1-21. (canceled)
22. A process for conducting a water-gas shift reaction in a single stage process channel, comprising:
flowing reactants comprising CO and H2O through the single stage process channel, the process channel having an entrance where the reactants enter and an exit where a product exits, the process channel containing a water-gas shift reaction catalyst, the reactants contacting the catalyst as they flow through the process channel and undergoing an exothermic reaction resulting in the formation of the product, the product comprising H2 and CO2; and
flowing a coolant fluid through a coolant channel in thermal contact with the process channel, the thermal contacting of the coolant fluid with the process channel resulting in the formation of a first reaction zone and a second reaction zone within the process channel, the first reaction zone being near the entrance to the process channel and the second reaction zone being near the exit to the process channel, the temperature within the first reaction zone being higher than the temperature within the second reaction zone, the rate of formation of the product being greater in the first reaction zone than in the second reaction zone, the conversion of CO increasing as reactants flow through the second reaction zone.
23. The process of claim 22 wherein the coolant fluid flows through the coolant channel in a cross current direction relative to the direction of flow of the reactants and product through the process channel.
24. The process of claim 22 wherein the coolant fluid flows through the coolant channel in a counter current direction relative to the direction of flow of the reactants and product through the process channel.
25. The process of claim 22 wherein the coolant fluid flows through the coolant channel in a cocurrent direction relative to the direction of flow of the reactants and product through the process channel.
26. The process of claim 22 wherein the process channel is a microchannel.
27. The process of claim 22 wherein the coolant channel is a microchannel.
28. The process of claim 22 wherein a clean up process is conducted within the process channel to remove CO from the product.
29. The process of claim 22 wherein a clean up process is conducted outside the process channel to remove CO from the product.
30. The process of claim 22 wherein the reactants comprise up to about 50 mol % CO and up to about 99.9 mol % H2O.
31. The process of claim 22 wherein the reactants comprise about 1 to about 20 mol % CO, about 1 to about 70 mol % H2O, about 1 to about 20 mol % CO2, and about 1 to about 75 mol % H2.
32. The process of claim 22 wherein the catalyst comprises: a noble metal, a transition metal or combination thereof; an oxide of an alkali metal, alkaline earth metal, boron, gallium, germanium, arsenic, selenium, tellurium, thallium, lead, bismuth, polonium, magnesium, titanium, vanadium, chromium, manganese, iron, nickel, cobalt, copper, zinc, zirconium, molybdenum, tin, calcium, aluminum, silicon, lanthanum series element; or a combination of any two or more of the foregoing.
33. The process of claim 22 wherein the catalyst comprises a zirconia supported alkali metal modified ruthenium catalyst.
34. The process of claim 22 wherein the catalyst comprises cupric oxide, zinc oxide and aluminum oxide.
35. The process of claim 22 wherein the catalyst comprises a support selected from alumina, silica, titania or zirconia.
36. The process of claim 22 wherein the catalyst comprises Pt, Pd, Cu, Fe, Rh, Au, Re, or an oxide of any of the foregoing.
37. The process of claim 22 wherein the catalyst comprises a transition metal carbide, nitride or boride, or an oxygen containing analog of any of the foregoing.
38. The process of claim 22 wherein the catalyst comprises a support that is impregnated with a reducible metal oxide.
39. The process of claim 38 wherein reducible metal oxide comprises an oxide of Cr, V, Mo, Nd, Pr, Ti, Fe, Ni, Mn, Co, Ce, or a mixture of two or more thereof.
40. The process of claim 22 wherein the catalyst is in the form of particulate solids having a median particle diameter in the range of about 60 to about 1000 \u03bcm.
41. The process of claim 22 wherein the catalyst comprises a porous support, an interfacial layer, and a catalytic material.
42. The process of claim 22 wherein the catalyst comprises a porous support, a buffer layer, an interfacial layer, and a catalytic material.
