1. A probe for sequencing a nucleic acid molecule, comprising:
a polymerizing agent having an active site capable of binding to a target nucleic acid molecule and promoting synthesis of a complementary nucleic acid molecule that elongates as complementary nucleotides are incorporated into the complementary nucleic acid molecule; and
one or more molecular linkers spaced apart on the polymerizing agent, wherein the one or more of the linkers carry a nucleotide analog that is capable of reversibly binding to the target nucleic acid molecule, without being detached from the linker, by specifically binding with a complementary nucleotide in the target nucleic acid molecule, wherein specific binding of the nucleotide analog on the linker with a complementary nucleotide in the target nucleic acid molecule is indicated by emission of a characteristic signal that indicates pairing of the nucleotide analog on the linker with its complementary nucleotide.
2. The probe of claim 1, wherein the nucleotide analog comprises a non-hydrolyzable nucleotide analog.
3. The probe of claim 2, wherein the non-hydrolyzable nucleotide analog comprises a non-hydrolyzable triphosphate nucleotide analog.
4. The probe of claim 1, where the nucleotide analog is a mono-nucleotide.
5. The probe of claim 1, wherein the one or more molecular linkers comprises at least four independent linkers, each of which carries a different nucleotide analog capable of specifically binding with a different nucleotide in the target nucleic acid molecule.
6. The probe of claim 1, wherein the one or more molecular linkers form a branch structure, wherein each branch carries a different nucleotide analog capable of specifically binding with a different nucleotide in the target nucleic acid molecule.
7. The probe of claim 6, wherein the branch structure comprises at least four branches, wherein each branch carries a different nucleotide analog capable of specifically binding with a different nucleotide in the target nucleic acid molecule.
8. The probe of claim 1, wherein the polymerizing agent is associated with a tag, and wherein each of the nucleotide analogs is associated with a tag that identifies a particular nucleotide analog carried by the linker, wherein interaction of the tag associated with the polymerizing agent with the tag associated with the nucleotide analog induces emission of the characteristic signal that indicates pairing of the nucleotide analog on the linker with its complementary nucleotide in the target nucleic acid molecule.
9. The probe of claim 8, wherein the tag associated with the polymerizing agent forms a donor-acceptor pair with the tag associated with each nucleotide analog, whereby interaction of the donor-acceptor pair stimulates emission of the characteristic signal.
10. The probe of claim 8, wherein each of the tags that identifies a particular nucleotide analog carried by the linker, comprises one or more fluorophores that emits a unique emission signal.
11. The probe of claim 1, wherein the one or more molecular linkers comprise four molecular linkers, each of which carries a different nucleotide analog capable of reversibly binding to the template strand of the target nucleic acid molecule without being detached from the linker, and an acceptor tag associated with each nucleotide analog wherein the acceptor tag identifies the particular nucleotide analog carried by the linker, and the polymerizing agent is associated with a donor tag, wherein reversible binding of the nucleotide analog to the target nucleic acid molecule brings the donor and acceptor tag into sufficient proximity to induce emission of a characteristic signal of the acceptor tag that indicates the identity of the nucleotide analog carried by the linker.
12. The probe of claim 1, wherein the one or more molecular linkers are spaced around the polymerizing agent a sufficient distance to inhibit entanglement of the molecular linkers, and the molecular linkers are of sufficient length to reach the active site of the polymerizing agent.
13. The probe of claim 1, wherein at least a portion of the molecular linker is of a sufficient rigidity to reduce interaction of the polymerizing agent and the nucleotide analog in the absence of the target nucleic acid molecule.
14. The probe of claim 1, wherein the molecular linker comprises a double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) of at least 10 nucleotides.
15. The probe of claim 1, wherein the molecular linker comprises polyethylene glycol (PEG).
16. The probe of claim 1 where the polymerizing agent comprises a DNA polymerase, RNA polymerase, or reverse transcriptase.
