1. A method of making a pneumatic tire comprising:
providing a pair of warp yarns and a weft yarn, wherein the pair of warp yarns comprises a first warp yarn and a second warp yarn;
weaving a leno woven fabric comprising at least one layer of an open construction leno weave tape having the pair of warp yarns in the longitudinal direction and the weft yarn in the weft direction, wherein the second warp yarn is woven at a higher tension than the first warp yarn such that in the leno woven fabric the first warp yarns are crimped;
placing the leno woven fabric a flat pattern around the circumference of the carcass in the area of the belt ply to form a cap ply;
stretching the leno woven fabric removing the crimp from the first warp yarn; and,
applying a tread around the cap ply.
2. The method of claim 1, wherein the leno woven fabric is woven on a two beam leno loom.
3. The method of claim 1, wherein after weaving and before stretching the leno woven fabric the first warp yarns have more crimp than the second warp yarns.
4. The pneumatic tire of claim 1, wherein after stretching the leno weave fabric the first warp yarn has essentially no crimp.
5. The method of claim 1, wherein the second warp yarn has a force of elongation of between about 1 and 40% the force of elongation of the first warp yarn.
6. The method of claim 1, wherein the second warp yarn has a force of elongation of between about 1.5 and 20% the force of elongation of the first warp yarn.
7. The method of claim 1, wherein the second warp yarn has an elongation at break of greater than 2%.
8. The method of claim 1, wherein the first warp yarn comprises a hybrid yarn.
9. The method of claim 1, wherein the first warp yarn comprises aramid.
10. The method of claim 1, wherein the second warp yarn comprises nylon.
11. The method of claim 1, wherein the first warp yarn has a modulus of about 25 to 153 GPa.
12. The method of claim 1, wherein the second warp yarn has a modulus of about 5 to 10 GPa.
13. The method of claim 1, wherein the first warp yarn and second warp yarn have a twist of between about 80 and 300 twists per meter.
14. The method of claim 1, wherein the cap ply is disposed in a flat helical pattern around the circumference of the carcass in the area of the belt ply.
15. The method of claim 1, wherein the leno weave tape makes more than three full revolutions around the circumference of the tire carcass.
16. A method of making a pneumatic tire comprising:
weaving a leno woven fabric comprising at least one layer of an open construction leno weave tape a pair of warp yarns in the longitudinal direction and a weft yarn in the weft direction, wherein the pair of warp yarns comprises a first warp yarn and a second warp yarn, wherein the second warp yarn has a force of elongation of between about 1 and 40% the force of elongation of the first warp yarn, wherein the second warp yarn is in tension, wherein the second warp yarn has a elongation at break of greater than 2%, such that in the leno woven fabric the first warp yarns have more crimp than the second warp yarns;
placing the leno woven fabric a flat pattern around the circumference of the carcass in the area of the belt ply to form a cap ply;
stretching the leno woven fabric for remove the crimp from the first warp yarn; and,
applying a tread around the cap ply.
17. The method of claim 16, wherein the leno weave is woven on a two beam leno loom.
18. The method of claim 16, wherein the first warp yarn comprises aramid.
19. The method of claim 16, wherein the second warp yarn comprises nylon.
20. The method of claim 16, wherein the cap ply is wound more frequently at the edges of the tire than the middle of the tire.
The claims below are in addition to those above.
All refrences to claim(s) which appear below refer to the numbering after this setence.
1. A transgenic plant comprising:
a first nucleic acid encoding a heterologous fructokinase (FRK) protein that is overexpressed relative to a FRK in a corresponding wild-type plant; and
a second nucleic acid encoding a heterologous sucrose synthase (SuSy) protein that is overexpressed relative to a SuSy in a corresponding wild-type plant.