43. The process of claim 22 wherein the catalyst is in the form of a foam, felt, wad, honeycomb, an insertable fin, or combination thereof.
44. The process of claim 22 wherein the catalyst is in the form of a flow-by structure with an adjacent gap, a foam with an adjacent gap, a fin structure with gaps, a washcoat on an inserted substrate, or a guaze that is parallel to the flow direction with a corresponding gap for flow.
45. The process of claim 22 wherein the catalyst is washcoated on the interior wall of the process channel.
46. The process of claim 22 wherein a first water-gas shift reaction catalyst is present in the first reaction zone, and a second water-gas shift reaction catalyst is present in the second reaction zone.
47. The process of claim 22 wherein the contact time of the reactants andor product with the catalyst is from about 10 to about 1000 milliseconds.
48. The process of claim 22 wherein the temperature in the first temperature zone is in the range of about 200\xb0 C. to about 400\xb0 C.
49. The process of claim 22 wherein the temperature in the second temperature zone is in the range of about 150\xb0 C. to about 300\xb0 C.
50. The process of claim 22 wherein the reactants are at pressure of up to about 500 psig at the entrance to the process channel.
51. The process of claim 22 wherein the coolant fluid comprises air, steam, liquid water, carbon dioxide, gaseous nitrogen, liquid nitrogen, a gaseous hydrocarbon or an oil.
52. The process of claim 22 wherein the coolant fluid is at a temperature in the range of about \u2212200\xb0 C. to about 400\xb0 C. as it enters the coolant channel.
53. The process of claim 22 wherein the product comprises up to about 99.9 mol % H2 and up to about 50 mol % CO2.
54. The process of claim 22 wherein the product comprises from about 0.1 to about 30 mol % CO2; about 0.1 to about 90 mol % H2; about 0.01 to about 5 mol % CO; about 40 to about 99 mol % H2O; and up to about 10 mol % CH4.
55. The process of claim 22 wherein the pressure drop of the reactants andor product through the process channel is up to about 40 pounds per square inch per foot of length of the process channel.
56. The process of claim 22 wherein a plurality of the single stage process chemicals are operated in parallel.
57. The process of claim 22 wherein a plurality of the coolant channels are operated in parallel.
58. The process of claim 22 wherein the process is conducted in a reactor containing a plurality of the single stage process channels operating in parallel, the process producing hydrogen at a rate of at least about 10 standard liters per minute per liter of volume of the single stage process channels in the reactor.
59. The process of claim 22 wherein the process is conducted in a reactor containing a plurality of the single stage process channels operating in parallel, the process producing hydrogen at a rate of at least about 100 standard liters per minute per liter of volume of the single stage process channels in the reactor.
60. The process of claim 22 wherein the process is conducted in a reactor containing a plurality of the single stage process channels operating in parallel, the contact time of the reactants andor product with the catalyst being up to about 250 milliseconds, the process producing hydrogen at a rate of at least about 10 standard liters per minute per liter of volume of the single stage process channels in the reactor.
61. The process of claim 22 wherein the process is conducted in a reactor containing a plurality of the single stage process channels operating in parallel, the contact time of the reactants andor product with the catalyst being up to about 150 milliseconds, the process producing hydrogen at a rate of at least about 10 standard liters per minute per liter of volume of the single stage process channels in the reactor.
62. The process of claim 22 wherein the process is conducted in a reactor containing a plurality of the single stage process channels operating in parallel, the contact time of the reactants andor product with the catalyst being up to about 100 milliseconds, the process producing hydrogen at a rate of at least about 10 standard liters per minute per liter of volume of the single stage process channels in the reactor.
63. The process of claim 22 wherein the process is conducted in a reactor containing a plurality of the coolant channels operating in parallel, the total pressure drop for the coolant flowing through the coolant channels being up to about 2 pounds per square inch, the process producing hydrogen at a rate of at least about 10 standard liters per minute per liter of volume of the single stage process channels in the reactor.
