1. A membrane comprising a void free and defect free first polymer functionalized molecular sievesecond polymer mixed matrix membrane comprising a molecular sieve, a first polymer used to functionalize said molecular sieve, and a second polymer used as a continuous polymer matrix, wherein said first polymer is used to functionalize the outer surface of the said molecular sieve via covalent or hydrogen bonds, and wherein said first polymer and said second polymer are different polymers.
2. The membrane of claim 1 wherein said second polymer is not used to functionalize the outer surface of the said molecular sieve.
3. The membrane of claim 1 wherein said first polymer and said polymer b are miscible with each other.
4. The membrane of claim 1 wherein said molecular sieve is selected from the group consisting of microporous and mesoporous molecular sieves, carbon molecular sieves, and porous metal-organic frameworks (MOFs).
5. The membrane of claim 4 wherein said microporous molecular sieve is a zeolite based on an aluminosilicate composition or a non-zeolite based on aluminophosphate, silico-aluminophosphate, or silica composition.
6. The membrane of claim 4 wherein said microporous molecular sieves are selected from the group consisting of SAPO-34, Si-DDR, UZM-9, AlPO-14, AlPO-34, AlPO-17, SSZ-62, SSZ-13, AlPO-18, AlPO-53, ERS-12, CDS-1, MCM-65, MCM-47, 4A, 5A, UZM-5, UZM-25, UZM-12, silicalite-1, SSZ-16, AlPO-34, SAPO-44, SAPO-47, SAPO-17, CVX-7, SAPO-35, SAPO-56, AlPO-52, SAPO-43, NaX, NaY, and CaY.
7. The membrane of claim 4 wherein said microporous molecular sieves are selected from the group consisting of AlPO-18, AlPO-53, AlPO-14, AlPO-17, UZM-5, UZM-25, ERS-12, CDS-1, MCM-65, CVX-7, SAPO-34, SAPO-56, and mixtures thereof.
8. The membrane of claim 4 wherein said mesoporous molecular sieves are selected from the group consisting of MCM-41, SBA-15, and surface functionalized MCM-41 and SBA-15.
9. The membrane of claim 4 wherein said porous metal-organic frameworks are selected from the group consisting of IRMOF-1, Cu3(BTC)2 MOF, and mixtures thereof.
10. The membrane of claim 1 wherein said molecular sieve is a sub-micron size molecular sieve with particle size in the range of 5 to 1000 nm.
11. The membrane of claim 10 wherein said sub-micron size molecular sieve is selected from the group consisting of SAPO-34, Si-DDR, UZM-9, AlPO-14, AlPO-34, AlPO-17, SSZ-62, SSZ-13, AlPO-53, AlPO-18, ERS-12, CDS-1, MCM-65, MCM-47, 4A, 5A, UZM-5, UZM-25, UZM-12, silicalite-1, SSZ-16, AlPO-34, SAPO-44, SAPO-47, SAPO-17, CVX-7, SAPO-35, SAPO-56, AlPO-52, SAPO-43, IRMOF-1, Cu3(BTC)2 MOF, and mixtures thereof.
12. The membrane of claim 1 wherein there are covalent or hydrogen bonds between said molecular sieve and said first polymer.
13. The membrane of claim 1 wherein said first polymer is selected from the group consisting of polyethersulfones, cellulose triacetate, sulfonated polyethersulfones, hydroxyl group-terminated poly(ethylene oxide)s, amino group-terminated poly(ethylene oxide)s, or isocyanate group-terminated poly(ethylene oxide)s, poly(esteramide-diisocyanate)s, hydroxyl group-terminated poly(propylene oxide)s, hydroxyl group-terminated co-block-poly(ethylene oxide)-poly(propylene oxide)s, hydroxyl group-terminated tri-block-poly(propylene oxide)-block-poly(ethylene oxide)-block-poly(propylene oxide)s, tri-block-poly(propylene glycol)-block-poly(ethylene glycol)-block-poly(propylene glycol) bis(2-aminopropyl ether), polyether ketones, poly(ethylene imine)s, poly(amidoamine)s, poly(vinyl alcohol)s, poly(allyl amine)s, and poly(vinyl amine)s.
