1. A method for obfuscating computer program instructions upon disassembly, the method comprising:
inserting an interrupt instruction for causing a disassembler to not disassemble one or more bytes subsequent to the interrupt instruction; and
inserting a branch instruction to invoke execution of one or more bytes subsequent to the interrupt instruction.
2. The method of claim 1 and comprising repeating said inserting an interrupt instruction and said inserting a branch instruction.
3. The method of claim 1, wherein said branch instruction is a jump instruction.
4. The method of claim 1, wherein the steps are performed manually.
5. The method of claim 1, wherein the steps are performed by a software process.
6. The method of claim 5, wherein parameters are supplied to the software process, the method further comprising supplying a parameter to the software process to specify the frequency with which an interrupt instruction is to be inserted in a predetermined program.
7. The method of claim 6, wherein the frequency is specified as a number of instructions of the predetermined program between each insertion of the obfuscating interrupt instruction.
8. A computer-readable media including the following instructions executable by a processor:
an interrupt instruction for causing a disassembler to not disassemble one or more bytes subsequent to the interrupt instruction; and
a branch instruction to invoke execution of one or more bytes subsequent to the interrupt instruction.
9. A computer-readable media including the following obfuscating instructions executable by a processor:
JMP $+4
INT 35h
10. A computer-readable media including the following obfuscating instructions executable by a processor:
JMP $+4
INT 35h
INT 20h
11. An apparatus for obfuscating computer program instructions upon disassembly, the apparatus comprising:
an interrupt instruction for causing a disassembler to not disassemble one or more bytes subsequent to the interrupt instruction; and
a branch instruction to invoke execution of one or more bytes subsequent to the interrupt instruction.
The claims below are in addition to those above.
All refrences to claim(s) which appear below refer to the numbering after this setence.
What is claimed is:
1. A displacement measuring apparatus, comprising: a scale on which an scale grating is formed along a measurement axis to have a grating pitch of ; and a receiving device array disposed against the scale to be relatively movable along the measurement axis, which detect the scale grating to output a plurality of displacement signals having different phases from each other, wherein the receiving device array comprises,
a substrate; and
a plurality of receiving devices having a plurality of stripe-patterned portions and connecting portions interconnecting the stripe-patterned portions to output a plurality of displacement signals having different phases from each other, the stripe-patterned portions being arranged along the measurement axis at a pitch equal to n (where, n is a positive integer).
2. The displacement measuring apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the scale grating is an optical grating, and the receiving device array is a light detector array on which a plurality of light detectors are formed to serve as the receiving devices.
3. The displacement measuring apparatus according to claim 2, wherein the plurality of the light detectors are arranged along the measurement axis at a pitch equal to n(2M1)2 (where, n and M are positive integers, respectively) such that each set of two light detectors output displacement signals with reverse phases each other.
4. The displacement measuring apparatus according to claim 2, wherein the plurality of the light detectors are arranged along the measurement axis at a pitch equal to n(2M1)4 (where, n and M are positive integers, respectively) such that each set of four light detectors output four-phase displacement signals that are 90 phase-shifted from each other.
5. The displacement measuring apparatus according to claim 2, wherein the plurality of the light detectors are arranged along the measurement axis at a pitch equal to (nN3) (where, n is a positive integer, and N is a positive integer except multiple of 3) such that each set of four light detectors output three-phase displacement signals that are 120 phase-shifted from each other.
6. The displacement measuring apparatus according to claim 2, wherein each of the light detectors has a detecting surface continuing from the stripe-patterned portions to the connecting portion, and the connecting portion serves as a contact portion at which a signal wire is made contact with the light detector.
7. The displacement measuring apparatus according to claim 2, wherein each of the light detectors has a plurality of stripe-patterned portions and a connecting portion interconnecting midpoints of the respective stripe-patterned portions.
8. The displacement measuring apparatus according to claim 2, wherein each of the light detectors has a plurality of stripe-patterned portions and connecting portion interconnecting at least one end points of the respective stripe-patterned portions.
9. The displacement measuring apparatus according to claim 2, wherein each of the light detectors has a plurality of stripe-patterned portions and connecting portions interconnecting the stripe-patterned portions at a plurality positions in the respective strip-patterned portions.
10. The displacement measuring apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the scale grating is a magnetic grating which generate a periodic magnetic field with a pitch equal to , and the receiving device array is a magnetic detector array on which a plurality of magnetic detectors are formed to serve as the receiving devices.
11. The displacement measuring apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the scale grating is a transferring electrode which has a plurality of transferring electrodes arranged at a pitch of , and the sensor head has a transmitting electrode and a receiving electrode array serving as the receiving device array, both of which are capacitively coupled to the transferring electrodes, the receiving electrode array having a plurality of receiving electrodes which serve as the receiving devices.