64. The process of claim 22 wherein the process is conducted in a reactor containing a plurality of the coolant channels operating in parallel, the total pressure drop for the coolant flowing through the coolant channels being up to about 1 pound per square inch, the process producing hydrogen at a rate of at least about 10 standard liters per minute per liter of volume of the single stage process channels in the reactor.
65. The process of claim 22 wherein the process is conducted in a reactor containing a plurality of the coolant channels operating in parallel, the total pressure drop for the coolant flowing through the coolant channels being up to about 10 inches of water, the process producing hydrogen at a rate of at least about 10 standard liters per minute per liter of volume of the single stage process channels in the reactor.
66. The process of claim 22 wherein the H2 in the product is purified using a preferential oxidation reactor, membrane separation of either hydrogen or carbon monoxide, sorption based separation system for either hydrogen or carbon monoxide, or a methanation reactor.
67. The process of claim 22 wherein H2 from the product is used to operate a fuel cell.
68. The process of claim 22 wherein H2 from the product is used to hydrogenate, hydrotreat, hydroalkylate, hydrocrack or hydrodesulfurize a feedtock.
69. The process of claim 22 wherein H2 from the product is reacted to form hydrogen chloride, hydrogen bromide, ethanol, methanol or ammonia.
70. The process of claim 22 wherein H2 from the product is used to make a metal hydride.
71. The process of claim 22 wherein H2 from the product is used to hydrogenate a fat or an oil.
72. The process of claim 22 wherein H2 from the product is used to reduce a metal ore.
73. The process of claim 22 wherein H2 from the product is used to reduce a catalyst.
74-76. (canceled)
The claims below are in addition to those above.
All refrences to claim(s) which appear below refer to the numbering after this setence.
1. A pesticidal combination comprising at least two active ingredient components optionally together with one or more customary formulation auxiliaries, wherein component (I) comprises at least one compound, or a salt or ester thereof, selected from azoxystrobin, difenoconazole, fluoxastrobin, tebuconazole, thiabendazole, trifloxystrobin, ortho-cyclopropyl-carboxanilide of formula II-IIV,
wherein
Rx is trifluoromethyl or difluoromethyl and
Ry is hydrogen or methyl; or a tautomer of such a compound;
a compound of formula (CC)
pyraclostrobin, thiram, triticonazole, prothioconazole, abamectin, clothianidin, Bt products, fipronil, lambda cyhalothrin, spinosad, thiacloprid, thiamethoxam, thiodicarb, tefluthrin, paclobutrazol, cyproconazole, trinexapac ethyl, uniconazole, gibberellic acid, GA3, GA4+GA7, acibenzolar-s-methyl, harpin protein;
and component (II) comprises at least one isoflavone in naturally-occurring or synthetic form.
2. The combination according to claim 1, further comprising an additional fungicide, insecticide, nematicide, acaracide, molluscicide, plant growth regulator, or plant activator.
3. The combination according to claim 1, wherein (II) is an isoflavone selected from formononetin and genistein in naturally-occurring or synthetic form, and the salts and esters thereof.
