1. An operations fluid for use in operations on wells associated with hydrocarbon production, the fluid comprising:
a non-aqueous fluid; and
at least one organo-anionic surfactant.
2. The operations fluid of claim 1, wherein the operations fluid is adapted to perform as a treatment fluid for use during at least one of drilling operations, completion operations, production operations, and injection operations.
3. The operations fluid of claim 2, wherein the treatment fluid is adapted to reduce the elasticity of a NAF filter cake.
4. The operations fluid of claim 1, wherein the organo-anionic surfactant has the general formula:
{R\u2014X}\u2212 +{Y}
wherein R is selected from the group comprising linear and branched alkyl and aryl alkyl hydrocarbon chains, wherein X is an acid selected from the group comprising sulfonic acids, carboxylic acids, phosphoric acids, and mixtures thereof, and wherein Y is an organic amine selected from the group comprising monoethanol amine, diethanol amine, triethanol amine, ethylene diamine, propylene diamine, diethylene tri-amine, tri-ethylene tetra-amine, tetra ethylene pent-amine, dipropylene tri-amine, tripropylene tetra-amine, tetra propylene pentamine, and mixtures thereof.
5. The operations fluid of claim 4, wherein the organo-anionic surfactant is prepared by contacting the acid and the organic amine at temperatures in the range of about \u221250\xb0 C. to about 200\xb0 C.
6. The operations fluid of claim 4, wherein the organo-anionic surfactant is prepared by contacting a neat acid and a neat organic amine, wherein the acid is present relative to the organic amine at least at a molar equivalent.
7. The operations fluid of claim 4, wherein the organic amine is selected from one or more of monoethanol amine, diethanol amine, triethanol amine, and mixtures thereof.
8. The operations fluid of claim 4, wherein the organo-anionic surfactant is present in the non-aqueous fluid at a concentration greater than about 0.01 wt % and less than about 12.0 wt % based on non-aqueous fluid in the operations fluid.
9. The operations fluid of claim 8, wherein the organo-anionic surfactant is present in the non-aqueous fluid at a concentration greater than about 0.01 wt % and less than about 3.0 wt %.
10. The operations fluid of claim 4, wherein the organo-anionic surfactant is selected from the group comprising monoethanol ammonium alkyl aromatic sulfonic acid, monoethanol ammonium alkyl carboxylic acid, and mixtures thereof.
11. The operations fluid of claim 10, wherein the alkyl group of the acid has a length ranging from about 6 carbon atoms to about 18 carbon atoms.
12. The operations fluid of claim 10, wherein the alkyl group of the acid has a length ranging from about 10 carbon atoms to about 14 carbon atoms.
13. The operations fluid of claim 10, wherein the alkyl group of R is an alkyl chain of length at least substantially equal to a hydrocarbon chain length in a non-aqueous fluid in a filter cake formed during operation of a well.
14. A method of remediating a NAF filter cake in a well, the method comprising:
obtaining an operations fluid comprising an organo-anionic surfactant in a non-aqueous fluid;
pumping a volume of the operations fluid into a well including a NAF filter cake, wherein the volume of operations fluid is pumped to contact the NAF filter cake.
15. The method of claim 14, wherein the NAF filter cake is disposed on at least one of a fracture face, a sand screen, gravel pack components, and a wellbore wall.
16. The method of claim 14, wherein the remediation method is applied during at least one of clean-up operations and workover operations to reduce an effective skin effect caused by the NAF filter cake.
17. The method of claim 14, wherein the volume of the operations fluid is applied during at least one of drilling operations, completion operations, production operations, and injection operations.
18. The method of claim 17, wherein the well includes an open hole segment, wherein the NAF filter cake is formed on a wellbore wall in the open hole segment, and wherein the operations fluid is applied to the open hole segment.
19. The method of claim 17, wherein the well includes sand control equipment, wherein the NAF filter cake is formed on at least one component of the sand control equipment, and wherein the operations fluid is applied to contact the at least one component of the sand control equipment.
20. The method of claim 14, wherein the organo-anionic surfactant has the general formula:
{R\u2014X}\u2212 +{Y}
wherein R is selected from the group comprising linear and branched alkyl and aryl alkyl hydrocarbon chains, wherein X is an acid selected from the group comprising sulfonic acids, carboxylic acids, phosphoric acids, and mixtures thereof, and wherein Y is an organic amine selected from the group comprising monoethanol amine, diethanol amine, triethanol amine, ethylene diamine, propylene diamine, diethylene tri-amine, tri-ethylene tetra-amine, tetra ethylene pent-amine, dipropylene tri-amine, tripropylene tetra-amine, tetra propylene pentamine, and mixtures thereof.
21. The method of claim 20, wherein the organo-anionic surfactant is prepared by contacting a neat organic acid and a neat organic amine, wherein the organic acid is present relative to the organic amine at least at a molar equivalent.