14. The membrane of claim 1 wherein said first polymer is polyethersulfone.
15. The membrane of claim 1 wherein said second polymer is selected from the group consisting of polyimides, polyetherimides, polyamides, cellulose acetate, cellulose triacetate, and microporous polymers.
16. The membrane of claim 1 wherein said void free and defect free first polymer functionalized molecular sievesecond polymer mixed matrix membrane is used to separate organic compounds from water.
17. The membrane of claim 16 wherein said organic compounds are selected from the group consisting of alcohol, phenols, chlorinated hydrocarbons, pyridines, ketones and mixtures thereof.
18. The membrane of claim 1 wherein said void free and defect free first polymer functionalized molecular sievesecond polymer mixed matrix membrane is used to separate isomers of organic compounds.
19. The membrane of claim 1 wherein said void free and defect free first polymer functionalized molecular sievesecond polymer mixed matrix membrane is used to separate organic compounds selected from the group of pairs of compounds consisting of ethylacetate-ethanol, diethylether-ethanol, acetic acid-ethanol, benzene-ethanol, chloroform-ethanol, chloroform-methanol, acetone-isopropylether, allylalcohol-allylether, allylalcohol-cyclohexane, butanol-butylacetate, butanol-1-butylether, ethanol-ethylbutylether, propylacetate-propanol, isopropylether-isopropanol, methanol-ethanol-isopropanol, and ethylacetate-ethanol-acetic acid.
The claims below are in addition to those above.
All refrences to claim(s) which appear below refer to the numbering after this setence.
1. A motor driving circuit for driving a motor, comprising:
a detecting circuit configured to detect a detection signal indicative of a current state of the motor;
a command value generating unit configured to generate a command value indicative of a target state of the motor;
an error amplifier configured to generate an error signal by amplifying an error between the detection signal and the command value;
a pulse width modulator configured to generate a pulse signal having a duty cycle corresponding to the error signal; and
an output circuit configured to apply a switching voltage having a duty cycle corresponding to the pulse signal across the motor,
wherein the command value generating unit is configured to provide a variation to the command value.
2. The motor driving circuit of claim 1, wherein the command value generating unit includes:
a set voltage generating part configured to generate a set voltage; and
a first DA converter configured to generate the command value, the first DS converter having a reference voltage terminal receiving the set voltage and an input terminal receiving a digital value representing the command value,
wherein the set voltage generating part is configured to provide a variation to the set voltage.
3. The motor driving circuit of claim 2, wherein the set voltage generating part includes:
a set data generating portion configured to generate digital set data corresponding to the set voltage; and
a second DA converter configured to convert the set data into an analog set voltage,
wherein the set data generating portion is configured to provide a variation to the set data.
4. The motor driving circuit of claim 3, wherein the set data generating portion varies the set data by one LSB (Least Significant Bit) at a predetermined period.
5. The motor driving circuit of claim 2, wherein the set voltage generating part modulates the set voltage with a predetermined frequency.
6. The motor driving circuit of claim 1, wherein the command value generating unit includes:
a set voltage generating part configured to generate a set voltage;
a micro step generating part configured to generate a digital value representing the command value; and
a first DA converter configured to generate the command value, the first DS converter having a reference voltage terminal receiving the set voltage and an input terminal receiving a digital value representing the command value,
wherein the micro step generating part is configured to provide a variation to the digital voltage.
7. The motor driving circuit of claim 1, wherein the detecting circuit generates a detection signal representing a voltage applied to the motor.
8. The motor driving circuit of claim 7, wherein the detecting circuit is configured to have a first output terminal from which one of voltages of first and second terminals of the motor is output, the one voltage having a fixed voltage level, and a second output terminal from which the other of voltages of first and second terminals of the motor is output, the other voltage being switched, and
wherein the error amplifier includes:
an operational amplifier;
a first capacitor connected between an inverted input terminal of the operational amplifier and a non-inverted input terminal thereof;
a first resistor connected between the non-inverted input terminal of the operational amplifier and the first output terminal of the detecting circuit;
a second resistor connected between the non-inverted input terminal of the operational amplifier and an output terminal of the command value generating unit;
third and fourth resistors connected in series between the second output terminal of the detecting circuit and the inverted input terminal of the operational amplifier; and
a fifth resistor connected between a node between the third resistor and the fourth resistor and a ground terminal
9. The motor driving circuit of claim 1, wherein the detecting circuit generates a detection signal representing a current flowing into the motor.
