1. An apparatus, comprising:
a heat generating semiconductor chip; and
a self contained refrigeration device mounted adjacent to and in heat transfer relation to said chip; wherein the refrigeration device includes:
a compressor, and the compressor includes a housing, at least one trilobal impeller comprising a magneto ceramic body and mounted within said housing, and a plurality of electrically conductive coils interacting with said body;
an evaporator in heat transfer relation to said chip; and
a condenser;
wherein said evaporator, compressor and condenser are configured to conduct a flow of a refrigerant medium there amongst.
2. The apparatus according to claim 1 wherein said refrigeration device is a Carnot cycle refrigeration device.
3. The apparatus according to claim 1 wherein said refrigeration device is an electro mechanical refrigeration device.
4. The apparatus according to claim 1 further comprising a heat sink thermally coupled to said condenser.
5. The apparatus according to claim 4 further comprising an air handler operatively associated with said heat sink for impelling a flow of air across said heat sink.
6. The apparatus according to claim 1 wherein said at least one trilobal impeller comprises a plurality of trilobal impellers mounted within said housing, and a coupling joining said plurality of impellers together so that vibrational forces otherwise generated by rotation thereof are counterbalanced.
7. An apparatus, comprising:
a computer system; a heat generating semiconductor chip mounted in said computer system; and
a self contained refrigeration device mounted in said computer system adjacent to and in heat transfer relation to said chip; wherein the self contained refrigeration device includes:
a compressor, and the compressor includes a housing, at least one trilobal impeller comprising a magneto ceramic body and mounted within said housing, and a plurality of electrically conductive coils interacting with said body;
an evaporator in heat transfer relation to said chip; and
a condenser;
wherein said evaporator, compressor and condenser are configured to conduct a flow of a refrigerant medium there amongst.
8. The apparatus according to claim 7 wherein said refrigeration device is a Carnot cycle refrigeration device.
9. The apparatus according to claim 7 wherein said refrigeration device is an electro mechanical refrigeration device.
10. The apparatus according to claim 7 further comprising a heat sink thermally coupled to said condenser.
11. The apparatus according to claim 10 further comprising an air handler operatively associated with said heat sink for impelling a flow of air across said heat sink.
12. The apparatus according to claim 7 wherein said at least one trilobal impeller comprises a plurality of trilobal impellers mounted within said housing, and a coupling joining said plurality of impellers together so that vibrational forces otherwise generated by rotation thereof are counterbalanced.
13. An apparatus, comprising:
an evaporator element;
a condenser element; and
a compressor coupled with said evaporator and condenser for circulating a refrigerant material there amongst;
said compressor having an housing, a magneto ceramic trilobal rotor mounted within said housing, and a plurality of electromagnetic coils disposed about said rotor and magnetically coupled thereto.
14. An apparatus, comprising:
an evaporator element;
a condenser element; and
a compressor coupled with said evaporator and condenser for circulating a refrigerant material there amongst;
said compressor having an housing, a plurality of trilobal rotors mounted within said housing, and mechanism coupling said plurality of rotors together for coordinated rotation so that vibrational forces otherwise generated by rotation thereof are counterbalanced.
The claims below are in addition to those above.
All refrences to claim(s) which appear below refer to the numbering after this setence.
