1. A resin composition comprising:
a first ethylene diamine-based polyol having about 100% ethylene oxide capping and present in an amount of from 0.5 to 8 parts by weight based on 100 parts by weight of said resin composition;
a second polyol; and
a physical blowing agent.
2. A resin composition as set forth in claim 1 wherein said second polyol comprises a polyol having at least 75% propylene oxide capping.
3. A resin composition as set forth in claim 2 wherein said second polyol is present in an amount of from 20 to 45 parts by weight based on 100 parts by weight of said resin composition.
4. A resin composition as set forth in claim 1 wherein said physical blowing agent is selected from the group of hydrofluorocarbons, cyclopentane, and combinations thereof.
5. A resin composition as set forth in claim 1 wherein said physical blowing agent comprises a hydrofluorocarbon.
6. A resin composition as set forth in claim 4 wherein said physical blowing agent is present in an amount of from 5 to 30 parts by weight based on 100 parts by weight of said resin composition.
7. A resin composition as set forth in claim 1 further comprising a third polyol.
8. A resin composition as set forth in claim 7 wherein said third polyol is present in an amount of from 10 to 25 parts by weight based on 100 parts by weight of said resin composition.
9. A resin composition as set forth in claim 1 further comprising a flame retardant.
10. A resin composition as set forth in claim 10 wherein said flame retardant is present in an amount of from 20 to 40 parts by weight based on 100 parts by weight of said resin composition.
11. A resin composition as set forth in claim 1 further comprising a surfactant.
12. A polyurethane foam comprising a reaction product of:
an isocyanate component;
a first ethylene diamine-based polyol having about 100% ethylene oxide capping and present in an amount of from 0.5 to 8 parts by weight based on 100 parts by weight of all non-isocyanate components used to make said foam; and
a second polyol;
in the presence of a physical blowing agent.
13. A polyurethane foam as set forth in claim 12 wherein said second polyol comprises a polyol having at least 75% propylene oxide capping.
14. A polyurethane foam as set forth in claim 13 wherein said second polyol is present in an amount of from 20 to 45 parts by weight based on 100 parts by weight of all non-isocyanate components used to make said foam.
15. A polyurethane foam as set forth in claim 12 wherein said physical blowing agent is selected from the group of hydrofluorocarbons, cyclopentane, and combinations thereof.
16. A polyurethane foam as set forth in claim 12 wherein said physical blowing agent comprises a hydrofluorocarbon.
17. A polyurethane foam as set forth in claim 15 wherein said physical blowing agent is present in an amount of from 5 to 30 parts by weight based on 100 parts by weight of all non-isocyanate components used to make said foam.
18. A polyurethane foam as set forth in claim 12 further comprising a third polyol.
19. A polyurethane foam as set forth in claim 18 wherein said third polyol is present in an amount of from 10 to 25 parts by weight based on 100 parts by weight of all non-isocyanate components used to make said foam.
20. A polyurethane foam as set forth in claim 12 further comprising a flame retardant.
21. A polyurethane foam as set forth in claim 20 wherein said flame retardant is present in an amount of from 20 to 40 parts by weight based on 100 parts by weight of all non-isocyanate components used to make said foam.
22. A polyurethane foam as set forth in claim 12 further comprising a surfactant.
23. A polyurethane foam as set forth in claim 12 wherein said polyurethane foam has excellent surface friability after application at an ambient temperature of less than or equal to 0\xb0 C.
24. A polyurethane foam as set forth in claim 12 wherein said polyurethane foam has an adhesion strength of at least 7 kPa after application at an ambient temperature of less than or equal to 0\xb0 C.
25. A polyurethane foam as set forth in claim 12 wherein said isocyanate component is further defined as polymeric methyldiphenyl diisocyanate.
26. A polyurethane foam as set forth in claim 12 wherein said polyurethane foam is further defined as a rigid foam having a closed-cell content of at least 80%.
27. A polyurethane foam as set forth in claim 12 wherein said polyurethane foam has an in-place density of less than 3.0 pcf.
28. A method of forming a polyurethane foam on a substrate, said method comprising the steps of:
combining:
an isocyanate component;
a first ethylene diamine-based polyol having about 100% ethylene oxide capping and present in an amount of from 0.5 to 8 parts by weight based on 100 parts by weight of all non-isocyanate components used to make the foam; and
a second polyol;
a physical blowing agent to form a polyurethane composition; and
applying the polyurethane composition onto the substrate to form the polyurethane foam.
29. A method as set forth in claim 28 wherein the polyurethane composition is applied at an ambient temperature of less than or equal to 0\xb0 C. to form the polyurethane foam.
30. A method as set forth in claim 29 wherein the polyurethane foam has excellent surface friability.
31. A method as set forth in claim 29 wherein the polyurethane foam has an adhesion strength of at least 7 kPa.
The claims below are in addition to those above.
All refrences to claim(s) which appear below refer to the numbering after this setence.
