1. A method for managing bursts of data, the method comprising:
storing data in a machine readable memory device a first time at a first memory address;
the machine readable memory device having two or more burst boundaries; and
the first memory address having a first alignment with respect to the burst boundaries;
storing the data in the machine readable memory device a second time at a second memory address, the second memory address having a second alignment with respect to the burst boundaries, the second alignment offset from the first alignment relative to the burst boundaries, the offset sufficient to enable selection for retrieval of the data from the first alignment or the second alignment; and
decoding a frame with a video decoder using at least a portion of the data, wherein the data represents at least one reference frame.
2. The method of claim 1 wherein the video decoder is an H.264 codec.
3. The method of claim 1 wherein the machine readable memory device comprises volatile memory.
4. The method of claim 3 wherein the volatile memory is one of static random access memory and dynamic random access memory.
5. The method of claim 1 wherein the machine readable memory device comprises non-volatile memory.
6. The method of claim 5 wherein the non-volatile memory is read-only memory.
7. The method of claim 1 further comprising storing the data in the machine readable memory device a third time at a third memory address, the third memory address having a third alignment with respect to the burst boundaries.
8. The method of claim 7, further comprising:
outputting the decoded frame.
9. The method of claim 8, wherein outputting the decoded frame comprises displaying the decoded frame.
10. The method of claim 1, further comprising:
outputting the decoded frame.
11. The method of claim 10, wherein outputting the decoded frame comprises displaying the decoded frame.
12. A method for use in managing bursts of data, the method comprising:
determining a set of desired bytes of data, the set of desired bytes of data having been previously stored in a machine readable memory device at two or more memory addresses, the memory device having at least two burst boundaries, and each memory address offset from the other memory address relative to the burst boundaries, the offset sufficient to enable selection for retrieval of the data from only one of the memory addresses; and
retrieving the desired bytes of data from a preferred memory address, the preferred memory address being aligned with the at least one burst boundary such that the number of bursts necessary to read the desired bytes from the preferred memory address is fewer than the number of bursts necessary to read the desired bytes from the other memory addresses; and
decoding a frame with a video decoder using at least a portion of the data, wherein the data represents at least one reference frame.
13. The method of claim 12 wherein the video decoder is an h.264 codec.
14. The method of claim 12 wherein the machine readable memory device comprises volatile memory.
15. The method of claim 14 wherein the volatile memory is one of static random access memory and dynamic random access memory.
16. The method of claim 12 wherein the machine readable memory device comprises non-volatile memory.
17. The method of claim 16 wherein the non-volatile memory is read-only memory.
18. A circuit for decoding video data, the circuit comprising:
a machine readable memory device, having two or more burst boundaries, for storing data starting at a first memory address that has a first alignment with respect to the burst boundaries, and concurrently storing the data starting at a second memory address that has a second alignment with respect to the burst boundaries, the second alignment offset from the first alignment relative to the burst boundaries, the offset sufficient to enable selection for retrieval of the data from the first alignment or the second alignment; and
a circuit for writing the data to the machine readable memory device a first time starting at the first memory address that has the first alignment with respect to the burst boundaries and writing the data in the machine readable memory device a second time starting at the second memory address that has the second alignment with respect to the burst boundaries; and
a video decoder for decoding a frame at least a portion of the data, wherein the data represents at least one reference frame.
19. The circuit of claim 18, further comprising:
outputting the decoded frame.
20. The circuit of claim 19, wherein outputting the decoded frame comprises displaying the decoded frame.
21. A circuit for decoding video data, said circuit comprising:
a machine readable memory device, having two or more burst boundaries, for storing data starting at a first memory address that has a first alignment with respect to burst boundaries, and concurrently storing the data starting at a second memory address that has a second alignment with respect to the burst boundaries, the second alignment offset from the first alignment relative to the burst boundaries, the offset sufficient to enable selection for retrieval of the data from the first alignment or the second alignment; and
a circuit for determining a first number of bursts for retrieving the data from the first address and determining a second number of bursts for retrieving the data from the second address and retrieving the data from the first address if the first number of bursts is fewer than the second number, and retrieving the data from the second address if the second number of bursts is fewer than the first number; and
a video decoder for decoding a frame at least a portion of the data, wherein the data represents at least one reference frame.