10. The motor driving circuit of claim 1, wherein the detecting circuit generates a detection signal representing a speed of the motor.
11. A motor driving circuit for driving a motor, comprising:
a detecting circuit configured to detect a detection signal indicative of a current state of the motor;
a command value generating unit configured to generate a command value indicative of a target state of the motor;
an error amplifier configured to generate an error signal by amplifying an error between the detection signal and the command value;
a pulse width modulator configured to generate a pulse signal having a duty cycle corresponding to the error signal; and
an output circuit configured to apply a switching voltage having a duty cycle corresponding to the pulse signal across the motor,
wherein a feedback loop including the error amplifier is configured to vary a time constant of the feedback loop.
12. The motor driving circuit of claim 11, wherein the time constant is set to have a larger value if the command value remains at a constant value for a predetermined period.
13. The motor driving circuit of claim 11, wherein the error amplifier includes:
an operational amplifier; and
a variable feedback capacitor connected between an output of the operational amplifier and an input thereof
14. The motor driving circuit of claim 11, wherein the error amplifier includes:
an operational amplifier having a non-inverted input terminal to which a reference voltage is input;
a sixth resistor and a second capacitor connected in series between an output terminal of the operational amplifier and an inverted input terminal thereof
a third capacitor connected between the output terminal of the operational amplifier and an inverted terminal thereof
a seventh resistor connected between a terminal to which the command value is input and the inverted input terminal of the operational amplifier; and
an eighth resistor connected between a terminal to which the detection signal is input and the inverted input terminal of the operational amplifier.
15. The motor driving circuit of claim 11, wherein the detecting circuit generates a detection signal representing a current flowing into the motor.
16. The motor driving circuit of claim 15, wherein the detecting circuit includes:
a detecting resistor connected in series to the motor; and
a sense amplifier configured to amplify a voltage drop of the detecting resistor.
17. The motor driving circuit of claim 11, wherein the detecting circuit generates a detection signal representing a voltage applied to the motor.
18. The motor driving circuit of claim 11, wherein the detecting circuit generates a detection signal representing a speed of the motor.
19. A motor driving circuit for driving a motor, comprising:
a detecting circuit configured to detect a detection signal indicative of a current state of the motor;
a command value generating unit configured to generate a command value indicative of a target state of the motor;
an error amplifier configured to generate an error signal by amplifying an error between the detection signal and the command value;
a pulse width modulator configured to generate a pulse signal having a duty cycle corresponding to the error signal; and
an output circuit configured to apply a switching voltage having a duty cycle corresponding to the pulse signal across the motor, wherein the pulse width modulator includes:
an oscillator configured to generate a ramp signal having a triangular waveform or a saw tooth waveform; and
a pulse width modulation comparator configured to compare the ramp signal with the error signal, and
wherein the oscillator is configured to provide a variation to a voltage range of the ramp signal.
20. A motor driving circuit for driving a motor, comprising:
a detecting circuit configured to detect a detection signal indicative of a current state of the motor;
a command value generating unit configured to generate a command value indicative of a target state of the motor;
an error amplifier configured to generate an error signal by amplifying an error between the detection signal and the command value;
a pulse width modulator configured to generate a pulse signal having a duty cycle corresponding to the error signal; and
an output circuit configured to apply a switching voltage having a duty cycle corresponding to the pulse signal across the motor,
wherein the pulse width modulator is configured to provide a variation to a frequency of the pulse signal.
21. The motor driving circuit of claim 1, wherein the motor driving circuit is integrated into a single semiconductor substrate.
22. An electronic apparatus comprising:
a motor; and
a motor driving circuit of claim 1 for driving the motor.