1. A process for the production of lactic acid product from a mixture containing free lactic acid and dissolved lactate salt; said method including steps of:
(a) providing a mixture having a molar ratio of undissociated lactic acid to lactate anion of at least 0.070:1;
(b) preferentially separating lactate salt versus lactic acid from the mixture and into a selected product stream to generate:
(i) an isolated lactate salt stream; and,
(ii) a lactic acid containing stream.
2. A process according to claim 1 wherein:
(a) said step of preferentially separating includes a simultaneous step of also preferentially separating lactic acid into a selected separate stream.
3. A process according to claim 1 wherein:
(a) said lactic acid containing stream is residual material from said mixture after removal of lactate salt.
4. A process according to claim 3 wherein:
(a) said mixture comprises an aqueous mixture removed from a fermentor.
5. A process according to claim 4 wherein:
(a) said process is conducted such that said isolated lactate salt stream is a stream selected from calcium lactate, sodium lactate, ammonium lactate and mixtures thereof; and
(b) at least a portion of the isolated salt stream is added to the fermentor.
6. A process according to claim 4 including a step of:
(a) filtering the aqueous mixture removed from a fermentation broth, prior to said step of preferentially separating.
7. A process according to claim 3 wherein:
(a) said step of preferentially separating comprises a step of lactate salt crystallization from the mixture.
8. A process according to claim 7 wherein:
(a) said step of lactate salt crystallization comprises a step of calcium lactate crystallization.
9. A process according to claim 3 wherein:
(a) said step of preferentially separating is selected from:
(i) a step of adsorbing lactate anion salt onto a solid adsorbent; and,
(ii) a step of electrodialysis.
10. A process for production of lactic acid product from a mixture containing free lactic acid and dissolved lactate salt; said method including steps of:
(a) providing a mixture of lactic acid and dissolved lactate salt;
(b) preferentially extracting lactic acid versus lactate salt from the mixture and into a non-aqueous phase; and,
(c) condensing lactic acid in the non-aqueous phase to form oligomer.
11. A process according to claim 10 including a step of:
(a) separating the lactic acid oligomer from the non-aqueous extractant.
12. A process according to claim 10 wherein:
(a) said step of providing a mixture comprises providing a mixture having a pH of no greater than 5.0.
13. A process according to claim 10 wherein:
(a) said step of providing a mixture comprises providing an aqueous mixture which has been modified by addition of acid thereto, following removal from a fermentor.
14. A process according to claim 10 including a step of:
(a) adding phosphoric acid to the aqueous mixture, to obtain at least one calcium salt of phosphoric acid, after a step of removing the mixture from a fermentor.
15. A process according to claim 10 including a step of:
(a) directly forming lactide from the oligomer in the presence of the non-aqueous phase.
16. A process according to claim 15 wherein:
(a) said step of preferentially extracting lactic acid into a non-aqueous phase comprises extracting into a phase comprising tertiary amine.
17. A process according to claim 10 wherein:
(a) said step of condensing is conducted under conditions sufficient to form an oligomer phase and a separate non-aqueous extractant phase; and,
(b) said step of separating comprises separating the separate oligomer phase and extractate phase.
18. A process according to claim 17 wherein:
(a) said step of providing a mixture comprises providing a mixture having a pH of at least 3.0.
19. A process according to claim 17 wherein:
(a) said oligomer phase, after said step of separating, includes residual tertiary amine having at least 18 carbon atoms; and,
(b) said step of directly forming lactide is conducted without a prior step of removing the residual tertiary amine from the oligomer phase.
20. A process for the production of lactic product acid products from a mixture containing free lactic acid and dissolved lactate salt; said method including steps of:
(a) providing an aqueous mixture of free lactic acid and dissolved lactate salt having:
(i) a pH within the range of 3.0 to 4.8; and,
(ii) a concentration of at least 50 gliter of a lactic acid enantiomer selected from L-lactic acid and D-lactic acid; and,
(b) preferentially separating lactic acid salt from the aqueous mixture and into a lactic acid stream.
21. A process according to claim 20 wherein:
(a) said aqueous mixture comprises L-lactic acid with a chiral purity of at least 75%.
22. A process according to claim 21 wherein:
(a) said step of providing an aqueous mixture comprises providing a fermentation broth having a pH of no greater than 4.2 and a concentration of L-lactic acid of at least 80 gliter.
23. A process according to claim 22 wherein:
(a) said step of preferentially separating is selected from:
(i) preferentially extracting lactic acid into a non-aqueous phase; and
(ii) preferentially adsorbing lactic acid onto a solid adsorbent.
24. A process according to claim 22 wherein:
(a) said step of preferentially separating comprises preferentially extracting lactic acid into a non-aqueous phase; and,
(b) said process includes a step of separating the lactic acid from the non-aqueous phase by a step selected from:
(i) distillation; and
(ii) back extraction into another solvent.