22. The circuit of claim 21, further comprising:
outputting the decoded frame.
23. The circuit of claim 22, wherein outputting the decoded frame comprises displaying the decoded frame.
The claims below are in addition to those above.
All refrences to claim(s) which appear below refer to the numbering after this setence.
What is claimed is:
1. A method of coating a substrate, comprising:
exposing a substrate to an initiator capable of initiating a graft polymerization reaction on the substrate, to generate reactive radical sites on the surface of the substrate;
contacting the substrate with a composition comprising one or more monomers in a medium which has reversed phase properties compared to the substrate, in terms of hydrophilicity; and
graft polymerizing onto the substrate by forming covalent bonds between monomer molecules and the substrate it reactive radical sites on the substrate surface.
2. The method of claim 1, further comprising mixing the composition so that a plurality of said molecules remain in proximity to said reactive radical site.
3. The method of claim 1, wherein the monomers are grafted onto the substrate at a pressure less than about 50 atmospheres.
4. The method of claim 1, wherein the monomers are grafted onto the substrate at a temperature from about 10 C. to about 100 C.
5. The method of claim 1, wherein the substrate is selected from the group consisting of solid synthetic polymers and solid natural polymers.
6. The method of claim 5, wherein the substrate is selected from the group consisting of polyolefin, silicone polymer, acrylic polymer, acrylic copolymer, polyesteracrylate, polyestermethacrylate, fluoropolymer, vinyl polymer, vinyl monomer-containing copolymer, natural rubber, synthetic rubber, polyurethane, polyamide, polyester, epoxy polymer, wool, cotton, silk, rayon, and cellulose.
7. The method of claim 6, wherein the substrate is selected from the group consisting of polyethylene, polypropylene, polyisobutylene, ethylene-alphaolefin copolymer, polyacrylonitrile, polymethylmethacrylate, polyethylmethacrylate, polyethylacrylate, polytetrafluoroethylene, chlorotrifluoroethylene, fluorinated ethylene-propylene, polyvinyl fluoride, polyvinyl chloride, polyvinyl methyl ether, polystyrene, polyvinyl acetate, polyvinyl ketone, ABS, latex rubber, butadiene-styrene copolymer, polyisoprene, polybutadiene, butadiene-acrylonitrile copolymer, polychloroprene polymer, polyisobutylene rubber, ethylene-propylenediene copolymer, polyisobutylene-isoprene, polyetherurethane, polyesterurethane, polycarbonateurethane and polysiloxaneurethane, Nylon 6, Nylon 66, Nylon 10, Nylon 11, modified cellulose, polyacrylamide, poly2-hydroxyethylacrylate, polyN,N-dimethylacrylamide, polyacrylic acid, polymethacrylic acid, polyN-vinylpyrrolidone, polyvinylpyridine, polymaleic acid, poly2-hydroxyethyl fumarate, maleic anhydride, starch, and polyvinyl alcohol.
8. The method of claim 1, wherein the medium is a hydrophilic aqueous solution.
9. The method of claim 8, wherein the medium contains one or more ions selected from the group consisting of sodium, ammonium, potassium, chloride, phosphate, and acetate buffers.
10. The method of claim 1, wherein the medium is hydrophobic, and comprises an organic solvent.
11. The method of claim 10, wherein the medium comprises a solvent selected from the group consisting of toluene, hexane, cyclohexane, and mixtures thereof.
12. The method of claim 1, wherein the initiator is selected from the group consisting of peroxide initiators, azo initiators, redox initiators, and photo-initiatorsphotosensitizers which can be thermally initiated.
