1. A two-stage attachment comprising:
one or more couples formed by a pivoted force-multiplying member of a first stage and a pivoted force-applying member of a second stage,
each force-multiplying member comprising a planar sectorial cam having curved force-imparting surface on its working edge,
the force-multiplying member further comprising a first stage pivot and means for receiving an input force imparting a rotation to the force-multiplying member about the first stage pivot,
the force-applying member comprising curved force-receiving surface on an edge facing the force-multiplying member of the couple and corresponding to its respective curved force-imparting surface,
the force-applying member further comprising a second stage pivot and a supporting surface, wherein the supporting surface is on an edge opposing the force-receiving surface and facing away from the force multiplying member of the couple, and
wherein the supporting surface is adapted to retain a working member for deforming a workpiece,
the two-stage attachment further comprising one or more pivot supporting members within which force-multiplying member-force-applying member couples are located,
wherein, when the input force is imparted to the two-stage attachment, each force-multiplying member, while commencing partial rotation around its first stage pivot, causes its sectorial cam to push against the force-receiving surface of respective force-applying member thereby urging the force-applying member to rotate partially about its second stage pivot and to push the working member against the workpiece, and
wherein structural tensions are evenly distributed throughout a material of the force-applying member.
2. The two-stage attachment of claim 1, wherein the input force is imparted by any of a mechanical source, manual effort, and both.
3. The two-stage attachment of claim 1, wherein the working members are demountable from their respective force-applying members, are made as one piece with their respective force-applying members, or both.
4. The two-stage attachment of claim 1, wherein the force-imparting surface of each force-multiplying member is convex and the force-receiving surface of respective force-applying member is concave, or wherein the force-imparting surface of each force-multiplying member is concave and the force-receiving surface of respective force applying member is convex.
5. A mechanical method of arranging energy-efficient two-stage force multiplication within limited spatial dimensions while simultaneously achieving multifunctional properties for a single tool.
The claims below are in addition to those above.
All refrences to claim(s) which appear below refer to the numbering after this setence.
1. A system for imaging and diagnosing a tissue sample for pathological applications comprising:
an objective lens;
a window having a surface capable of being pressed into a contact relationship with the surface of said tissue sample;
a housing capable of being handheld having at least said objective lens and said window;
an illumination beam which is focused by said objective lens through said window to said tissue sample, in which said objective lens receives returned light from said tissue sample;
means for detecting through an aperture said returned light representing a tissue section; and
means for displaying said tissue section to diagnose abnormalities in said tissue sample.
2. The system according to claim 1 further comprising a light source for said illumination beam.
3. The system according to claim 1 wherein said window is transparent to said illumination beam.
4. The system according to claim 1 wherein said objective lens has a numerical aperture of less than one.
5. The system according to claim 1 wherein said abnormalities represent a tumor.
6. The system according to claim 5 wherein said tumor represents one of carcinomas and melanomas.
7. The system according to claim 1 wherein said housing is positionable to locate said window in direct contact with said surface of said tissue sample.
8. A microscopic imaging apparatus for imaging tissue samples for pathological applications through an objective lens, said apparatus comprising;
an objective lens;
a window having a surface that is capable of being in a direct pressure contacting relationship with the surface of said tissue sample;
a housing capable of being handheld having at least said window lens in optical communication with said objective lens;
an illumination beam which is focused by said objective lens through said window to said tissue sample, wherein said objective lens receives returned light from said tissue sample representing a tissue section; and
means for detecting through an aperture said returned light representing a tissue section.
9. The apparatus according to claim 8 wherein said housing is positionable to locate said window in direct contact with said surface of said tissue sample.
10. The apparatus according to claim 8 further comprising a light source for said illumination beam.
11. The apparatus according to claim 8 wherein said window is transparent to said illumination beam.
12. The apparatus according to claim 8 wherein said objective lens has a numerical aperture of less than one.
13. A microscopic imaging apparatus for imaging tissue samples for pathological applications through an objective lens, said apparatus comprising:
an objective lens;
a window having a surface capable of being pressed into a contact relationship with the surface of said tissue sample in which said window is in optical communication with said objective lens;
a housing capable of being handheld having at least said objective lens and said window; and
an illumination beam, and means for scanning said illumination beam on or within said tissue in accordance with a tissue section, in which said illumination beam is focused by said objective lens through said window to said tissue sample, and said objective lens receives returned light from said tissue sample representing said tissue section.
14. The apparatus according to claim 13 further comprising a light source for said illumination beam.
15. The apparatus according to claim 13 wherein said window is transparent to said illumination beam.
16. The apparatus according to claim 13 wherein said objective lens has a numerical aperture of less than one.
17. The apparatus according to claim 13 wherein said housing is positionable to locate said window in direct contact with said surface of said tissue sample.