What is claimed is:
1. A composition comprising a plant extract substantially free of obacunone and limonin wherein the plant belongs to the family Rutaceae and the composition is suitable for ingestion by a mammal.
2. An aqueous Rutaceae plant extract substantially free of obacunone and limonin.
3. A Rutaceae plant extract comprising at least two compounds selected from the group consisting of phellodendrine, magnoflorine, and berberine wherein the Rutaceae plant was extracted using a solvent selected from the group consisting of a lower alcohol, water, or mixtures thereof.
4. A composition comprising the Rutaceae plant extract of claim 1, 2, or 3 and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or excipient.
5. The composition according to claim 4, wherein the composition is a pharmaceutical composition for human use.
6. A unit dosage form comprising the Rutaceae plant extract of claim 1, 2, or 3 and a physiologically acceptable diluent or carrier.
7. The unit dosage form according to claim 6 suitable for parenteral or oral administration to a human.
8. The composition according to claim 1, wherein the Rutaceae plant extract is soluble in a lower alcohol, water, and mixtures thereof.
9. The composition according to claims 1, 2 or 3, wherein the Rutaceae plant belongs to the genus Phellodendron, Citrus, Evodia, or Dictamnus.
10. The composition according to claim 1, wherein the Rutaceae plant extract is present in an amount of about 25% to about 100% by weight of the composition.
11. The pharmaceutical composition according to claim 5, further comprising at least one anxiolytic agent.
12. The pharmaceutical composition according to claim 11, wherein the anxiolytic agent is selected from the group consisting of barbituates, serotonin reuptake inhibitors, benzodiazepines, monoamine oxidase inhibitors, and mixtures thereof.
13. The pharmaceutical composition according to claim 12, wherein the anxiolytic agent is selected from the group consisting of Kava Kava, St. John’s Wart, hydroxyzine hydrochloride, buspirone, mephobarbital, meprobamate, paroxetine, perphenazine, amitriptyline, fluvoxamine, sertraline, fluoxetine, alprazolam, chlordiazepoxide, clonazepam, clorazepate, diazepam, lorazepam, oxazepam, phenelzine, tranylcypromine, prazepam, halazepam, azapirones, gepirone, ipsopirone, tiaspirone, clozapine, fluperlapine, olanzapine, zotapine, seroquel, benzepine, preclamol, pramipexole, emonapride, eticlopride, raclopride, remoxipride, hydroxyaminotetralins, hexahydrobenzophenanthridines, and mixtures thereof.
14. The pharmaceutical composition according to claim 5, further comprising at least one anti-depressant agent.
15. The pharmaceutical composition according to claim 14, wherein the anti-depressant agent is selected from the group consisting of tricyclic antidepressants, monoamine oxidase inhibitors, and serotonin reuptake inhibitors.
16. The pharmaceutical composition according to claim 15, wherein the anti-depressant agent is selected from the group consisting of mirtazapine, nefazodone, bupropion, amitriptyline, amoxapine, clomipramine, desipramine, doxepin, imipramine, maprotiline, nortriptyline, protriptyline, trazodone, trimipramine, venlafaxine, paroxetine, perphenazine, amitriptyline, fluvoxamine, sertraline, fluoxetine, isocarboxazid, pargyline, phenelzine, tranylcypromine, dibenzazepines, selegiline, and mixtures thereof.
17. The pharmaceutical composition according to claim 5, further comprising at least one analgesic agent.
18. The pharmaceutical composition according to claim 17, wherein the analgesic is selected from the group consisting of non-sedating agents, dietary aids that have efficacy against pain and chronic pain, and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.
19. The pharmaceutical composition according to claim 18, wherein the analgesic is selected from the group consisting of aspirin, ibuprofen, ketoprofen, naproxen, acetaminophen, choline magnesium trisalicylate, diclofenac, diflunisal, fenoprofen, flurbiprofen, indomethacin, meclofenamate, nabumetone, oxaprozin, phenylbutazone, piroxicam, salsalate, sulindac, tolmetin, sodium salicylate, salicylsalicylic acid, sulfasalazine, olsalazine, etodolac, keterolac, mefenamic acid, meclofenamic acid, oxicams, piroxicam, tenoxicam, pyrazolidinediones, phenylbutazone, oxyphenthatrazone, and mixtures thereof.
