1. A process for preparing a 1-olefin having from 8 to 16 carbon atoms by telomerization, comprising:
telomerizing a starting olefin having at least two conjugated bonds with a nucleophile in the presence of a palladium complex catalyst that contains at least one ligand which contains a carbene atom which is directly bonded to the palladium atom, hydrogenating the telomer obtained; and
subsequently cleaving the hydrogenated telomer to the 1-olefin.
2. The process as claimed in claim 1, wherein the carbene ligand comprise the structural element
wherein C is the carbene carbon which is bonded to the palladium atom.
3. The process as claimed in claim 2 wherein the carbene ligand is one or more compounds of formula I or II
wherein R2 and R3 are each, independently of one another, a linear, branched or cyclic C1-C24-alkyl group or a C5-C18-aryl group, where the alkyl group and the aryl group may bear, independently of one another, the substituents \u2014CN, \u2014COOH, \u2014COO-alkyl-(C1-C8), \u2014CO-alkyl -(C1-C8), -aryl-(C6-C18), -alkyl-(C1-C24), \u2014COO-aryl-(C6-C10), \u2014CO-aryl-(C6-C10), \u2014O-alkyl -(C1-C8), \u2014O\u2014CO-alkyl-(C1-C8), \u2014N-alkyl2-(C1-C8), \u2014CHO, \u2014SO3H, \u2014NH2, \u2014F, \u2014C1, \u2014OH, \u2014CF3, \u2014NO2, ferrocenyl, and R4 to R7 are each, independently of one another, hydrogen, \u2014CN, \u2014COOH, \u2014COO-alkyl-(C1-C8), \u2014CO-alkyl-(C1-C8), \u2014COO-aryl-(C6-C10), \u2014CO-aryl-(C6-C10), \u2014O-alkyl -(C1-C8), \u2014O\u2014CO-alkyl-(C1-C8), \u2014N-alkyl2-(C1-C8), \u2014CHO, \u2014SO3H, \u2014NH2, \u2014F, \u2014C1, \u2014OH, \u2014CF3, \u2014NO2 or a linear, branched or cyclic C1-C24-alkyl group or a C6-C18-aryl group and the alkyl group and aryl group may bear, independently of one another, the substituents \u2014CN, \u2014COOH, \u2014COO-alkyl-(C1-C8), \u2014CO-alkyl-(C1-C8), -aryl-(C6-C10), -alkyl-(C1-C24), \u2014COO-aryl-(C6-C10), \u2014CO-aryl-(C6-C10), \u2014O-alkyl-(C1-C8), \u2014O\u2014CO-alkyl-(C1-C8),\u2014N-alkyl2-(C1-C8), \u2014CHO, \u2014SO3H, \u2014NH2, \u2014F, \u2014C1, \u2014OH, \u2014CF3, \u2014NO2, and the radicals R4 and R5 may also be part of a bridging aliphatic or aromatic ring.
4. The process as claimed in claim 1, wherein said nucleophile is a compound of formulae III, IV or V
wherein R1 and R1\u2032 are selected independently from the group consisting of hydrogen, linear, branched or cyclic C1-C22-alkyl groups, alkenyl groups, alkynyl groups, carboxyl groups and C5-C18-aryl groups, where these groups may bear substituents selected from the group consisting of \u2014CN, \u2014COOH, \u2014COO-alkyl-(C1-C8), \u2014CO-alkyl -(C1-C8), -aryl-(C5-C10), \u2014COO-aryl-(C6-C10), \u2014CO-aryl-(C6-C10), \u2014O-alkyl-(C1-C8), \u2014O\u2014CO-alkyl-(C1-C8), \u2014N-alkyl2-(C1-C8), \u2014CHO, \u2014SO3H, \u2014NH2, \u2014F, \u2014C1, \u2014OH, \u2014CF3, \u2014NO2, and the radicals R1, R1\u2032 , may be linked to one another via covalent bonds.
5. The process as claimed in claim 1, wherein said nucleophile is methanol, ethanol, 2-ethylhexanol, octanol, octenol, octadienol, isopropanol, n-propanol, isobutanol, n-butanol, isononanol, formic acid, acetic acid, propionic acid, n-butanoic acid, isobutanoic acid, benzoic acid, phthalic acid, water, and mixtures thereof.
6. The process as claimed in claim 1, wherein the telomerization is carried out only to a conversion of the starting olefin of not more than 95%.
7. The process as claimed in claim 1, wherein the telomer is hydrogenated in the presence of a heterogeneous or homogeneous catalyst.
8. The process as claimed in claim 7, wherein said telomer is hydrogenated in the presence of a heterogeneous catalyst comprising at least one metal of groups 6-11 of the Periodic Table of the Elements.
9. The process as claimed in claim 8, wherein said hydrogenated telomer is cleaved in the presence of a basic or strongly basic or an acidic or strongly acidic catalyst.
10. The process as claimed in claim 9, wherein said hydrogenated telomer is cleaved in the presence of a catalyst comprising alkali metal hydroxidesoxides or alkaline earth metal hydroxidesoxides.
11. The process as claimed in claim 1, wherein said hydrogenated telomer is cleaved in the presence of a catalyst selected from the group consisting of alkali metal oxides, alkaline earth metal oxides, zinc oxide, aluminum oxide, yttrium oxide, lanthanum oxide, cerium oxide, thorium oxide, titanium oxide, zirconium oxide, tin oxide, alkali metal and alkaline earth metal carbonates, hydrogencarbonates or tungstates.
