
33. A method according to claim 23, wherein X3 and Lys have an L-configuration.
34. A method according to claim 23, wherein said cyclic peptide adopts a single conformation.
35. A method according to claim 23, wherein X2 is an integrin-binding motif; X3 is Tyr, Tyr(Me), or Phe; the \u03b5-amino group of Lys has a benzoyl group conjugated thereto; and X3 and Lys have an L-configuration.
36. A method according to claim 35, wherein said integrin-binding motif has the amino acid sequence Arg-Gly-Asp (RGD).
37. A method according to claim 35, wherein said integrin-binding motif has the amino acid sequence Asp-Leu-X-X-Leu (DLXXL), and wherein X is any amino acid.
38. A method according to claim 35, wherein said benzoyl group is labeled with a radionuclide.
39. A method according to claim 38, wherein said radionuclide is selected from the group consisting of 18F and 64Cu.
40. A method according to claim 35, wherein said cyclic peptide has the formula:
wherein
the \u03b5-amino group of Lys has a 4-18F-fluorobenzoyl group conjugated thereto.
41-91. (canceled)