20. A Rutaceae plant extract obtained by the process of:
cutting or pulverizing a plant of the family Rutaceae;
extracting the cut or powdered plant parts with a suitable aqueous solvent at refluxing temperature for a time sufficient to form an extract; and
concentrating the extract under reduce pressure to obtain a Rutaceae plant extract.
21. A Rutaceae plant extract comprising at least two compounds selected from the group consisting of phellodendrine, magnoflorine, and berberine obtained by extracting a plant of the family Rutaceae with an aqueous organic solution, separating and isolating the solution and reducing solution in volume.
22. A method for treating or preventing anxiety in a mammal which comprises administering to a mammal in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of Rutaceae plant or a composition thereof wherein the Rutaceae plant belongs to the genus Phellodendron, Citrus, Evodia, or Dictamnus.
23. A method for treating or preventing anxiety in a mammal which comprises administering to a mammal in need of anxiety treatment a therapeutically effective amount of an aqueous Rutaceae plant extract or a composition thereof.
24. The method according to claim 23, wherein the extract is obtained using a solvent selected from the group consisting of a lower alcohol, water, and mixtures thereof.
25. The method according to claim 23, wherein the Rutaceae plant extract is substantially free of obacunone or limonin.
26. The method according to claim 24, wherein the Rutaceae plant extract comprises at least two compounds selected from the group consisting of phellodendrine, magnoflorine, and berberine.
27. A method for treating or preventing depression in a mammal which comprises administering to a mammal in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of a Rutaceae plant or a composition thereof wherein the Rutaceae plant belongs to the genus Phellodendron, Citrus, Evodia, or Dictamnus.
28. A method for treating or preventing depression in a mammal which comprises administering to a mammal in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of an aqueous Rutaceae plant extract or a composition thereof.
29. The method according to claim 28, wherein the extract is obtained using a solvent selected from the group consisting of a lower alcohol, water, and mixtures thereof.
30. The method according to claim 28, wherein the Rutaceae plant extract is substantially free of obacunone or limonin.
31. The method according to claim 29, wherein the Rutaceae plant extract comprises at least two compounds from selected from the group consisting of phellodendrine, magnoflorine, and berberine.
32. A method for treating or preventing pain in a mammal which comprises administering to a mammal in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of a Rutaceae plant or a composition thereof wherein the Rutaceae plant belongs to the genus Phellodendron, Citrus, Evodia, or Dictamnus.
33. A method for treating or preventing pain in a mammal which comprises administering to a mammal in need of pain treatment a therapeutically effective amount of an aqueous Rutaceae plant extract or a composition.
34. The method according to claim 33, wherein the extract is obtained using a solvent selected from the group consisting of a lower alcohol, water, and mixtures thereof.
35. The method according to claim 33, wherein the Rutaceae plant extract is substantially free of obacunone or limonin.
36. The method according to claim 34, wherein the Rutaceae plant extract comprises at least two compounds from selected from the group consisting of phellodendrine, magnoflorine, and berberine.
37. A method for treating or preventing chronic pain in a mammal which comprises administering to a mammal in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of a Rutaceae plant or a composition thereof wherein the Rutaceae plant belongs to the genus Phellodendron, Citrus, Evodia, or Dictamnus.
38. A method for treating or preventing chronic pain in a mammal which comprises administering to a mammal in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of an aqueous Rutaceae plant extract or a composition thereof.
39. The method according to claim 38, wherein the extract is obtained using a solvent selected from the group consisting of a lower alcohol, water, and mixtures thereof.