17. A polymerizing agent comprising:
an active site capable of binding to a target nucleic acid molecule and promoting synthesis of a complementary nucleic acid molecule that elongates as complementary nucleotides are incorporated into the complementary nucleic acid molecule;
one or more molecular linkers spaced apart on the polymerizing agent to inhibit entanglement, wherein each linker carries a different nonhydrolyzable nucleotide analog that is capable of reversibly binding to the template strand of a nucleic acid molecule, without being detached from the linker, by specifically binding with a complementary nucleotide in the target nucleic acid molecule;
a tag associated with each nonhydrolyzable nucleotide analog that identifies the nonhydrolyzable nucleotide analog carried by the linker that is capable of reversibly binding to the template strand of a nucleic acid molecule; and
a tag associated with the polymerase that interacts with the tag associated with the nonhydrolyzable nucleotide analog to emit a characteristic signal that identifies the nonhydrolyzable nucleotide analog carried by the linker.
18. A method of determining a nucleic acid sequence of a target nucleic acid molecule, comprising:
exposing the target nucleic acid molecule to the probe of claim 1 in the presence of an oligonucleotide primer and a mixture of hydrolyzable nucleotides that are capable of being incorporated into an elongating nucleic acid molecule by hybridizing with a complementary nucleotide in the target nucleic acid molecule, and replacing the nucleotide analog that reversibly binds to the template nucleic acid molecule;
detecting emission of a sequence of signals comprising emission of a plurality of the characteristic signals that indicates pairing of the nucleotide analog on the molecular linker with its complementary nucleotide.
19. The method of claim 18, wherein the polymerizing agent is associated with a tag, and each of the chemical moieties is also associated with a tag that identifies a particular nucleotide analog carried by the linker, wherein interaction of the tag associated with the polymerizing agent with the tag associated with the nucleotide analog induces emission of the characteristic signal that indicates pairing of the nucleotide analog on the linker with its complementary nucleotide.
20. The method of claim 19, wherein the tag associated with the polymerizing agent comprises a donor fluorophore and the tag that identifies a particular nucleotide analog comprises one or more acceptor fluorophores, wherein interaction of the polymerizing agent and the nucleotide analog that specifically binds to the complementary nucleotide in the target nucleic acid molecule brings the acceptor fluorophore into a proximity with a donor fluorophore to permit excitation of the acceptor fluorophore by the donor fluorophore.
21. The method of claim 20, wherein detecting the signal comprises detecting a fluorescent signal emitted from the acceptor fluorophore or comprises detecting a reduction in fluorescent signal emitted from the donor fluorophore.
22. The method of claim 18, wherein the emission of a sequence of signals is converted into a nucleic acid sequence.
23. The method of claim 20, further comprising exciting the donor fluorophore to emit a signal which excites the one or more acceptor fluorophores to emit the characteristic signal that indicates pairing of the nucleotide analog on the linker with its complementary nucleotide.
24. The method of claim 18, wherein the probe is fixed to a substrate.
25. The method of claim 18, wherein the target nucleic acid molecule or the oligonucleotide primer is fixed to a substrate.
26. The method of claim 18, wherein the method comprises performing a plurality of sequencing reactions substantially simultaneously, and detecting the sequence of signals from the plurality of sequencing reactions.
27. The method of claim 26, wherein a plurality of polymerizing agents, target nucleic acid molecules, or oligonucleotide primers are fixed directly or indirectly to the substrate in a predetermined pattern, and detecting the sequence of signals further comprises correlating the signal with a nucleic acid molecule corresponding to a predetermined position within that pattern.
28. The method of claim 18, wherein the target nucleic acid molecule is present in a biological sample obtained from a subject.
29. The method of claim 18, wherein the target nucleic acid molecule is present in a cell, and the exposing step comprises introduction of the oligonucleotide primer and the probe into the cell.
30. The method of claim 18, wherein the target nucleic acid strand comprises one or more mutations associated with disease.
31. The probe of claim 1, further comprising a primer that specifically hybridizes to the target nucleic acid sequence under high stringency conditions, wherein the primer is attached to the polymerizing agent via a molecular linker
32. The probe of claim 8, wherein the tags associated with the nucleotide analogs are a coded fluorophore set that permits the detection and correction of errors.
