1. An internal bone fixation device comprising:
a balloon portion releasably engaging a distal end of a delivery catheter, wherein an inner lumen of the delivery catheter connects to the balloon portion to guide light energy from a light source into the balloon portion;
at least one reinforcing material curable by the light energy emitted from the light source; and
one or more radiopaque markers positioned on the balloon portion,
wherein the balloon portion is configured to move from a deflated state to an inflated state when the at least one reinforcing material is added into the balloon portion, and
wherein the balloon portion is configured for placement into an inner cavity of a bone.
2. The internal bone fixation device of claim 1 wherein the light source includes a light pipe for emitting energy into the balloon portion.
3. The internal bone fixation device of claim 1 further comprising a light pipe to deliver the light energy into the balloon portion to minimize thermal egress of the light energy from the balloon portion to supporting tissue.
4. The internal bone fixation device of claim 1 wherein the balloon portion is constructed from a polymer material.
5. The internal bone fixation device of claim 1 wherein the inner lumen of the delivery catheter directly connects to the balloon portion.
6. The internal bone fixation device of claim 1 for use in repairing the bone fractured into at least two bone fragments.
7. The internal bone fixation device of claim 6 wherein the balloon portion resides within an inner cavity of the at least two bone fragments and provides support to the at least two bone fragments to promote healing.
8. The internal bone fixation device of claim 7 wherein the balloon portion conforms to at least a portion of a wall of the inner cavity of the at least two bone fragments when in the inflated state.
9. The internal bone fixation device of claim 1 further comprising a separation area positioned at a junction between the balloon portion and the delivery catheter.
10. The internal bone fixation device of claim 1 further comprising a stress concentrator located between the balloon portion and the delivery catheter to separate the balloon portion from the delivery catheter.
11. A system for internal fixation of a fractured bone comprising:
a light cure adhesive;
a light pipe;
a delivery catheter having an elongated shaft with a distal end and a proximal end, the delivery catheter having an inner void for passage of the light cure adhesive and an inner lumen for passage of the light pipe; and
a balloon portion releasably engaging the distal end of the delivery catheter, and the balloon portion having a textured outer surface,
wherein the balloon portion expands from a deflated state to an inflated state when the light cure adhesive is delivered through the inner void of the delivery catheter into the balloon portion, and
wherein the inner lumen of the delivery catheter connects to the balloon portion to guide the light energy into the balloon portion to harden the light cure adhesive within the balloon portion.
12. The system of claim 11 wherein the light pipe delivers the light energy into the balloon portion to minimize thermal egress of the light energy from the balloon portion to supporting tissue.
13. The system of claim 11 wherein the inner lumen of the delivery catheter directly connects to the balloon portion.
14. The system of claim 11 for use in repairing a bone fractured into at least two bone fragments.
15. The system of claim 11 wherein the balloon portion resides within an inner cavity of at least two bone fragments when the balloon portion is used in repairing a fractured bone.
16. The system of claim 11 wherein the balloon portion is configured to contact a wall of an inner cavity of at least two bone fragments when the balloon portion is used in repairing a fractured bone.
17. The system of claim 11 wherein an ultraviolet light cures the light cure adhesive.
18. The system of claim 11 wherein a visible light cures the light cure adhesive.
19. The system of claim 11 further comprising an imaging device for monitoring expansion of the balloon portion.
20. The system of claim 11 further comprising one or more radiopaque markers positioned on the balloon portion.
21. The system of claim 20 wherein the one or more radiopaque markers on the balloon portion provide a visibility of the balloon portion while using an imaging device to determine a position of the balloon portion during placement and expansion of the balloon portion in a fractured bone.
22. The system of claim 11 further comprising a plurality of ridges extending from the textured outer surface of the balloon portion to conform the balloon portion to a shape of a bone cavity.
23. The system of claim 11 wherein the textured outer surface of the balloon portion interacts with bone fragments for adhesion between the bone fragments and the textured outer surface to promote the formation of new bone onto the textured outer surface.
24. A method for internal fixation of a fractured bone comprising:
positioning a balloon portion releasably engaging a delivery catheter within an inner cavity of a fractured bone, wherein the delivery catheter has an inner void for passage of a light cure adhesive to the balloon portion and an inner lumen for passage of a light pipe to the balloon portion;
expanding the balloon portion by infusion of the light cure adhesive into the inner void of the delivery catheter and into the balloon portion;
inserting the light pipe into the inner lumen of the delivery catheter and towards the balloon portion, wherein the inner lumen connects to the balloon portion to guide the light from the light pipe into the balloon portion to cure the light cure adhesive within the balloon portion; and
delivering light energy through the light pipe to cure the light cure adhesive.
25. The method of claim 24 further comprising delivering the light energy from the light pipe into the balloon portion to minimize thermal egress of the light energy from the balloon portion to supporting tissue.
26. The method of claim 24 further comprising determining a position of the balloon portion and an expansion of the balloon portion within the inner cavity of the fractured bone by monitoring one or more radiopaque markers on the balloon portion.
The claims below are in addition to those above.
All refrences to claim(s) which appear below refer to the numbering after this setence.