22. The method of claim 20, wherein the organo-anionic surfactant is present in the non-aqueous fluid at a concentration greater than about 0.01 wt % and less than about 12.0 wt % based on non-aqueous fluid in the operations fluid.
23. The method of claim 22, wherein the organo-anionic surfactant is present at a concentration greater than about 0.01 wt % and less than about 3.0 wt %.
24. The method of claim 20, wherein the organo-anionic surfactant is selected from the group comprising monoethanol ammonium alkyl aromatic sulfonic acid, monoethanol ammonium alkyl carboxylic acid, and mixtures thereof.
25. The method of claim 24, wherein the alkyl group of R is an alkyl chain of length at least substantially equal to a hydrocarbon chain length in a non-aqueous fluid in the NAF filter cake.
26. A method of producing hydrocarbons from a well, the method comprising:
drilling through a formation using a NAF-based drilling fluid to form a well, wherein a NAF filter cake is formed on at least one component of the well;
treating the at least one component of the well with an operations fluid comprising an organo-anionic surfactant in a non-aqueous fluid to remediate the NAF filter cake; and
producing hydrocarbons through the well.
27. The method of claim 26, wherein the organo-anionic surfactant has the general formula:
{R\u2014X}\u2212 +{Y}
wherein R is selected from the group comprising linear and branched alkyl and aryl alkyl hydrocarbon chains, wherein X is an acid selected from the group comprising sulfonic acids, carboxylic acids, phosphoric acids, and mixtures thereof, and wherein Y is an organic amine selected from the group comprising monoethanol amine, diethanol amine, triethanol amine, ethylene diamine, propylene diamine, diethylene tri-amine, tri-ethylene tetra-amine, tetra ethylene pent-amine, dipropylene tri-amine, tripropylene tetra-amine, tetra propylene pentamine, and mixtures thereof.
28. The method of claim 26, wherein the operations fluid is mixed with the drilling fluid to alter one or more properties of the NAF filter cake.
The claims below are in addition to those above.
All refrences to claim(s) which appear below refer to the numbering after this setence.
1. An adaptive method for applying chirp to an optical signal traversing through an optical network, comprising:
applying chirp to an optical data signal at a transmitter in the optical network;
transmitting the optical data signal through the optical network, the optical data signal having error detection data embedded therein;
optimizing data recovery from the optical data signal at an egress point of the optical network prior to determining an error rate for the optical data signal;
determining the error rate for the optical data signal at the egress point of the optical network, where the error rate is based on the error detection data embedded in the optical data signal;
transmitting the error rate for the optical data signal to the transmitter; and
adjusting the chirp being applied to the optical data signal at the transmitter based on the error rate for the optical data signal.
2. The method of claim 1 wherein the step of applying chirp to an optical data signal further comprises using an external phase modulator.
3. The method of claim 1 wherein the step of applying chirp to an optical data signal further comprises dithering amplitude of the chirp applied to the optical data signal.
4. The method of claim 3 wherein the step of adjusting the chirp further comprises using feedback error control to minimize the error rate detected at the egress point.
5. The method of claim 1 wherein the step of applying chirp to an optical data signal further comprises dithering phase of the chirp applied to the optical data signal.
6. The method of claim 5 wherein the step of adjusting the chirp further comprises minimizing the error rate detected at the egress point through the use of feedback error control.
7. The method of claim 1 wherein the step of determining an error rate further comprises deriving the error rate from the number of corrected errors in a forward error correction scheme.
8. The method of claim 1 wherein the step of transmitting the error rate for the optical data signal further comprises using an optical supervisory channel to transmit the error rate.
9. An adaptive method for applying chirp to an optical signal traversing through an optical network, comprising:
applying chirp to an optical data signal at a transmitter in the optical network, the optical data signal having error detection data embedded therein;
dithering one of amplitude and phase of the chirp being applied to the optical data signal;
optimizing data recovery from the optical data signal at an egress point of the optical network;
determining an error rate for the optical data signal at the egress point of the optical network, where the error rate is based on the error detection data embedded in the optical data signal;
transmitting the error rate for the optical data signal to the transmitter; and
adjusting the chirp being applied to the optical data signal at the transmitter based on the error rate for the optical data signal
dithering the other of amplitude and phase of the chirp being applied to the optical data signal;
optimizing data recovery from the optical data signal at the egress point of the optical network;
determining an error rate for the optical data signal at the egress point of the optical network;
transmitting the error rate for the optical data signal to the transmitter; and
adjusting the chirp being applied to the optical data signal at the transmitter based on the error rate for the optical data signal.
10. The method of claim 9 wherein the step of transmitting the error rate for the optical data signal further comprises using an optical supervisory channel to transmit the error rate.
11. The method of claim 9 wherein the step of adjusting the chirp further comprises using feedback error control to minimize the error rate detected at the egress point.