1. A digital wallet, secured with a user’s access code, comprising:
(a) a computer-implemented input for receiving an input access code;
(b) a seed derivation module operatively connected to said computer-implemented input, for deriving a seed using the input access code; and
(c) a seed-based data generation module that receives said seed and generates at least an output datum,
wherein said seed-based data generation module is configured such that said output datum corresponds to at least a portion of a confidential datum of said user if said input access code equals said user’s access code and said output datum corresponds to a data sequence that is not usable as said at least a portion of said confidential datum of said user if said input access code equals any one of a plurality of access codes not equal to said user’s access code, and
wherein said data sequence has the appearance of said at least a portion of said confidential datum.
2. The digital wallet of claim 1, wherein the value of the output datum varies based on the input access code.
3. The digital wallet of claim 1, wherein generation of said output datum occurs without dependence on any storage of any form of said at least a portion of said confidential datum.
4. The digital wallet of claim 1, wherein the output datum comprises a key.
5. The digital wallet of claim 1, wherein the input access code comprises a PIN.
6. The digital wallet of claim 1, wherein the seed derivation module comprises an exclusive or (XOR) module.
7. A non-transitory computer-readable storage medium having a computer-readable program embodied therein for directing operation of a computer system comprising a communication system, a processor, and a storage device, wherein the computer-readable program comprises instructions for operating the computer system to create an output datum based on an identifier supplied by a user, the instructions further comprising instructions for:
receiving, from the user, the identifier, wherein the identifier is either a correct identifier or an incorrect identifier of a plurality of incorrect identifiers;
creating, using the identifier, a seed, wherein:
the seed is created regardless of the identifier being the correct identifier or the incorrect identifier of the plurality of incorrect identifiers; and
the value of the seed when the correct identifier is received as the identifier is different from the value of the seed when the incorrect identifier of the plurality of incorrect identifiers is received; and
creating, using the seed, the output datum, wherein:
the output datum is created regardless of the correct identifier or incorrect identifier of the plurality of incorrect identifiers being received; and
the value of the output datum when the correct identifier is received as the identifier is different from the value of the output datum when the incorrect identifier of the plurality of incorrect identifiers is received.
8. The non-transitory computer-readable storage medium of claim 7, wherein the instructions for creating, using the identifier, the seed, comprise instructions for padding the identifier to create the seed.
9. The non-transitory computer-readable storage medium of claim 7, wherein the identifier and the seed comprise different numbers of bytes.
10. The non-transitory computer-readable storage medium of claim 7, wherein the instructions for creating, using the identifier, the seed, comprise instructions for using an exclusive or (XOR) function to create the seed using the identifier and a second piece of information.
11. The non-transitory computer-readable storage medium of claim 7, wherein the output datum comprises a private key.
12. The non-transitory computer-readable storage medium of claim 11, the computer program further comprising instructions for verifying a signature created using the private key.
13. The non-transitory computer-readable storage medium of claim 11, the computer program further comprising instructions for certifying a public key corresponding to the private key.
14. A non-transitory computer-readable storage medium having a computer-readable program embodied therein for directing operation of a computer system comprising a communication system, a processor, and a storage device, wherein the computer-readable program comprises instructions for operating the computer system to create an output datum based on an identifier supplied by a user, the instructions further comprising instructions for:
receiving, from the user, the identifier, wherein the identifier is either a correct identifier or an incorrect identifier of a plurality of incorrect identifiers;
creating, using the identifier, a seed, wherein:
the seed is created regardless of the identifier being the correct identifier or the incorrect identifier of the plurality of incorrect identifiers; and
the value of the seed when the correct identifier is received as the identifier is different from the value of the seed when the incorrect identifier of the plurality of incorrect identifiers is received; and
creating, using the seed, the output datum, wherein:
the output datum is created regardless of the correct identifier or incorrect identifier of the plurality of incorrect identifiers being received; and
the value of the output datum when the correct identifier is received as the identifier is different from the value of the output datum when the incorrect identifier of the plurality of incorrect identifiers is received, wherein:
the instructions for creating, using the identifier, the seed, comprise instructions for using a masked representation of the seed to create the seed; and
the seed was previously used to create the masked representation of the seed.
