1. A process for the manufacturing of surface elements (1) which comprises a decorative upper layer (2) and a supporting core (5), characterised in that;
i) a supporting core (5) with a desired format is manufactured and provided with an upper side (1) and a lower side (4), whereby
ii) the upper side (1) of the supporting core (5) is provided with a dcor, by for example printing, which dcor (2) is positioned after a predetermined fixed point on the supporting core (5), whereby
iii) the upper side (1) of the supporting core (5) is provided with a protecting, at least partly translucent, wear layer (2) by for example spray coating, roller coating, curtain coating and immersion coating or by being provided with one or more sheets of -cellulose impregnated with thermosetting resin or lacquer.
2. A process according to claim 1, characterised in that the dcor is achieved by digitisation of an actual archetype or by partly or completely being created in a digital media, which digitised dcor (2) is stored digitally in order to be used as a control function and original, together with possible control programs, when printing the dcor (2).
3. A process according to claim 2, characterised in that at least parts of the digital dcor (2) is used, together with support programs for controlling further steps in the manufacturing procedure such as identification marking, packaging, lacquering, surface embossing, storing and delivery logistics as well as assembly instructions.
4. A process according to any of the claims 1-3, characterised in that the supporting core (5) is manufactured in the desired end user format and provided with edges (3) intended for joining before applying dcor and wear layer.
5. A process according to any of the claims 1-4, characterised in that the main part of the supporting core (5) is constituted by a particle board or a fibre board.
6. A process according to any of the claims 1-4, characterised in that at least parts of the supporting core (5) is constituted of a polymer such as for example polyurethane or a polyolefin such as polyethylene, polypropylene or polybutene.
7. A process according to claim 6, characterised in that the supporting core (5) except polymer also contains a filler in the form of a particle or fibre of organic or inorganic material.
8. A process according to any of the claims 1-7, characterised in that the translucent wear layer (2) is constituted of a UV curing or electron beam curing resin or lacquer such as for example acrylic, epoxy or maleimide lacquer.
9. A process according to claim 8, characterised in that the wear layer (2) is applied in several steps with intermediate curing, of which the last is a a complete curing while the earlier are only partial.
10. A process according to claim 8 or 9, characterised in that the wear layer (2) also comprises hard particles with an average particle size in the range 50 nm -150 m.
11. A process according to claim 10, characterised in that the upper portion of the wear layer (2) is provided with hard particles in the range 50 nm-30 m, preferably 50 nm-10 m while the inner portion of the wear layer (2) is provided with hard particles in the range 10 m-150 m, preferably 30 m-150 m.
12. A process according to claim 10, characterised in that the hard particles is constituted by silicon oxide, silicon carbide, -aluminium oxide or the like.
13. A process according to claim 11, characterised in that the hard particles is constituted by silicon oxide, silicon carbide, -aluminium oxide, diamond or the like.
14. A process according to any of the claims 1-7, characterised in that the translucent wear layer (2) is constituted by one or more sheets of -cellulose impregnated with melamine-formaldehyde resin.
15. A process according to claim 14, characterised in that the wear layer (2) is joined with the supporting core (5) through heat and pressure, whereby the resin cures.
16. A process according to claim 14 or 15, characterised in that the wear layer (2) also comprises hard particles with an average particle size in the range 50 nm-150 m.
17. A process according to claim 16, characterised in that the upper portion of the wear layer (2) is provided with hard particles in the range 50 nm-30 m, preferably 50 nm-10 m while the inner portion of the wear layer (2) is provided with hard particles in the range 10 m-150 m, preferably 30 m-150 m.
18. A process according to claim 10, characterised in that the hard particles is constituted by silicon oxide, silicon carbide, -aluminium oxide or the like.
19. A process according to claim 11, characterised in that the hard particles is constituted by silicon oxide, silicon carbide, -aluminium oxide, diamond or the like.
20. A process according to any of the claims 1-19, characterised in that the dcor on the surface elements (1) is constituted by a number of dcor segments with intermediate borders, which borders, on at least two opposite edges of a surface element (1) coincides with borders on intended adjoining floor elements (1).
21. A process according to any of the claims 1-20, characterised in that at least one surface structured matrix which forms at least one surface structure segment is positioned on the decorative side of the surface element (1) during the step in the process where the wear layer (2) is applied on the surface element (1) and is pressed towards this whereby the wear layer (2) receives a surface with structure that enhances the realistic impression of the dcor (2).
22. A process according to any of the claims 2-21, characterised in that two or more surface structured matrixes, which each forms one surface structure segment, which segments are independent from each other concerning structure, and that said surface structure segments are intended to mainly, preferably completely coincide with corresponding pattern segments in the dcor, is thoroughly positioned on the decorative side of the surface element (1) during the steps in the process where the wear layer (2) is provided with a wear layer (2), and pressed toward this whereby the wear layer (2) receives a surface structure (2) corresponding to the different pattern segments in the dcor.
