1. A stratified phase-separated composite comprising a photo-polymeric layer and a liquid layer, the composite being obtainable by photo-polymerizing a layer of a photo-polymerizable stratified-phase-separable composition, the composition comprising:
a photo-polymerizable monomer;
a photo-polymerization dye which, during photo-polymerization, selectively accumulates in the photo-polymeric layer being formed; and
a liquid.
2. A stratified phase-separated composite as claimed in claim 1, wherein the photo-polymerization dye is a photo-chemically reactive dye which, during photo-polymerization, is capable of photo-chemically bonding to photo-polymerizable or photo-polymerized monomers.
3. A composite as claimed in claim 2, wherein the photo-chemically reactive dye is a photo-polymerizable dye co-polymerizable with the photo-polymerizable monomer.
4. A composite as claimed in claim 3, wherein the photo-polymerizable dye and the photo-polymerizable monomer are one and the same monomer.
5. A composite as claimed in any one of the claims 1 to 4, wherein the photo-polymerization dye is a photo-bleachable dye.
6. A stratified phase-separated composite as claimed in any one of the claims 1 to 5 wherein the stratified-phase-separable composition is a photo-crosslinkable stratified-phase-separable composition.
7. A stratified phase-separated composite comprising a photo-polymeric layer and a liquid layer, the composite being obtainable by photo-polymerizing a layer of a photo-polymerizable stratified-phase-separable composition, the composition comprising:
a photo-polymerizable monomer;
a photo-polymerization dye; and
a liquid, wherein the photo-polymerizable monomer is an acrylate or a methacrylate monomer.
8. A composite as claimed in any one of the claims 1 to 7, wherein the liquid is a liquid crystal.
9. A display device comprising a composite as claimed in any one of the claims 1 to 8.
10. A method of manufacturing a stratified phase-separated composite comprising a photo-polymeric layer and a liquid layer, the method comprising:
providing a supporting substrate;
applying, on the substrate, a layer of photo-polymerizable stratified-phase-separable composition comprising:
a photo-polymerizable monomer;
a photo-polymerization dye; and
a liquid;
photo-polymerizing the layer of photo-polymerizable stratified-phase-separable composition to cause phase-separation into the stratified phase-separated composite comprising the liquid layer and the photo-polymeric layer.
11. A method of manufacturing a stratified phase-separated composite comprising a photo-polymeric layer and a liquid layer, the method comprising:
providing a cell adapted to contain a layer of a photo-polymerizable stratified-phase-separable composition;
filling the cell with photo-polymerizable stratified-phase-separable composition to form a layer of photo-reactive stratified-phase-separable material, the stratified-phase-separable composition comprising:
a photo-polymerizable monomer;
a photo-polymerization dye; and
a liquid;
photo-polymerizing the layer of photo-polymerizable stratified-phase-separable composition to cause phase-separation into the stratified phase-separated composite comprising the liquid layer and the photo-polymeric layer.
12. A stratified-phase-separable composition comprising:
a photo-polymerizable monomer;
a photo-polymerization dye which, during photo-polymerization, selectively accumulates in a photo-polymeric layer being formed; and
a liquid.
13. A stratified-phase-separable composition comprising:
a photo-polymerizable monomer;
a photo-polymerization dye; and
a liquid,
wherein the photo-polymerizable monomer is an acrylate or a methacrylate monomer.
The claims below are in addition to those above.
All refrences to claim(s) which appear below refer to the numbering after this setence.
1. An internal combustion engine crankcase lubricating oil composition having a phosphorus concentration expressed as atoms of phosphorus, of not greater than 0.09 mass % based on the mass of the oil composition, which composition comprises or is made by admixing:
(A) an oil of lubricating viscosity, in a major amount;
(B) a metal detergent system, as an additive in a minor amount, comprising one or more metal salts of organic carboxylic acids; and
(C) a viscosity index improver comprising a linear diblock copolymer comprising at least one block derived primarily from a vinyl aromatic hydrocarbon monomer and at least one block derived primarily from a diene monomer.
2. An oil composition as claimed in claim 1 wherein the linear diblock copolymer is at least one diblock copolymer comprising at least a polystyrene block and a block derived from isoprene, butadiene or a mixture thereof.
3. An oil composition as claimed in claim 2 wherein the linear diblock copolymer is at least one diblock copolymer selected from the group consisting of hydrogenated styrenebutadiene diblock copolymers and hydrogenated styreneisoprene diblock copolymers.
4. An oil composition as claimed in claim 2 wherein the diblock copolymer has a Shear Stability Index value of from 2 to 50% (30 cycles) and the polydiene block of the diblock copolymer comprises from 40 to 90 mass % derived from isoprene and from 10 to 60 mass % derived from butadiene.
5. An oil composition as claimed in claim 3 wherein the diblock copolymer has a Shear Stability Index value of from 2 to 50% (30 cycles) and the polydiene block of the diblock copolymer comprises from 40 to 90 mass % derived from isoprene and from 10 to 60 mass % derived from butadiene.
6. An oil composition as claimed in claim 1 wherein the diblock copolymer has a Shear Stability Index value of from 5 to 25% (30 cycles).
7. An oil composition as claimed in claim 1 having a sulphated ash concentration of not greater than 1.0 mass %.
8. An oil composition as claimed in claim 1 having a sulphur concentration, expressed as atoms of sulphur, of not greater than 0.3 mass %.
9. An oil composition as claimed in claim 8 having a sulphur concentration, expressed as atoms of sulphur, of not greater than 0.2, mass %.
10. An oil composition as claimed in claim 1 wherein the metal salts of organic carboxylic acids are overbased alkaline earth metal salicylates.
11. An oil composition as claimed in claim 2 wherein the metal salts of organic carboxylic acids are overbased alkaline earth metal salicylates.
12. An oil composition as claimed in claim 3 wherein the metal salts of organic carboxylic acids are overbased alkaline earth metal salicylates.
13. An oil composition as claimed in claim 4 wherein the metal salts of organic carboxylic acids are overbased alkaline earth metal salicylates.
14. An oil composition as claimed in claim 1 further including one or more additives, other than (B) and (C), selected from dispersants, detergents, antioxidants, antiwear agents, friction modifiers, corrosion inhibitors, pour point depressants, demulsifiers and anti-foaming agents.
15. An oil composition as claimed in claim 2 further including one or more additives, other than (B) and (C), selected from dispersants, detergents, antioxidants, antiwear agents, friction modifiers, corrosion inhibitors, pour point depressants, demulsifiers and anti-foaming agents.
16. An oil composition as claimed in claim 3 further including one or more additives, other than (B) and (C), selected from dispersants, detergents, antioxidants, antiwear agents, friction modifiers, corrosion inhibitors, pour point depressants, demulsifiers and anti-foaming agents.
17. An oil composition as claimed in claim 4 further including one or more additives, other than (B) and (C), selected from dispersants, detergents, antioxidants, antiwear agents, friction modifiers, corrosion inhibitors, pour point depressants, demulsifiers and anti-foaming agents.
18. A method of lubricating a compression-ignited or spark-ignited internal combustion engine which comprises supplying, to the engine a lubricating oil composition as claimed in claim 1.
19. A method of lubricating a compression-ignited or spark-ignited internal combustion engine which comprises supplying to the engine a lubricating oil composition as claimed in claim 2.
20. A method of lubricating a compression-ignited or spark-ignited internal combustion engine which comprises supplying to the engine a lubricating oil composition as claimed in claim 3.