13. The method of claim 12, wherein the initiator is a peroxide initiator selected from the group consisting of peroxyester, peroxyketal, peroxydicarbonate, ketone peroxide, dialkyl peroxide, diacyl peroxide, an inorganic peroxide, and mixtures thereof.
14. The method of claim 13, wherein the initiator is selected from the group consisting of 1,1-dimethyl-3-hydroxybutyl peroxyneodecanoate, -cumyl peroxyneodecanoate, -cumyl peroxyneoheptanoate, t-amyl peroxyneodecanoate, t-butyl peroxyneodecanoate, t-amyl peroxypivalate, t-butyl peroxypivalate, 2,5-dimethyl 2,5-di(2-ethylhexanoylperoxy)hexane, t-butylperoxy-2-ethylhexanoate, t-butylperoxyacetate, t-amylperoxyacetate, t-butylperbenzoate, t-amylperbenzoate, t-butyl-1-(2-ethylhexyl)monoperoxycarbonate, 1,1-di(t-butylperoxy)-3,3,5-trimethyl-cyclohexane, 1,1-di(t-butylperoxy)-cyclohexane, 1,1-di(t-amylperoxy)-cyclohexane, ethyl-3,3-di(t-butylperoxy)-butyrate, ethyl-3,3-di(t-amylperoxy)-butylperoxy)-butylrate, di(n-propyl)peroxydicarbonate, di(sec-butyl)perosydicarbonate, di(2-ethylhexyl)peroxydicarbonate, 2,4-pentanedione peroxide, cumene hydroperoxide, butyl hydroperoxide, amyl hydroperoxide, dicumyl peroxide, dibutylperoxide, diamylperoxide, decanoyl peroxide, lauroyl peroxide, benzoyl peroxide, hydrogen peroxide, potassium persulfate, and mixtures thereof.
15. The method of claim 12, wherein the initiator is an azo initiator selected from the group consisting of azobisisobutyronitrile, azobiscumene, azo-bisiso-1,1,1-tricyclopropylmethane, 4-nitrophenyl-azo-triphenylmethane phenyl-azo-triphenylmethane, and mixtures thereof.
16. The method claim 12, wherein the initiator is a redox initiator selected from the group consisting of peroxide-amine systems, peroxide-metal ion systems, and boronalkyl-oxygen systems.
17. The method of claim 12, wherein the initiator is selected from the group consisting of 1,1-dimethyl-3-hydroxybutyl peroxyneodecanoate, -cumyl peroxyneodecanoate, (-cumyl peroxyneoheptanoate, t-amyl peroxyneodecanoate, t-butyl peroxyneodecanoate, t-amyl peroxypivalate, t-butyl peroxypivalate, 2,5-dimethyl 2,5-di(2-ethylhexanoylperoxy)hexane, t-butylperoxy-2ethylhexanoate, t-butylperoxyacetate, t-amylperoxyacetate, t-butylperbenzoate, t-amylperbenzoate, t-butyl-1-(2-ethylhexyl)monoperoxycarbonate, 1,1-di(t-butylperoxy)-3,3,5-trimethyl-cyclohexane, 1,1-di(t-butylperoxy)-cyclohexane, 1,1-di(t-amylperoxy)-cyclohexane, ethyl-3,3-di(t-butylperoxy)-butyrate, ethyl-3,3-di(t-amylperoxy)-butylperoxy)-butylrate, di(n-propyl)peroxydicarbonate, di(sec-butyl)peroxydicarbonate, di(2-ethylhexyl)perosydicarbonate, 2,4-pentanedione peroxide, cumene hydroperoxide, butyl hydroperoxide, amyl hydroperoxide, dicumyl peroxide, dibutylperoxide, diamylperoxide, decanoyl peroxide, lauroyl peroxide, benzoyl peroxide, azobisisobutyronitrile, azobiscumene, azo-bisiso-1,1,1-tricyclopropylmethane, 4-nitrophenyl-azo-triphenylmethane, phenyl-azo-triphenylmethane, benzophenone, benzophenone derivatives, camphorquinone-N,N dimethyl-amino-ethyl-methacrylate, and mixtures thereof.