33. The probe of claim 3, wherein the non-hydrolyzable triphosphate nucleotide analog comprises a non-hydrolyzable triphosphate nucleotide analog with an alpha-beta bond that is non-hydrolyzable.
34. The probe of claim 4, wherein the mono-nucleotide is attached to the linker on the base, the 3\u2032 ribose carbon, the 2\u2032 ribose carbon, alpha phosphate, beta phosphate or the gamma phosphate.
35. The probe of claim 9, wherein the donor-acceptor pair comprise a donor that is stimulated by application of an external stimulus to emit a stimulus to which the acceptor reacts to emit the characteristic signal.
36. The probe of claim 8, wherein each tag comprises a fluorophore.
37. The probe of claim 12, wherein the molecular linkers comprise linear polymers.
38. The probe of claim 37, wherein the linear polymers comprise nucleic acids.
39. The probe of claim 1, wherein the one or more molecular linkers maintain the polymerizing agent and the chemical moiety sufficiently spaced a distance from one another to avoid substantial entanglement of the polymerizing agent and the chemical moiety in an absence of the target nucleic acid molecule.
40. The probe of claim 13, wherein at least a portion of the molecular linker having a sufficient rigidity to reduce interaction of the polymerizing agent and the chemical moiety in the absence of the target nucleic acid molecule comprises a molecular rod.
41. The probe of claim 1, wherein the molecular linker comprises a tether, a molecular rod, or combinations thereof.
42. The probe of claim 13, wherein the molecular linker of sufficient rigidity comprises at least two tethers linked by a molecular rod.
43. The probe of claim 15, wherein the molecular linker consists of PEG.
44. The probe of claim 15, wherein the molecular linker is less than 187 \u212b in length.
45. The probe of claim 14, wherein the molecular linker comprises a dsDNA molecule of 40 nucleotides.
46. The probe of claim 14, wherein the dsDNA molecule comprises 10-150 nucleotides.
47. The probe of claim 16, wherein the polymerizing agent comprises a reverse transcriptase associated with a donor fluorophore.
48. The probe of claim 16, wherein the target nucleic acid molecule is DNA and the polymerizing agent is a DNA or RNA polymerase.
49. The probe of claim 16, wherein the target nucleic acid molecule is RNA and the polymerizing agent is reverse transcriptase.
50. The probe of claim 16, wherein the polymerizing agent is a Klenow fragment of DNA polymerase I.
51. The method of claim 18, wherein the emission of a sequence of signals is generated by luminescence resonance energy transfer (LRET) or F\xf6rster resonance energy transfer (FRET).
52. The method of claim 23, wherein the donor fluorophore is green fluorescent protein (GFP).
53. The method of claim 23, wherein the acceptor fluorophores are BODIPY, fluorescein, rhodamine green, Oregon green, or derivatives thereof.
54. The method of claim 20, wherein the donor fluorophore is excited by a luminescent molecule.
55. The method of claim 54, wherein the donor fluorophore is GFP and the luminescent molecule is chemiluminescent aequorin.
56. The method of claim 20, wherein the wherein the donor fluorophore is a luminescent molecule.
57. The method of claim 56, wherein the wherein the luminescent molecule is aequorin.
58. The method of claim 20, wherein the polymerizing agent is a GFP-polymerase.
59. The method of claim 24, wherein the polymerizing agent is fixed to the substrate by a linker.
60. The method of claim 59, wherein the linker is streptavidin-biotin, histidine-Ni, S-tag-S-protein, or glutathione-glutathione-S-transferase (GST).
61. The method of claim 27, wherein the polymerizing agents, target nucleic acid molecules, or oligonucleotide primers are fixed to the substrate in the predetermined pattern in channels which have been etched in an orderly array.
62. The method of claim 27, wherein the polymerizing agents, target nucleic acid molecules, or oligonucleotide primers are fixed to the substrate in the predetermined pattern by micropipetting droplets onto a substrate.