2. The transgenic plant of claim 1, wherein the FRK protein is selected from the group consisting of:
a Solanum lycopersicum FRK1 polypeptide having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2;
functional variants of Solanum lycopersicum FRK1 and homologs of Solanum lycopersicum FRK1 having an amino acid sequence with at least 40% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 2;
functional variants of Solanum lycopersicum FRK1 and homologs of Solanum lycopersicum FRK1 having an amino acid sequence with at least 90% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 2;
a Solanum tuberosum FRK2 having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 4;
functional variants of Solanum tuberosum FRK2 and homologs of Solanum tuberosum FRK2 having an amino acid sequence with at least 40% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 4;
functional variants of Solanum tuberosum FRK2 and homologs of Solanum tuberosum FRK2 having an amino acid sequence with at least 90% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 4;
a Solanum lycopersicum FRK2 polypeptide having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 3;
functional variants of Solanum lycopersicum FRK2 and homologs of Solanum lycopersicum FRK2 having an amino acid sequence with at least 40% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 3;
functional variants of Solanum lycopersicum FRK2 and homologs of Solanum lycopersicum FRK2 having an amino acid sequence with at least 90% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 3.
3. The transgenic plant of claim 1, wherein the SuSy protein is selected from the group consisting of:
a Solanum lycopersicum SuSy having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 5;
functional variants of Solanum lycopersicum SuSy and homologs of Solanum lycopersicum SuSy having an amino acid sequence with at least 40% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 5;
functional variants of Solanum lycopersicum SuSy and homologs of Solanum lycopersicum SuSy having an amino acid sequence with at least 90% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 5;
a Gossypium hirsutum SuSy polypeptide having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1;
functional variants of Gossypium hirsutum SuSy and homologs of Gossypium hirsutum SuSy having an amino acid sequence with at least 40% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 1;
functional variants of Gossypium hirsutum SuSy and homologs of Gossypium hirsutum SuSy having an amino acid sequence with at least 90% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 1;
a cotton SuSy polypeptide having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 17;
functional variants of cotton SuSy and homologs of cotton SuSy having an amino acid sequence with at least 40% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 17;
functional variants of cotton SuSy and homologs of cotton SuSy having an amino acid sequence with at least 90% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 17;
a Solanum lycopersicum SuSy having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 6;
functional variants of Solanum lycopersicum SuSy and homologs of Solanum lycopersicum SuSy having an amino acid sequence with at least 40% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 6;
functional variants of Solanum lycopersicum SuSy and homologs of Solanum lycopersicum SuSy having an amino acid sequence with at least 90% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 6;
a Solanum lycopersicum SuSy having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 7;
functional variants of Solanum lycopersicum SuSy and homologs of Solanum lycopersicum SuSy having an amino acid sequence with at least 40% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 7;
functional variants of Solanum lycopersicum SuSy and homologs of Solanum lycopersicum SuSy having an amino acid sequence with at least 90% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 7;
a Solanum lycopersicum SuSy having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 8;
functional variants of Solanum lycopersicum SuSy and homologs of Solanum lycopersicum SuSy having an amino acid sequence with at least 40% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 8;
functional variants of Solanum lycopersicum SuSy and homologs of Solanum lycopersicum SuSy having an amino acid sequence with at least 90% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 8.
4. The transgenic plant of claim 1, wherein said first and second nucleic acids are included in the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO. 18.
5. The transgenic plant of claim 1, wherein said first and second nucleic acid are included in the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO. 19.
6. The transgenic plant of claim 1, wherein each of said nucleic acids is operatively linked to a plant-functional promoter, and wherein the promoter is selected from the group consisting of: a constitutive promoter, a tissue-specific promoter, and developmental stage- specific promoter.
7. The transgenic plant of claim 1, wherein the promoter is xylem tissue-specific promoter.
8. The transgenic plant of claim 1, wherein the promoter is a cauliflower mosaic virus 35S promoter.
9. The transgenic plant of claim 1, wherein each of said FRK and SuSy proteins is overexpressed in a secondary xylem tissue of the plant.
10. The transgenic plant of claim 1, wherein said FRK is a heterologous FRK1 protein.
11. The transgenic plant of claim 1, wherein said FRK is a heterologous FRK2 protein.
12. The transgenic plant of claim 1, wherein said SuSy is a heterologous tomato SuSyl protein.
13. The transgenic plant of claim 1, wherein said plant has a feature selected from a group consisting of: increased cell wall content, higher growth rate and increased biomass relative to the same feature in a corresponding wild-type plant.
