1. An apparatus comprising:
a channel estimator to provide a channel estimate;
a multiplier coupled to the channel estimator to multiply a quantized output of a demodulator with the channel estimate to produce N symbols of a signal corresponding to a carrier, wherein N is an integer greater than one;
a de-interleaver coupled to the multiplier to de-interleave the N symbols; and
an averager coupled to the de-interleaver to average the N de-interleaved symbols to generate a channel response at the carrier.
2. The apparatus of claim 1 further comprising:
a first quantizer to generate the quantized output of the demodulator; and
a second quantizer to generate input to the channel estimator corresponding to the carrier; and
a slicer coupled to the averager to slice the channel response to provide a decoding decision.
3. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein the averager comprises:
N\u22121 storage elements connected in cascade to store N\u22121 de-interleaved symbols; and
an adder coupled to the (N\u22121) storage elements to add the N de-interleaved symbols including the N\u22121 stored de-interleaved symbols.
4. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein N is a power of two.
5. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein the signal is received from a power line.
6. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein the demodulator is compatible with Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM).
7. A method comprising:
providing a channel estimate;
multiplying a quantized output of a demodulator with the channel estimate to produce N symbols of a signal corresponding to a carrier, wherein N is an integer greater than one;
de-interleaving the N symbols; and
averaging the N de-interleaved symbols, the averaged N de-interleaved symbols representing a channel response at the carrier.
8. The method of claim 7 further comprising:
generating the quantized output of the demodulator; and
generating input to the channel estimator corresponding to the carrier; and
slicing the channel response to provide a decoding decision.
9. The method of claim 7 wherein averaging comprises:
storing N\u22121 de-interleaved symbols in N\u22121 storage elements connected in cascade; and
adding the N de-interleaved symbols including the N\u22121 stored de-interleaved symbols.
10. The method of claim 7 wherein N is a power of two.
11. The method of claim 7 wherein the signal is received from a power line.
12. The method of claim 7 wherein the demodulator is compatible with Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM).
13. A system comprising:
a demodulator to demodulate a signal received from a power line; and
a decoder coupled to the demodulator to decode the demodulated signal, the decoder comprising:
a channel estimator to provide a channel estimate,
a multiplier coupled to the channel estimator to multiply a quantized output of the demodulator with the channel estimate to produce N symbols of a signal corresponding to a carrier, wherein N is an integer greater than one,
a de-interleaver coupled to the multiplier to de-interleave the N symbols, and
an averager coupled to the de-interleaver to average the N de-interleaved symbols to generate a channel response at the carrier.
The claims below are in addition to those above.
All refrences to claim(s) which appear below refer to the numbering after this setence.
That which is claimed is:
1. A process for the production of fuel or blending component of fuels which are liquid at ambient conditions, which process comprises:
providing a high-boiling hydrogenation feedstock comprising a mixture of hydrocarbons and sulfur-containing organic compounds, the feedstock consisting essentially of material boiling between about 200 C. and about 425 C. and having a sulfur content up to about 2,500 ppm;
contacting the high-boiling feedstock with a gaseous source of dihydrogen at hydrogenation conditions in the presence of a hydrogenation catalyst which exhibits a capability to enhance the incorporation of hydrogen into one or more of the sulfur-containing andor nitrogen-containing organic compounds and under conditions suitable for hydrogenation of one or more of the sulfur-containing organic compounds; and
recovering a product comprising a mixture of hydrocarbons and other organic compounds and having a sulfur content less than about 35 ppm of sulfur.
2. The process for the production of fuel or blending component of fuels according to claim 1 wherein the hydrogenation catalysts are the same or different and comprises at least one active metal, selected from the group consisting of the d-transition elements, each incorporated onto an inert support in an amount of from about 0.1 percent to about 20 percent by weight of the total catalyst.
3. The process for the production of fuel or blending component of fuels according to claim 1 wherein the hydrogenation catalyst comprises one or more metals selected from the group consisting of cobalt, nickel, molybdenum and tungsten.
4. The process for the production of fuel or blending component of fuels according to claim 1 wherein the recovered product contains less than about 15 ppm of sulfur.