63. The method of claim 62, wherein micropipetting droplets onto a substrate is performed manually or with an automated arrayer.
64. The method of claim 18, wherein the sequence of signals is detected with a charge-coupled device (CCD) camera and converted into the nucleic acid sequence.
65. The method of claim 18, wherein the sequence of signals is stored in a computer-readable medium.
66. The method of claim 29, wherein the cell is present in a subject, and introduction of the oligonucleotide primer and the probe into the cell comprises administration of the oligonucleotide primer and the probe to the subject.
67. The probe of claim 1, wherein the polymerizing agent comprises a polymerizing agent-Tus fusion protein, and wherein the molecular linker comprises a ter sequence.
68. The probe of claim 1, wherein the polymerizing agent comprises an affinity tag.
69. A method of determining a nucleic acid sequence of a target nucleic acid molecule, comprising:
exposing the target nucleic acid molecule to the probe of claim 17 in the presence of an oligonucleotide primer and a mixture of hydrolyzable nucleotides that are capable of being incorporated into an elongating nucleic acid molecule by hybridizing with a complementary nucleotide in the target nucleic acid molecule, and replacing the nonhydrolyzable nucleotide analog that reversibly binds to the template nucleic acid molecule;
detecting emission of a sequence of signals comprising emission of a plurality of the characteristic signals that indicates pairing of the nucleotide analog on the molecular linker with its complementary nucleotide.
The claims below are in addition to those above.
All refrences to claim(s) which appear below refer to the numbering after this setence.
1. A method of refreshing DRAM comprising the steps
(a) switching enabled DRAM cells to respective bitlines by means of an enabled wordline;
(b) amplifying the bitline signal with sense amplifiers;
(c) reading the data from the DRAM cells in a plurality of repeated operations comprising selecting sense amplifiers; converting analog sense amplifier signal to a digital signal and storing the digital signal as digital information in a cache buffer;
(d) restoring the data to the DRAM cells in a plurality of repeated operations comprising selecting sense amplifiers; reading the digital information from the cache buffer; converting the digital information to an analog signal; writing the analog signal back to the selected sense amplifier and selected DRAM cell.
2. The method according to claim 1, wherein the cache buffer is comprised of SRAM.
3. The method according to claim 1, wherein the DRAM cells are multilevel DRAM cells.
4. The method according to claim 1, wherein the conversion from digital information to an analog signal produces 3 or more possible signal levels.
5. The method according to claim 1, further comprising the step of comparing reference DRAM cell digital information to data DRAM cell digital information from the cache buffer to compute the value to be restored.
6. The method according to claim 1, further comprising the step of utilizing the digital information from the cache buffer corresponding to adjacent bitlines in the DRAM to digitally attenuate the effects of bitline crosstalk in the DRAM array.
7. The method according to claim 1, further comprising the step of utilizing the digital information from the cache buffer corresponding to adjacent bitlines in the DRAM to digitally cancel the effects of bitline crosstalk in the DRAM array.
8. The method according to claim 1, further comprising the step of performing the restore step 2 or more times.
9. The method according to claim 1, wherein the amplifying of the bitline signal is performed with non-latching sense amplifiers.
10. The method according to claim 1, wherein the converting the digital information from the cache buffer to an analog signal produces one of two levels.
11. The method according to claim 1, wherein the amplifying of the bitline signal is performed with non-latching sense amplifiers.
12. A method of sensing memory cells comprising the steps
(a) switching enabled memory cells to respective bitlines by means of an enabled wordline;
(b) amplifying the bitline signal with sense amplifiers;
(c) reading the data from the memory cells in a plurality of repeated operations comprising selecting sense amplifiers; converting analog sense amplifier signal to a digital signal and storing the digital signal as digital information in a cache buffer.
13. The method according to claim 10, wherein the cache buffer is comprised of SRAM.
14. The method according to claim 10, wherein the memory cells are multilevel memory cells.
15. The method according to claim 10, wherein the conversion from digital information to an analog signal produces 3 or more possible signal levels.