18. The method of claim 1, wherein the monomer is selected from the group consisting of hydrophilic monomers and hydrophobic monomers.
19. The method of claim 18, wherein the monomer comprises a hydrophilic monomer selected from the group consisting of hydroxyl substituted ester acrylate, ester methacrylate, 2-hydroxyethylacrylate, 2-hydroxypropylacrylate, 3-hydroxypropylacrylate, 2,3-dihydroxypropylacrylate, polyethoxyethylacrylate, polyethoxypropylacrylate, acrylamide, methacrylamide, N-methylacrylamide, N,N-dimethylacrylamide, N,N-dimethylmethacrylamide, N,N-dimethyl-aminoethyl, 2-acrylamido-2-methyl-1-propanesulfonic acid, N,N-diethyl-aminoethyl, 2-acrylamido-2-methyl-1-propanesulfonic acid, N-3-dimethylamino)propylacrylamide, 2-(N,N-diethylamino)ethyl methacrylamide, polyethylene glycol acrylate, polyethylene glycol methacrylate, polyethylene glycol diacrylate, polyethylene glycol dimethacrylate; poly propylene glycol acrylate, polypropylene glycol methacrylate, polypropylene glycol diacrylate, polypropylene glycol dimethacrylate; acrylic acid, methacrylic acid, 2- and 4-vinylpyridine; 4- and 2-methyl-5-vinylpyridine, N-methyl-4-vinylpiperidine, 2-methyl-1-vinylimidazole, dimethylaminoethyl vinyl ether, N-vinylpyrrolidone, itaconic acid, crotonic acid, fumaric acid, maleic acid, and mixtures thereof.
20. The method of claim 18, wherein the monomer comprises a hydrophobic monomer selected from the group consisting of ester acrylates selected from the group consisting of methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, phenyl, benzyl, cyclohexyl, ethoxyethyl, methoxyethyl, ethoxypropyl, hexafluoroisopropyl and n-octyl-acrylates; ester methacrylates selected from the group consisting of methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, phenyl, benzyl, cyclohexyl, ethoxyethyl, methoxyethyl, ethoxypropyl, hexafluoroisopropyl and n-octyl-methacrylates; acrylamides; methacrylamides; dimethyl fumarate; dimethyl maleate; diethyl fumarate; methyl vinyl ether; ethoxyethyl vinyl ether; vinyl acetate; vinyl propionate; vinyl benzoate; acrylonitrile; styrene; alpha-methylstyrene; 1-hexene; vinyl chloride; vinyl methyl ketone; vinyl stearate; 2-hexene; 2-ethylhexyl methacrylate, and mixtures thereof.
21. A method of coating a substrate, comprising:
exposing a substrate to an initiator capable of initiating a graft polymerization reaction on the substrate, to generate reactive radical sites on the surface of the substrate;
contacting the substrate with a composition comprising one or more monomers in a medium which has reversed phase properties compared to the substrate, in terms of hydrophilicity, while mixing the composition;
graft polymerizing onto the substrate by forming covalent bonds between monomer molecules and the substrate at reactive radical sites on the substrate surface; and
contacting the substrate with a cross-linking agent.
22. The method of claim 21, wherein the cross-linking agent is selected from the group consisting monomers having di- or multi-unsaturated functional groups.