14. The transgenic plant of claim 1, wherein said plant has increased cell wall content relative to cell wall content in a corresponding wild-type plant.
15. The transgenic plant of claim 1, wherein said plant is a tree.
16. The transgenic plant of claim 1, wherein said tree is selected from the group consisting of: eucalyptus tree and poplar tree.
17. A progeny of any generation of the transgenic plant of claim 1 wherein said progeny comprises said first nucleic acid encoding FRK and said second nucleic acid encoding SuSy.
18. A seed of any generation of the transgenic plant of claim 1 wherein said seed comprises said first nucleic acid encoding FRK and said second nucleic acid encoding SuSy.
19. A nucleic acid construct comprising:
a first nucleic acid that encodes a fructokinase (FRK) protein; and
a second nucleic acid that encodes a sucrose synthase (SuSy) protein, wherein each of said nucleic acids is operatively linked to a plant-functional promoter.
20. A construct according to claim 19, wherein said construct imparts to transgenic plants containing said construct, a feature selected from a group consisting of: increased cell wall content, higher growth rate and increased biomass relative to the same feature in a corresponding wild-type plant.
21. A construct according to claim 19, wherein said construct imparts to transgenic plants containing said construct, increased cell wall content relative to cell wall content in a corresponding wild-type plant.
22. A construct according to claim 19, wherein said construct has the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO. 18.
23. A construct according to claim 19, wherein said construct has the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO. 19.
24. A vector comprising the construct of claim 19.
25. A plant containing the vector of claim 24.
26. A method of producing a transgenic plant comprising:
(a) introducing an expression vector into a population of plants; wherein the expression vector comprises a nucleic acid that encodes a heterologous fructokinase (FRK) protein and a nucleic acid that encodes a heterologous sucrose synthase (SuSy) protein;
(b) growing said population of step (a); and
(c) selecting from said population of step (b) a plant having an increased cell wall content relative to a plant control.
27. The method of claim 26, wherein the FRK protein is selected from a group consisting of:
a Solanum lycopersicum FRK1 polypeptide having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2;
functional variants of Solanum lycopersicum FRK1 and homologs of Solanum lycopersicum FRK1 having an amino acid sequence with at least 40% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 2;
a Solanum tuberosum FRK2 having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 4;
functional variants of Solanum tuberosum FRK2 and homologs of Solanum tuberosum FRK2 having an amino acid sequence with at least 40% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 4;
a Solanum lycopersicum FRK2 polypeptide having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 3;
functional variants of Solanum lycopersicum FRK2 and homologs of Solanum lycopersicum FRK2 having an amino acid sequence with at least 40% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 3.
28. The method of claim 26, wherein the SuSy protein is selected from a group consisting of:
a Solanum lycopersicum SuSy having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 5;
functional variants of Solanum lycopersicum SuSy and homologs of Solanum lycopersicum SuSy having an amino acid sequence with at least 40% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 5;
a Gossypium hirsutum SuSy polypeptide having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1;
functional variants of Gossypium hirsutum SuSy and homologs of Gossypium hirsutum SuSy having an amino acid sequence with at least 40% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 1;
a cotton SuSy polypeptide having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 17;
functional variants of cotton SuSy and homologs of cotton SuSy having an amino acid sequence with at least 40% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 17;
a Solanum lycopersicum SuSy having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 6;
functional variants of Solanum lycopersicum SuSy and homologs of Solanum lycopersicum SuSy having an amino acid sequence with at least 40% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 6;
a Solanum lycopersicum SuSy having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 7;
functional variants of Solanum lycopersicum SuSy and homologs of Solanum lycopersicum SuSy having an amino acid sequence with at least 40% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 7;
a Solanum lycopersicum SuSy having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 8;
functional variants of Solanum lycopersicum SuSy and homologs of Solanum lycopersicum SuSy having an amino acid sequence with at least 40% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 8.
29. The method of claim 26, wherein each of said FRK and SuSy proteins is overexpressed in a secondary xylem tissue of said selected plant.