5. A process for the production of refinery transportation fuel or blending components for refinery transportation fuel having a sulfur content less than about 15 ppm, which process comprises:
hydrotreating a petroleum distillate consisting essentially of material boiling between about 50 C. and about 425 C. and having a sulfur content up to about 25,000 ppm, by a process which includes reacting the petroleum distillate with a source of hydrogen at hydrogenation conditions in the presence of a hydrogenation catalyst to assist by hydrogenation removal of sulfur andor nitrogen from the hydrotreated petroleum distillate, thereby producing a hydrotreated petroleum distillate having a sulfur content less than about 500 ppm;
fractionating the hydrotreated petroleum distillate by distillation to provide at least one low-boiling blending component consisting of a sulfur-lean, mono-aromatic-rich fraction having a sulfur content less than about 15 ppm, and a high-boiling feedstock consisting of a sulfur-rich, mono-aromatic-lean fraction containing the balance of the sulfur;
contacting the high-boiling feedstock with a gaseous source of dihydrogen at hydrogenation conditions in the presence of a hydrogenation catalyst which exhibits a capability to enhance the incorporation of hydrogen into one or more of the sulfur-containing andor nitrogen-containing organic compounds and under conditions suitable for hydrogenation of one or more of the sulfur-containing andor nitrogen-containing organic compounds;
recovering a liquid comprising a mixture of hydrocarbons and other organic compounds, and having a sulfur andor nitrogen content less than the high-boiling feedstock; and
treating at least a portion of the recovered liquid with a solid sorbent, an ion exchange resin, andor a suitable immiscible liquid containing a solvent or a soluble basic chemical compound, to obtain a product having a sulfur content less than about 15 ppm.
6. The process for the production of fuel or blending component of fuels according to claim 5 wherein the hydrotreating of the petroleum distillate employs at least one bed of hydrogenation catalyst comprising one or more metals selected from the group consisting of cobalt, nickel, molybdenum and tungsten.
7. The process for the production of fuel or blending component of fuels according to claim 5 wherein the contacting the high-boiling feedstock with a gaseous source of dihydrogen employs at least one bed of hydrogenation catalyst comprising one or more metals selected from the group consisting of nickel, molybdenum and tungsten.
8. The process for the production of fuel or blending component of fuels according to claim 5 wherein the treating of recovered liquid employs at least one bed of solid sorbent comprising alumina.
9. A process for the producing a refinery transportation fuel or blending components for refinery transportation fuel having a sulfur content less than about 15 ppm, which process comprises:
providing a refinery distillate comprising a mixture of hydrocarbons, sulfur-containing and nitrogen-containing organic compounds, the mixture having a sulfur content up to about 25,000 ppm and consisting essentially of material boiling between about 200 C. and about 425 C.;
hydrotreating the refinery distillate with a source of hydrogen at hydrogenation conditions in the presence of a hydrogenation catalyst to assist by hydrogenation removal of sulfur andor nitrogen from the hydrotreated distillate, to recover a hydrotreated distillate having a sulfur content less than about 500 ppm;
fractionating the hydrotreated distillate by distillation to provide at least one low-boiling blending component consisting of a sulfur-lean, mono-aromatic-rich fraction having a sulfur content less than about 15 ppm, and a high-boiling feedstock consisting of a sulfur-rich, mono-aromatic-lean fraction containing the balance of the sulfur;
contacting the high-boiling feedstock with a gaseous source of dihydrogen at hydrogenation conditions in the presence of a hydrogenation catalyst which exhibits a capability to enhance the incorporation of hydrogen into one or more of the sulfur-containing organic compounds and under conditions suitable for hydrogenation of one or more of the sulfur-containing organic compounds; and
recovering a high-boiling liquid having a sulfur content less than about 15 ppm.
10. The process for the production of fuel or blending component of fuels according to claim 9 wherein the hydrotreating of the refinery distillate employs at least one bed of hydrogenation catalyst comprising cobalt and one or more metals selected from the group consisting of nickel, molybdenum and tungsten, each incorporated onto an inert support in an amount of from about 0.1 percent to about 20 percent by weight of the total catalyst.
11. The process for the production of fuel or blending component of fuels according to claim 9 wherein the contacting the high-boiling feedstock with a gaseous source of dihydrogen employs at least one bed of hydrogenation catalyst comprising nickel and one or more metals selected from the group consisting of, molybdenum and tungsten, each incorporated onto an inert support in an amount of from about 0.1 percent to about 20 percent by weight of the total catalyst.
12. The process for the production of fuel or blending component of fuels according to claim 9 wherein the treating of recovered liquid employs at least one bed of solid sorbent comprising alumina.
13. The process according to claim 9 which further comprises treating at least a portion of the high-boiling liquid with a solid sorbent, an ion exchange resin, andor a suitable immiscible liquid containing a solvent or a soluble basic chemical compound, to obtain a high-boiling product having a sulfur content less than about 10 ppm.
14. The process according to claim 13 which further comprises blending at least portions of the low-boiling blending component and the high-boiling product to form fuel for use in compression ignition internal combustion engines, and wherein the fuel exhibits a suitable flash point of at least 38 C. as measure by ASTM D93, and contains less than 15 ppm sulfur.
15. The composition according to claim 14 wherein the fuel exhibits a suitable flash point of at least 49 C.
16. The process according to claim 9 which further comprises blending at least portions of the low-boiling blending component and the high-boiling liquid to form fuel for use in compression ignition internal combustion engines, and wherein the fuel exhibits a suitable flash point of at least 38 C. as measure by ASTM D93, and contains less than 15 ppm sulfur.
17. The composition according to claim 9 wherein the fuel exhibits a suitable flash point of at least 49 C.