15. A method for operating an access control system to create a correct output datum when a correct identifier is supplied, but create an incorrect output datum when an incorrect identifier is received, the method comprising:
receiving, by a computer system, an identifier, wherein the identifier may be the correct identifier or one of a plurality of incorrect identifiers;
creating, by the computer system, a seed using the identifier, wherein the value of the seed varies depending on whether the identifier is the correct identifier or one of the plurality of incorrect identifiers;
creating, by the computer system, using the seed, an output datum, wherein the output datum is the correct output datum when the correct identifier is received, and the output datum is one of a plurality of incorrect output datum when one of the plurality of incorrect identifiers is received.
16. The method of claim 15, wherein the output datum comprises a private key.
17. The method of claim 15, wherein creating the seed using the identifier comprises padding the identifier.
18. The method of claim 16, further comprising certifying a public key corresponding to the private key.
19. A method for operating an access control system to create a correct output datum when a correct identifier is supplied, but create an incorrect output datum when an incorrect identifier is received, the method comprising:
receiving, by a computer system, an identifier, wherein the identifier may be the correct identifier or one of a plurality of incorrect identifiers;
creating, by the computer system, a seed using the identifier, wherein the value of the seed varies depending on whether the identifier is the correct identifier or one of the plurality of incorrect identifiers; and
creating, by the computer system, using the seed, an output datum, wherein the output datum is the correct output datum when the correct identifier is received, and the output datum is one of a plurality of incorrect output datum when one of the plurality of incorrect identifiers is received, wherein:
creating the seed using the identifier comprises using a masked representation of the seed; and
the seed was previously used to create the masked representation of the seed.
20. The method of claim 19, wherein creating the seed using the identifier comprises using an exclusive or (XOR) function to create the seed using the masked representation of the seed.
The claims below are in addition to those above.
All refrences to claim(s) which appear below refer to the numbering after this setence.
1. An optical waveguide device comprising:
a thin plate having a thickness of 20 \u03bcm or less; and
at least an optical waveguide formed by diffusing in the thin plate,
wherein the thin plate is bonded and fixed to a supporting substrate with a bonding layer interposed therebetween, and
a film having a high refractive index which is higher than a refractive index of the thin plate and the bonding layer is provided on a surface of the thin plate bonded and fixed to the supporting substrate so as to be in contact with a part of the optical waveguide, and the bonding layer surrounds all other sides of the film,
the film having the high refractive index has a strip line shape, and forms an optical waveguide having the film having the high refractive index as a core,
a width of the strip line shape of the film in a direction perpendicular to a guiding direction of the optical waveguide is the same as a width of the optical waveguide in the direction perpendicular to the guiding direction of the optical waveguide,
at least a part of light waves propagating in the optical waveguide formed in the thin plate propagates inside the film having the high refractive index and having the strip line shape, and
the film having the high refractive index and having the strip line shape is configured so as to be separated from said optical waveguide, with a part of said optical waveguide being in contact with the film having the high refractive index and having the strip line shape.
2. The optical waveguide device according to claim 1,
wherein an end of the strip line shape of the film having the high refractive index becomes thick along the optical waveguide formed in the thin plate.
3. The optical waveguide device according to claim 1,
wherein at least a part of light waves propagating in the optical waveguide formed in the thin plate is output as a led-out light wave from an end of the strip line shape of the film having the high refractive index to outside of the optical waveguide device.
4. The optical waveguide device according to claim 2,
wherein at least a part of light waves propagating in the optical waveguide formed in the thin plate is output as a led-out light wave from an end of the strip line shape of the film having the high refractive index to outside of the optical waveguide device.
5. The optical waveguide device according to claim 1,
wherein each end of the strip line of the film having the high refractive index is connected to different optical waveguides formed in the thin plate which are not connected continuously to each other, respectively.
6. The optical waveguide device according to claim 2,
wherein each end of the strip line of the film having the high refractive index is connected to different optical waveguides formed in the thin plate which are not connected continuously to each other, respectively.