4. The combination according to claim 3, wherein component (II) comprises genistein and the salts and esters thereof.
5. The combination according to claim 3, wherein component (II) comprises formononetin and the salts and esters thereof.
6. The combination according to claim 1, in the form of a plant propagation material treating pesticidal composition.
7. The combination according to claim 1, wherein (I) is azoxystrobin and (II) is formononetin or salts or esters thereof; (I) is azoxystrobin and thiamethoxam and (II) is formononetin or salts or esters thereof; (I) is azoxystrobin, fludioxonil, mefenoxam and thiamethoxam and (II) is formononetin or salts or esters thereof; (I) is azoxystrobin, fludioxonil, metalaxyl and thiamethoxam and (II) is formononetin or salts or esters thereof; (I) is azoxystrobin, fludioxonil, mefenoxam, myclobutanil and thiamethoxam and (II) is formononetin or salts or esters thereof; (I) is azoxystrobin, fludioxonil, mefenoxam, abamectin and thiamethoxam and (II) is formononetin or salts or esters thereof; (I) is azoxystrobin, fludioxonil, mefenoxam, abamectin, myclobutanil and thiamethoxam and (II) is formononetin or salts or esters thereof; (I) is azoxystrobin and abamectin and (II) is formononetin or salts or esters thereof; (I) is fludioxonil, mefenoxam, abamectin and thiamethoxam and (II) is formononetin or salts or esters thereof; (I) is abamectin and thiamethoxam and (II) is formononetin or salts or esters thereof; (I) is azoxystrobin, fludioxonil, mefenoxam and (II) is formononetin or salts or esters thereof; (I) is azoxystrobin and thiamethoxam and (II) is formononetin or salts or esters thereof; (I) is thiamethoxam and (II) is formononetin or salts or esters thereof; (I) is azoxystrobin, fludioxonil, mefenoxam and imidacloprid and (II) is formononetin or salts or esters thereof; (I) is azoxystrobin, fludioxonil, metalaxyl and imidacloprid and (II) is formononetin or salts or esters thereof; (I) is azoxystrobin, fludioxonil, mefenoxam, myclobutanil and imidacloprid and (II) is formononetin or salts or esters thereof; (I) is azoxystrobin, fludioxonil, mefenoxam, abamectin and imidacloprid and (II) is formononetin or salts or esters thereof; (I) is clothianidin and (II) is formononetin or salts or esters thereof; (I) is azoxystrobin and clothianidin and (II) is formononetin or salts or esters thereof; (I) is azoxystrobin, fludioxonil, mefenoxam and clothianidin and (II) is formononetin or salts or esters thereof; (I) is azoxystrobin, fludioxonil, metalaxyl and clothianidin and (II) is formononetin or salts or esters thereof; (I) is azoxystrobin, fludioxonil, mefenoxam, myclobutanil and clothianidin and (II) is formononetin or salts or esters thereof; (I) is azoxystrobin, fludioxonil, mefenoxam, abamectin and clothianidin and (II) is formononetin or salts or esters thereof; (I) is clothianidin and prothioconazole and (II) is formononetin or salts or esters thereof; (I) is clothianidin, fluoxastrobin and prothioconazole and (II) is formononetin or salts or esters thereof; (I) is clothianidin, tebuconazole, triazoxide, and prothioconazole and (II) is formononetin or salts or esters thereof; (I) is imidacloprid and prothioconazole and (II) is formononetin or salts or esters thereof; (I) is thiamethoxam, tebuconazole, and fludioxonil and (II) is formononetin or salts or esters thereof; (I) is imidacloprid and carboxin and (II) is formononetin or salts or esters thereof; (I) is thiamethoxam, tefluthrin, azoxystrobin, and tebuconazole and (II) is formononetin or salts or esters thereof; (I) is imidacloprid and tebuconazole and (II) is formononetin or salts or esters thereof; (I) is azoxystrobin and (II) is genistein or salts or esters thereof; (I) is azoxystrobin and thiamethoxam and (II) is genistein or salts or esters thereof; (I) is azoxystrobin, fludioxonil, mefenoxam and thiamethoxam and (II) is genistein or salts or esters thereof; (I) is azoxystrobin, fludioxonil, metalaxyl and thiamethoxam and (II) is genistein or salts or esters thereof; (I) is azoxystrobin, fludioxonil, mefenoxam, myclobutanil and thiamethoxam and (II) is genistein or salts or esters thereof; (I) is