23. The method of claim 22, wherein the cross-linking agent is selected from the group consisting of diacrylates of polyethylene glycol, diacrylates of polypropylene glycol, dimethylacrylates of polyethylene glycol, dimethylacrylates of polypropylene glycol, trimethylolpropane triacrylate, trimethylolpropane trimethacrylate, di-trimethylolpropane, tetraacrylate, pentaerythritol tetraacrylate, tetramethacrylate, divinylbenzene, divinyl sulfone, silicone-containing diacrylates and dimethacrylates, and mixtures thereof.
24. The method of claim 1, wherein the substrate is silicone;
the initiator is an organic peroxide solution in tetrahydrofuran (THF);
the medium comprises from about 3% ww to about 6% ww acrylamide derivatives, from about 0.1% ww to about 0.4% ww diacrylate crosslinker, from about 10% ww to about 20% ww sodium chloride and from about 0.01% ww to about 0.03% ww polyvinylpyrrolidone; and,
the reaction is allowed to proceed at a temperature from about 80 C. to about 95 C. at atmospheric pressure.
25. The method of claim 1, wherein the substrate is silicone;
the initiator is an organic peroxide solution in tetrahydrofuran (THF);
the medium comprises from about 1.0% ww to about 3.0% ww acrylamide derivatives, from about 3.0% ww to about 5% ww polyethylene glycol acrylate, from about 10% ww to about 20% ww sodium chloride and from about 1.0% ww to about 3.0% ww polyvinylpyrrolidone; and
the reaction is allowed to proceed at a temperature from about 80 C. to about 95 C. at atmospheric pressure.
26. The method of claim 1, wherein the substrate is polyethylene;
the medium comprises from about 20% ww to about 40% ww acrylamide, from about 1% ww to about 3% ww polyvinylpyrrolidone, and from about 10% ww to about 20% ww sodium chloride; and
the reaction is allowed to proceed at a temperature from about 80 C. to about 95 C. at atmospheric pressure.
27. The method of claim 1, wherein the substrate is selected from the group consisting of silicone, polyethylene, polyamide and latex, and wherein the grafting coats the substrate surface with a coating having characteristics selected from the group consisting of lubricious, hydrophilic and elastic properties.
28. The method of claim 1, further comprising attaching to the coated substrate a biological agent selected from the group consisting of penicillins, cephalosporins, fluoroquinolones, aminoglycosides, silver compounds, phenols, and biguanides.
29. A method of coating a substrate, comprising:
exposing a substrate to an initiator capable of initiating a graft polymerization reaction on the substrate, to generate reactive radical sites on the surface of the substrate;
contacting the substrate with a composition comprising one or more monomers in a medium; and
graft polymerizing onto the substrate at a pressure less than about 50 atmospheres by forming covalent bonds between monomer molecules and the substrate at reactive radical sites on the substrate surface.
30. The method of claim 29, wherein said graft polymerization is accomplished at a pressure less than about 10 atmospheres.
31. A medical device comprising:
a substrate constructed and arranged for insertion into a patient; and
a plurality of monomer molecules graft polymerized onto the surface of the substrate from a medium having reversed phase properties from the substrate, in terms of hydrophilicity.
32. A medical device according to claim 31, wherein the substrate is selected from the group consisting of guide wires, and catheters selected from the group consisting of PTCA catheters, cardiology catheters, central venous catheters, urinary catheters, drain catheters, and dialysis catheters.
33. A medical device according to claim 31, wherein the substrate defines at least one lumen, at least a portion of which is coated with monomer molecules graft polymerized to the lumen surface.
34. A medical device according to claim 33, wherein the substrate defines both interior and exterior surfaces of a lumen, and at least a portion of both the interior and exterior of the lumen is coated with monomer molecules graft polymerized to the lumen surface.
35. A system for forming a graft polymerized medical device comprising:
a substrate constructed and arranged for insertion into a patient;
an initiator capable of initiating a graft polymerization reaction on the substrate, to generate reactive radical sites on the surface of the substrate; and
a composition comprising one or more monomers in a medium which has reversed phase properties compared to the substrate, in terms of hydrophilicity.