23. A process according to claim 21 or 22, characterised in that one or more matrixes forms the structured surface of one or more rollers whereby the surface element (1) is passed between the structured roller and matching counter stay under continuos or discontinuous pressure between the rollers and the counter stays.
24. A process according to claim 23, characterised in that rollers equipped with two or more matrixes has a circumference adapted to repetition distance in the variation of direction in the dcor.
25. A process according to claim 22, characterised in that one or more matrixes forms the structured surface on one or more press belts, whereby the surface element (1) is passed between the press belts and counter stays, with the decorative side facing the press belts, during continuous or discontinuous pressure between the press belts and counter stays.
26. A process according to claim 22, characterised in that one or more matrixes forms the structured surface on one or more static moulds which momentary and static is pressed towards the decorative surface of the surface element (1).
27. A process according to any of the claims 21-26, characterised in that specially characteristic dcor segments such as borderlines between simulated slabs, bars, blocks or the like and also knots, cracks, flaws and grain which is visually simulated in the dcor (2), is stored as digital data, that said data is used for guiding automated engraving or pressing tools when providing said characteristic dcor segments with a suitable surface structure, and that said engraving tool or pressing tool is synchronised via the predetermined fixing point on the surface element (1).
28. A surface element (1) manufactured according to any of the claims 1-27, characterised in that they form floor elements intended to be joined to become a floor covering material, wall elements intended to be joined to become a wall covering material or ceiling elements intended to be joined to become a ceiling material.
The claims below are in addition to those above.
All refrences to claim(s) which appear below refer to the numbering after this setence.
1. A secondary battery comprising:
a cathode;
an anode; and
an electrolytic solution,
wherein the anode contains one or more of titanium-containing lithium composite oxides expressed by the following Formula 1 to Formula 3 as an anode active material, and
the electrolytic solution contains cyclic disulfonic acid anhydride expressed by the following Formula 4 or cyclic disulfonic acid anhydride expressed by the following Formula 5 or both:
LiLixM1(1\u22123x)2Ti(3+x)2O4\u2003\u2003Formula 1
where M1 is one or more of Mg, Ca, Cu, Zn, and Sr, and x satisfies 0\u2266x\u2266\u2153:
LiLiyM21\u22123yTi1+2yO4\u2003\u2003Formula 2
where M2 is one or more of Al, Sc, Cr, Mn, Fe, Ga, and Y, and y satisfies 0\u2266y\u2266\u2153:
LiLi13M3zTi(53)\u2212zO4\u2003\u2003Formula 3
where M3 is one or more of V, Zr, and Nb, and z satisfies 0\u2266z\u2266\u2154:
where R1 to R4 are an alkyl group (CmH2m+1: m satisfies 0\u2266m\u22664):
where R5 to R10 are an alkyl group (CnH2n+1: n satisfies 0\u2266n\u22664).
2. The secondary battery according to claim 1, wherein the cyclic disulfonic acid anhydride is 1,2-ethanedisulfonic acid anhydride or 1,3-propanedisulfonic acid anhydride or both.
3. The secondary battery according to claim 1, wherein a content of the cyclic disulfonic acid anhydride in the electrolytic solution is from 0.1 wt % to 5 wt % both inclusive.
4. The secondary battery according to claim 1, wherein the electrolytic solution contains halogenated cyclic ester carbonate expressed by the following Formula 6 or unsaturated carbon bond cyclic ester carbonate expressed by the following Formula 7 or both;
where R11 to R14 are a hydrogen group, a halogen group, an alkyl group (CpH2p+1: p satisfies 0\u2266p\u22664), or a halogenated alkyl group (CqH2q+1Xr: X is a halogen, q satisfies 0\u2266q\u22664, and r satisfies 0\u2266r\u22662q+1), and one or more of R11 to R14 are a halogen group or a halogenated alkyl group;
where R15 and R16 are an alkyl group (CsH2s+1: s satisfies 0\u2266s\u22664).
5. The secondary battery according to claim 4, wherein the halogenated cyclic ester carbonate is 4-fluoro-1,3-dioxolane-2-one, and the unsaturated carbon bond cyclic ester carbonate is vinylene carbonate.
6. The secondary battery according to claim 1, wherein the electrolytic solution contains propylene carbonate as a cyclic ester carbonate.
7. The secondary battery according to claim 1, wherein the cathode and the anode are layered with a separator in between, and
the separator includes a base material layer as a porous film and a polymer compound layer provided on one or both surfaces of the base material layer.
8. The secondary battery according to claim 7, wherein the polymer compound layer contains polyvinylidene fluoride.
9. The secondary battery according to claim 1, wherein the secondary battery is a lithium ion secondary battery.
10. An electronic device using the secondary battery according to claim 1.
11. An electric power tool using the secondary battery according to claim 1.
12. An electrical vehicle using the secondary battery according to claim 1.
13. An electric power storage system using the secondary battery according to claim 1.