azoxystrobin, fludioxonil, mefenoxam, abamectin and thiamethoxam and (II) is genistein or salts or esters thereof; (I) is azoxystrobin, fludioxonil, mefenoxam, abamectin, myclobutanil and thiamethoxam and (II) is genistein or salts or esters thereof; (I) is azoxystrobin and abamectin and (II) is genistein or salts or esters thereof; (I) is fludioxonil, mefenoxam, abamectin and thiamethoxam and (II) is genistein or salts or esters thereof; (I) is abamectin and thiamethoxam and (II) is genistein or salts or esters thereof; (I) is azoxystrobin, fludioxonil, mefenoxam and (II) is genistein or salts or esters thereof; (I) is azoxystrobin and thiamethoxam and (II) is genistein or salts or esters thereof; (I) is thiamethoxam and (II) is genistein or salts or esters thereof; (I) is azoxystrobin, fludioxonil, mefenoxam and imidacloprid and (II) is genistein or salts or esters thereof; (I) is azoxystrobin, fludioxonil, metalaxyl and imidacloprid and (II) is genistein or salts or esters thereof; (I) is azoxystrobin, fludioxonil, mefenoxam, myclobutanil and imidacloprid and (II) is genistein or salts or esters thereof; (I) is azoxystrobin, fludioxonil, mefenoxam, abamectin and imidacloprid and (II) is genistein or salts or esters thereof; (I) is clothianidin and (II) is genistein or salts or esters thereof; (I) is azoxystrobin and clothianidin and (II) is genistein or salts or esters thereof; (I) is azoxystrobin, fludioxonil, mefenoxam and clothianidin and (II) is genistein or salts or esters thereof; (I) is azoxystrobin, fludioxonil, metalaxyl and clothianidin and (II) is genistein or salts or esters thereof; (I) is azoxystrobin, fludioxonil, mefenoxam, myclobutanil and clothianidin and (II) is genistein or salts or esters thereof; (I) is azoxystrobin, fludioxonil, mefenoxam, abamectin and clothianidin and (II) is genistein or salts or esters thereof; (I) is clothianidin and prothioconazole and (II) is genistein or salts or esters thereof; (I) is clothianidin, fluoxastrobin and prothioconazole and (II) is genistein or salts or esters thereof; (I) is clothianidin, tebuconazole, triazoxide, and prothioconazole and (II) is genistein or salts or esters thereof; (I) is imidacloprid and prothioconazole and (II) is genistein or salts or esters thereof; (I) is thiamethoxam, tebuconazole, and fludioxonil and (II) is genistein or salts or esters thereof; (I) is imidacloprid and carboxin and (II) is genistein or salts or esters thereof; (I) is thiamethoxam, tefluthrin, azoxystrobin, and tebuconazole and (II) is genistein or salts or esters thereof; (I) is imidacloprid and tebuconazole and (II) is genistein or salts or esters thereof.
8. A method of controlling or preventing pathogenic damage or pest damage in a plant propagation material, a plant, parts of a plant andor plant organs that grow at a later point in time, which comprises applying on the plant, part of the plant, or surroundings thereof the combination, as defined in claim 1.
9. A method of protecting a plant propagation material, a plant, parts of a plant andor plant organs that grow at a later point in time against pathogenic damage or pest damage by applying to the plant, parts of plant, or their surroundings the combination, as defined in claim 1.
10. A method of improving the growing characteristics of a plant, which comprises applying to the plant, andor parts of plant the combination, as defined in claim 1.
11. The method according to claim 8, wherein components (I) and (II) are applied simultaneously.
12. The method according to claim 8, wherein the combination, as defined in claim 4, is applied on plant propagation material.
13. A method according to claim 8, wherein the plant propagation material is a seed.
14. A method according to claim 8, wherein the plant propagation material is seed of cereals, beets, leguminous plants, oil plants, cucumber plants, fibre plants, vegetables, or ornamentals.
15. A plant propagation material treated with the combination defined in claim 1.
16. Plant propagation material according to claim 15, which is seed of cereals, beets, leguminous plants, oil plants, cucumber plants, fibre plants, vegetables, or ornamentals.