1. A method implemented in a node of a multi-protocol label switching (MPLS) network for improved load distribution, wherein the node is one of a plurality of nodes in the MPLS network each of whish implement a common algorithm tie-breaking process to produce minimum cost shortest path trees, the node includes a topology database to store a topology of the MPLS network, wherein the topology of the MPLS network includes a plurality of nodes and links between the nodes, the method comprising the steps of:
determining a first set of one or more shortest paths between each MPLS node pair in the MPLS network by executing a shortest path search algorithm on the topology of the MPLS network stored in the topology database;
selecting at least a first shortest path from the first set of shortest paths for each MPLS node pair, by applying the common algorithm tie-breaking process;
calculating a link utilization value for each link of the MPLS network based on the count of shortest paths selected that transit each link;
determining a second set of one or more shortest paths between each MPLS node pair in the MPLS network by executing the shortest path search algorithm on the topology of the MPLS network stored in the topology database;
generating a path utilization value for each shortest path in the second set of one or more shortest paths based on link utilization values corresponding to each shortest path;
selecting a second shortest path from the second set of one or more shortest path on the basis of said path utilization value, wherein the selecting utilizes the common algorithm tie-breaking process when multiple shortest paths having equal path utilization values are present in the set of one or more shortest paths; and
storing at least the first shortest path and the second paths for each MPLS node pair in a label information database, wherein the label information database indicates where to forward traffic incoming to the MPLS node,
whereby the selection of the second subsets in light of path utilization minimizes the standard deviation of load distribution across the entire MPLS network.
2. The method of claim 1, wherein said step of generating said path utilization value comprises:
summing link utilization values corresponding to each path, or
lexicographically sorting the link utilization values corresponding to each path.
3. The method of claim 2, further comprising the steps of:
receiving a link modification factor from an administrator; and
combining the link modification factor with the link utilization value to weight a corresponding one of the links and paths to decrease usage of the link by decreasing a likelihood of selection by affecting the ranking of the set of lowest loaded path.
4. The method of claim 2, further comprising the steps of:
ranking each shortest path in the second set of shortest paths based on corresponding path utilization values,
wherein said step of selecting at least the second shortest path further comprises:
selecting from the ranking a highest and lowest ranked shortest path.
5. The method of claim 2, further comprising the steps of:
iteratively selecting additional shortest paths to share load distribution with the first shortest path and second shortest path until an administered number of paths reflecting a network operators desire for overall improvement for the Ethernet network is met.
6. The method of claim 1 wherein the sets of shortest paths between MPLS node pairs re implemented as label switched paths within the MPLS network.
7. The method of claim 1, further comprising the steps of:
generating a label mapping message;
defining a FEC type-tenth-value (TLV) field in the label mapping message;
defining a label TLV field in the label mapping message;
defining a topology index for the label mapping message, wherein the topology index indicates an iteration in the steps of selecting the first subset and second subset; and
sending the label mapping message to each label distribution protocol peer in the MPLS network.
8. The method of claim 7, wherein label mapping messages are sent to each LDP peer for each combination of FEC and topology-index values.
9. A network element for improved load distribution in a multi-protocol label switching (MPLS) network that includes the network element, wherein the network element is one of a plurality of nodes in the MPLS network, wherein a topology of the MPLS network includes a plurality of nodes and links between the nodes, the network element comprising:
a topology database to store link information for each link in the MPLS network;
a label information database to store label information for each port of the network element, wherein the label information database indicates where to forward each forwarding equivalency class (FEC) incoming to the network clement;
a control processor coupled to the topology database and the label information database, the network processor configured to process data traffic, wherein the network processor comprises:
an MPLS management module configured to forward data traffic over label switch paths (LSPs);
a label distribution protocol (LDP) module configured to establish LSPs in the MPLS network;
a shortest path search module configured to determine at least one shortest path between each MPLS node pair in the MPLS network by executing a shortest path search algorithm on the topology database, wherein the shortest path search module is configured to send, for each of the MPLS node pairs with a plurality of equal cost shortest paths, the equal costs shortest paths to a load distribution module;
a sorting module configured to rank each of the plurality of equal cost shortest paths based on a path utilization value derived from link utilization values associated with each path in the plurality of equal cost shortest paths; and
the load distribution module configured to select, from the plurality of equal cost shortest paths received, a first subset of the plurality of equal cost shortest paths for that MPLS node pair to be used to share data traffic load between the MPLS node pair and to select, based on the path utilization value, a second subset from the plurality of equal cost shortest paths for that MPLS node pair to be used to share data traffic load with the first subset for that Ethernet Bridge pair,
whereby the selection of the second subset in light of the path utilization value minimizes the standard deviation of load distribution across the entire MPLS network.
10. The network element of claim 9, wherein the sorting module is further configured to sort the link utilization values lexicographically to create a ranking of the plurality of equal cost shortest paths.
11. The network element of claim 9, wherein the shortest path search module is further configured to calculate the link utilization value for each link in the topology.
12. The network element of claim 9, wherein the control processor is further configured to generate label switch paths (LSPs) to implement each selected shortest paths between node pairs within the MPLS network.
13. The network element of claim 9, wherein the load distribution module is further configured to receive a link modification factor from an administrator and combine the link modification factor with the link usage value to weight a corresponding link in a path to decrease usage of the link by decreasing a likelihood of selection by affecting the lexicographical sorting of that path.
14. The network element of claim 9, wherein the load distribution module is further configured to select the first subset from each of the plurality of equal cost shortest paths by selecting a highest and lowest item in the first ranking of equal cost shortest paths.
15. The network element of claim 9, wherein the load distribution module is further configured to select the second subset from each the plurality equal cost shortest paths by selecting a highest and lowest item by applying a common algorithm tie-breaking process to the equal cost shortest paths having a lowest load.
16. The network element of claim 9, wherein the sorting module and load distribution module are further configured to iteratively select additional subsets to share load distribution with the first subset and second subset.
17. The network element of claim 9, wherein the LDP module is further configured to generate a label mapping message including an FEC type length-value (TLV) field in the label mapping message, a label TLV field in the label mapping message, a topology index for the label mapping message, wherein the topology index indicates an iteration in the steps of selecting the first subset and second subset and is further configured to send the label mapping message to each label distribution protocol peer in the MPLS network.
18. The network element of claim 17, wherein the LDP module is further configured to send label mapping messages to each LDP peer for each combination of FEC and topology index.