12. The process as claimed in claim 1, wherein said hydrogenated telomer is cleaved in the presence of a catalyst selected from the group consisting of hydrotalcites, mixed oxides of silicon andor aluminum with alkali metals and alkaline earth metals, zinc, thorium, titanium, zirconium, tungsten, tin and molybdenum.
13. The process as claimed in claim 1, wherein the cleavage of the hydrogenated telomer is carried out in the gas phase.
14. The process as claimed in claim 13 wherein the cleavage of the hydrogenated telomer is carried out at temperatures in the range from 100 to 800\xb0 C.
15. The process as claimed in claim 1, wherein the cleavage of the hydrogenated telomer is carried out to a conversion of the hydrogenated telomer of 10-95%.
16. The process as claimed in claim 1, wherein 1,3-butadiene or isoprene is the starting olefin having at least two conjugated double bonds.
17. The process as claimed in claim 16, wherein the starting olefin is admixed with other hydrocarbons.
18. The process as claimed in claim 1, wherein the telomerization is carried out at temperatures ranging from 10 to 180\xb0 C. and a pressure of from 1 to 300 bar.
19. The process as claimed in claim 1, wherein the ratio of carbene ligand to Pd (molmol) ranges from 0.01:1 to 250:1.
20. The process as claimed in claim 1, wherein the palladium-carbene complex is introduced as such into the telomerization reaction.
21. The process as claimed in claim 1, wherein the palladium-carbene complex is generated in situ during the telomenzation reaction.
22. The process as claimed in claim 1, wherein the carbene ligand is generated in situ during the telomerization reaction.
23. The process as claimed in claim 1, wherein a basic component having a pKb of <7 is added to the telomerization reaction.
24. The process as claimed in claim 1, wherein the palladium concentration in the reaction mixture of the telomerization ranges from 0.01 to 1000 ppm.
The claims below are in addition to those above.
All refrences to claim(s) which appear below refer to the numbering after this setence.
1-20. (canceled)
21. A programmable logic device configuration comprising:
an application logic;
an embedded test logic that monitors the application logic to produce embedded test data;
an encryption logic, said encryption logic encrypting said embedded test data;
a memory for storing an access key; and
an access control logic that grants an external device access to said encrypted embedded test data based upon the stored access key and data received from the external device.
22. The programmable logic device configuration of claim 21, further comprising:
a decryption logic, said decryption logic decrypting encrypted data received from said external device.
23. The programmable logic device configuration of claim 22, wherein said stored access key is used to decrypt said encrypted data.
24. The programmable logic device configuration of claim 21, wherein said stored access key is used to encrypt said embedded test data.
25. The programmable logic device configuration of claim 21, wherein said external device interfaces with said programmable logic device using at least one of a Joint Test Action Group port, a configuration access port, or an inputoutput port.
26. The programmable logic device configuration of claim 21, further comprising:
a Joint Test Action Group logic.
27. The programmable logic device configuration of claim 26, wherein said access control logic provides an access control layer between said Joint Test Action Group logic and said embedded test logic.
28. The programmable logic device configuration of claim 21, further comprising:
a second memory for storing normal embedded test data values; and
a health monitor logic for monitoring actual values of said embedded test data relative to said normal embedded test data values.
29. The programmable logic device configuration of claim 28, wherein said health monitor logic provides a warning to said external device when said actual values of said embedded test data are determined to be unacceptable when compared to said normal embedded test data values.
30. A method for programming a configuration of a programmable logic device comprising the steps of:
creating on the programmable logic device an application logic;
creating on the programmable logic device an embedded test logic that monitors the application logic to produce embedded test data;
creating on the programmable logic device an encryption logic, said encryption logic encrypting said embedded test data; and
creating on the programmable logic device an access control logic that grants an external device access to said encrypted embedded test data based upon an access key stored in a memory and data received from the external device.
31. The method of claim 30, further comprising the step of:
creating on the programmable logic device a decryption logic, said decryption logic decrypting encrypted data received from said external device.
32. The method of claim 31, wherein said decryption logic uses said stored access key to decrypt said encrypted data.
33. The method of claim 30, wherein said encryption logic uses said stored access key to encrypt said embedded test data.
34. The method of claim 30, further comprising:
creating on the programmable logic device a Joint Test Action Group logic.
35. The method of claim 34, wherein said access control logic provides an access control layer between said Joint Test Action Group logic and said embedded test logic.
36. The method of claim 30, further comprising:
creating on the programmable logic device a health monitor logic for monitoring actual values of said embedded test data relative to normal embedded test data values stored in a second memory.
37. The method of claim 36, wherein said health monitor logic provides a warning to said external device when said actual values of said embedded test data are determined to be unacceptable when compared to said normal embedded test data values.
38. The method of claim 37, further comprising:
creating on the programmable logic device an encryption logic, said encryption logic encrypting said warning.
39. A method for protecting embedded test data of a programmable logic device comprising the steps of:
creating on the programmable logic device an encryption logic, said encryption logic encrypting said embedded test data; and
creating on the programmable logic device an access control logic that grants an external device access to said encrypted embedded test data based upon an access key stored in a memory and data received from the external device.
40. The method of claim 39, wherein said encryption logic uses said stored access code to encrypt said embedded test data.