1. A piezoelectric element comprising:
a base substrate;
a lower electrode formed above the base substrate;
a piezoelectric layer that is formed above the lower electrode, and formed from a perovskite type oxide; and
an upper electrode formed above the piezoelectric layer,
wherein the piezoelectric layer is oriented to (100) crystal orientation in the pseudo-cubic crystal expression, and a crystal of the perovskite type oxide in a direction parallel to a lower surface of the piezoelectric layer has a lattice constant greater than a lattice constant of the crystal of the perovskite type oxide in a direction orthogonal to the lower surface of the piezoelectric layer.
2. A piezoelectric element according to claim 1, wherein the lattice constant of the crystal of the perovskite type oxide in a first direction among the directions parallel to the lower surface of the piezoelectric layer is equal to the lattice constant of the crystal of the perovskite type oxide in a second direction, among the directions parallel to the lower surface of the piezoelectric layer, orthogonal to the first direction in the pseudo-cubic crystal expression.
3. A piezoelectric element according to claim 1, wherein the crystal structure of the piezoelectric layer is a monoclinic structure.
4. A piezoelectric element according to claim 1, wherein the perovskite type oxide is expressed by a general formula ABO3, where A includes lead (Pb), and B includes zirconium (Zr) and titanium (Ti).
5. A piezoelectric element according to claim 4, wherein B further includes lead (Pb).
6. A piezoelectric element according to claim 5, wherein the element B is expressed by (PbX ZrY TiZ), where X is 0.025 or more but 0.1 or less, and the sum of Y and Z is 1.
7. A piezoelectric element according to claim 5, wherein, when the amount of lead in the piezoelectric layer is t, and the amount of transition metal is u, tu is 1.05 or more but 1.20 or less.
8. A piezoelectric element according to claim 1, wherein the perovskite type oxide is lead zirconate titanate.
9. A liquid jet head comprising the piezoelectric element recited in claim 1.
10. A printer comprising the piezoelectric element recited in claim 1.
The claims below are in addition to those above.
All refrences to claim(s) which appear below refer to the numbering after this setence.
1. An adjustable nozzle attachment comprising a flexible planar member having an upper surface and a lower surface; an orifice formed through the planar member and adapted for coupling to a vacuum suction source; and a plurality of attaching means formed at said lower surface, each attaching means adapted to interchangeably receive at least one of a roller assembly and a brush support, said roller assembly and brush support being of substantially rigid construction.
2. The nozzle attachment of claim 1, wherein at least a first portion of said plurality of attachment means are formed proximate a perimeter of said planar member.
3. The nozzle attachment of claim 2, wherein a second portion of said plurality of attachment means are arranged in a pattern suitable for directing matter towards said orifice as the planar member is advanced over a surface being cleaned.
4. The nozzle attachment of claim 1, wherein said orifice is positioned at a centralized location on said nozzle attachment, and said second portion of said plurality of attachment means encompass at least a portion of said orifice.
5. The nozzle attachment of claim 2, wherein each of said first portion of attachment means is sized to interchangeably receive a respective roller orientated in a common direction.
6. The nozzle attachment of claim 5, wherein each of said first portion of attachment means is sized to interchangeably receive a brush.
7. The nozzle attachment of claim 5, wherein said planar member retains substantial flexibility while said rollers are coupled to said first portion of attachment means.
8. The nozzle attachment of claim 6, wherein said planar member retains substantial flexibility while said brushes are coupled to said first portion of attachment means.
9. The nozzle attachment of claim 6, wherein said planar member becomes substantially inflexible while said brushes are coupled to said first portion of attachment means.
10. The nozzle attachment of claim 3, wherein each of said second portion of attachment means is sized to receive a brush.
11. The nozzle attachment of claim 10, wherein said planar member retains substantial flexibility while said brushes are coupled to said second portion of attachment means.
12. The nozzle attachment of claim 10, wherein said planar member becomes substantially inflexible while said brushes are coupled to said first portion of attachment means.
13. The nozzle attachment of claim 1 further comprising a nozzle adapter coupled to the upper surface and over said orifice.
14. The nozzle attachment of claim 1, wherein said planar member is formed from a flexible material selected from at least one of a synthetic polymer, natural rubber, and synthetic rubber.
15. The nozzle attachment of claim 1, wherein each attachment means comprises a recess formed in the lower surface of the planar member.
16. The nozzle attachment of claim 15, wherein said recess is substantially rectangular in shape.
17. The nozzle attachment of claim 15, wherein at least a portion of said attachment means further comprises a wheel well.
18. The nozzle attachment of claim 15, wherein each attachment means further comprises a projecting element formed over each recess.
19. The nozzle attachment of claim 1, wherein said plurality of attachment means comprises a plurality of apertures, wherein each aperture is sized to receive said at least one of a roller and a brush.
20. The nozzle attachment of claim 1, wherein the planar member comprises a shape including at least one of a rectangle, polygon, circle, semi-circle, oval, ellipse, triangle, wing, and combinations thereof.