40. The method according to claim 38, wherein the Rutaceae plant extract is substantially free of obacunone or limonin.
41. The method according to claim 39, wherein the Rutaceae plant extract comprises at least two compounds from selected from the group consisting of phellodendrine, magnoflorine, and berberine.
42. A method for treating or preventing premenstrual syndrome in a mammal which comprises administering to a mammal in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of a Rutaceae plant or a composition thereof wherein the Rutaceae plant belongs to the genus Phellodendron, Citrus, Evodia, or Dictamnus.
43. A method for treating or preventing premenstrual syndrome in a mammal which comprises administering to a mammal in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of an aqueous Rutaceae plant extract or a composition thereof.
44. The method according to claim 43, wherein the extract is obtained using a solvent selected from the group consisting of a lower alcohol, water, and mixtures thereof.
45. The method according to claim 43, wherein the Rutaceae plant extract is substantially free of obacunone or limonin.
46. The method according to claim 44, wherein the Rutaceae plant extract comprises at least two compounds from selected from the group consisting of phellodendrine, magnoflorine, and berberine.
47. A method for treating or preventing separation anxiety for domestic animals which comprises administering to a mammal in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of a Rutaceae plant extract or a composition thereof wherein the Rutaceae plant belongs to the genus Phellodendron, Citrus, Evodia, or Dictamnus.
48. The method according to claim 47, wherein the extract is obtained using a solvent selected from the group consisting of a lower alcohol, water, and mixtures thereof.
49. The method according to claim 47, wherein the Rutaceae plant extract is substantially free of obacunone or limonin.
50. The method according to claim 48, wherein the Rutaceae plant extract comprises at least two compounds from selected from the group consisting of phellodendrine, magnoflorine, and berberine.
51. A method for treating or preventing a disorder selected from the group consisting of weight loss, cold, appetite loss, sleeplessness, and fatigue which comprises administering to a mammal in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of a Rutaceae plant extract or a compositions thereof wherein the Rutaceae plant belongs to the genus Phellodendron, Citrus, Evodia, or Dictamnus.
52. A method for treating or preventing a disorder selected from the group consisting of anxiety, depression, and premenstrual syndrome which comprises administering to a mammal in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of berberine, a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, or a composition thereof.
53. A method for treating or preventing a disorder selected from the group consisting of weight loss, cold, appetite loss, sleeplessness, and fatigue which comprises administering to a mammal in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of berberine, a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, or a composition thereof.
54. A method for treating or preventing a disorder selected from the group consisting of anxiety, pain, chronic pain, depression, and premenstrual syndrome which comprises administering to a mammal in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of phellodendrine or magnoflorine, a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, or a composition thereof.
The claims below are in addition to those above.
All refrences to claim(s) which appear below refer to the numbering after this setence.
1. A camera, comprising:
a fitting portion to which a lens barrel is detachably fitted;
a first driving portion configured to drive an aperture portion included in the lens barrel;
a communication unit configured to communicate with a lens barrel fitted in the fitting portion; and
a control unit,
wherein the first driving portion can be switched between an actuable state in which the first driving portion is actuated in response to an input and drives the aperture portion, and an actuation-restricted state in which actuation of the first driving portion is restricted,
when a lens barrel fitted to the fitting portion is not equipped with a second driving portion that is configured to drive the aperture portion in response to an aperture drive control signal received from the camera via the communication unit, the control unit switches the first driving portion into the actuable state, and
when a lens barrel fitted to the fitting portion is equipped with a second driving portion that is configured to drive the aperture portion in response to an aperture drive control signal received from the camera via the communication unit, the control unit switches the first driving portion into the actuation-restricted state and transmits an aperture drive control signal for driving the second driving portion via the communication unit.
2. The camera according to claim 1, further comprising:
a detection portion to detect whether the lens barrel fitted to the fitting portion is equipped with the second driving portion; and
a control portion to control the first driving portion based on output of the detection portion.
3. The camera according to claim 1, further comprising:
an input portion capable of selecting the state of the first driving portion from the actuable state or the actuation-restricted state, and inputting the selected state.