30. The method of claim 26, wherein said first and second nucleic acid are included in the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO. 18.
31. The method of claim 26, wherein said first and second nucleic acid are included in the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO. 19.
32. A transgenic plant comprising:
a nucleic acid encoding a heterologous fructokinase (FRK) protein that is overexpressed relative to a FRK in a corresponding wild-type plant; wherein said plant has increased cell wall content relative to cell wall content in a corresponding wild-type plant.
33. The transgenic plant of claim 32, wherein the FRK protein is selected from a group consisting of:
a Solanum lycopersicum FRK1 polypeptide having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2;
functional variants of Solanum lycopersicum FRK1 and homologs of Solanum lycopersicum FRK1 having an amino acid sequence with at least 40% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 2
a Solanum tuberosum FRK2 having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 4;
functional variants of Solanum tuberosum FRK2 and homologs of Solanum tuberosum FRK2 having an amino acid sequence with at least 40% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 4 ;
a Solanum lycopersicum FRK2 polypeptide having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 3;
functional variants of Solanum lycopersicum FRK2 and homologs of Solanum lycopersicum FRK2 having an amino acid sequence with at least 40% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 3.
34. The transgenic plant of claim 32, wherein said nucleic acids is operatively linked to a plant-functional promoter, and wherein the promoter is selected from the group consisting of: a constitutive promoter, a tissue-specific promoter, and a developmental stage- specific promoter.
35. The transgenic plant of claim 32, wherein the promoter is a xylem tissue-specific promoter.
36. The transgenic plant of claim 32, wherein the promoter is a cauliflower mosaic virus 35S promoter.
37. The transgenic plant of claim 32, wherein said FRK is overexpressed in a secondary xylem tissue of the plant.
38. The transgenic plant of claim 32, wherein said FRK is a heterologous FRK1 protein.
39. The transgenic plant of claim 32, wherein said FRK is a heterologous FRK2 protein.
40. The transgenic plant of claim 32, wherein said plant is a tree.
41. The transgenic plant of claim 32, wherein said tree is a eucalyptus tree.
42. The transgenic plant of claim 32, wherein said tree is a poplar tree.
43. A progeny of any generation of the transgenic plant of claim 32, wherein said progeny comprises said nucleic acid encoding FRK.
44. A seed of any generation of the transgenic plant of claim 32, wherein said seed comprises said nucleic acid encoding FRK.
45. A method for producing a transgenic plant comprising:
(a) introducing an expression vector into a population of plants; wherein the expression vector comprises a nucleic acid that encodes a fructokinase (FRK) protein;
(b) growing said population of step (a); and
(c) selecting from said population of step (b) a plant having an increased cell wall content relative to a control plant.
46. The method of claim 46, wherein the FRK protein is selected from the group consisting of:
a Solanum tuberosum FRK2 having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 4;
functional variants of Solanum tuberosum FRK2 and homologs of Solanum tuberosum FRK2 having an amino acid sequence with at least 40% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 4;
a Solanum lycopersicum FRK2 polypeptide having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 3;
functional variants of Solanum lycopersicum FRK2 and homologs of Solanum lycopersicum FRK2 having an amino acid sequence with at least 40% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 3;
a Solanum lycopersicum FRK1 polypeptide having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2;
functional variants of Solanum lycopersicum FRK1 and homologs of Solanum lycopersicum FRK1 having an amino acid sequence with at least 40% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 2.
47. The method of claim 46, wherein said FRK is overexpressed in a secondary xylem tissue of said selected plant.
48. The transgenic plant of claim 2, wherein said plant has a feature selected from a group consisting of: increased cell wall content, higher growth rate and increased biomass relative to the same feature in a corresponding wild-type plant.
49. The transgenic plant of claim 2, wherein said plant has increased cell wall content relative to cell wall content in a corresponding wild-type plant.
50. The transgenic plant of claim 2, wherein said plant is a tree.
51. The transgenic plant of claim 2, wherein said tree is selected from the group consisting of: eucalyptus tree and poplar tree.