1. Process for preparing compounds of the formula (I):
in which
R1 is hydrogen, C1-C12-alkyl, C5-C14-aryl, C6-C15-arylalkyl, C1-C12-fluoroalkyl or radicals of the formula (II):
(C1-C8-alkylene)-B\u2014D\u2014E\u2003\u2003(II)
and
R2 and R3 are each independently hydrogen, C1-C12-alkyl, C1-C12-alkoxy, C5-C14-aryl C5-C14-aryloxy, C6-C15-arylalkyl, C6-C15-arylalkoxy, chlorine, fluorine, cyano, free or protected formyl, C1-C12-fluoroalkyl, C1-C12-fluoroalkylthio, C1-C12-fluoroalkoxy or radicals of the formulae (IIIa) to (IIIf):
A\u2014B\u2014D\u2014E
(IIIa)
A\u2014E
(IIIb)
A\u2014SO2\u2014E
(IIIc)
A\u2014B\u2014SO2R5
(IIId)
A\u2014SO3W
(IIIe)
A\u2014COW
(IIIf)
where, in the formulae (II) and (IIIa) to (IIIf),
A is absent or is a C1-C8-alkylene, C1-C8-alkenylene or C1-C8-fluoroalkylene radical and
B is absent or is oxygen, sulphur or NR4 where
R4 is hydrogen, C1-C8-alkyl, C6-C15-arylalkyl or C5-C14-aryl and
D is a carbonyl group and
E is R5, OR5, NHR6 or N(R6)2,
where
R5 is C1-C8-alkyl, C6-C15-arylalkyl or C5-C14-aryl and
R6 is in each case independently C1-C8-alkyl, C6-C15-arylalkyl or C6-C14-aryl, or N(R6)2 together is a cyclic amino radical having 4 to 12 carbon atoms and
W is OH, NH2 or OM where M is an alkali metal ion, half an equivalent of an alkaline earth metal ion, an ammonium ion or an organic ammonium ion and
Ar is a mono-, bi- or tricyclic aromatic radical having a total of 5 to 18 ring atoms, and in which at most one ring atom per cycle is selected from the group of oxygen, sulphur and nitrogen, and the mono-, bi- or tricyclic aromatic radical is optionally mono- or polysubstituted,
comprising:
in step a), reacting the compounds of the formula (IV):
in which
R1, R2 and R3 are each independently as defined above and
Hal is chlorine, bromine or iodine
with compounds of the formula (V):
in which
R7 is hydrogen, halogen, Ar or COOR8 where
R8 is C1-C8-alkyl, C5-C14-aryl or C6-C15-arylalkyl,
in the presence of a catalyst,
to convert them to compounds of the formula (VI):
in which
R1, R2, R3 and R7 are each independently as defined above
and
in step b),
I) in the case that R7 is hydrogen, halogen or COOR8,
i) converting the compounds of the formula (VI), optionally after halogenation, by elimination to compounds of the formula (VII):
in which
R1, R2 and R3 are each independently as defined above and
ii) reacting the compounds of the formula (VII) with compounds of the formula (VII):
Hal-Ar\u2003\u2003(VIII)
in which
Ar is as defined above and Hal is chlorine, bromine or iodine, in the presence of a catalyst to produce the compounds of formula (I),
II) and in the case that R7 is Ar, the compounds of the formula (VI) are converted to compounds of the formula (I) by halogenating and eliminating.
2. Process according to claim 1, characterized in that R1 is hydrogen, phenyl or C1-C4-alkyl.
3. Process according to claim 1, characterized in that R2 is C1-C12-fluoroalkyl.
4. Process according to claim 1, characterized in that R3 is hydrogen, C1-C4-alkyl, C5-C14-aryl or radicals selected from the group consisting of:
\u2014CH2COO(C1-C8-alkyl), \u2014CH2COO(C5-C14-aryl), \u2014CH2CONH(C1-C8-alkyl), \u2014CH2CON(C1C18-alkyl)2, \u2014C(\u2550CHOCH3)COO(C1-C8-alkyl), C(\u2550CHOCH3)COO(C5-C14 -aryl), \u2014C(\u2550CHOCH3)CONH(C1-C8-alkyl), and \u2014C(\u2550CHOCH3)CON(C1-C8-alkyl)2.
5. Process according to claim 1, characterized in that Ar is a phenyl or pyridyl radical which is non-, mono-, di- or trisubstituted by radicals which are selected from the group consisting of chlorine, fluorine, C1-C12-alkyl, C1-C12-fluoroalkyl, C1-C12-fluoroalkoxy, C1-C12-fluoroalkylthio, C1-C12-alkoxy, di(C1-C8-alkyl)amino, tri(C1-C6-alkyl)siloxyl and radicals of the formulae (IIIa) to (IIIf) as defined in claim 1.
6. Process according to claim 1, characterized in that R7 is hydrogen, bromine, chlorine, COO-methyl, COO-ethyl, COO-phenyl, COO-isopropyl or COO-tert-butyl.
7. Process according to claim 1, characterized in that 4-ethynyl-1,5-dimethyl-3-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-pyrazolyl-3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)benzene is prepared.
8. Process according to claim 1, characterized in that the halogenation is effected by reacting the compound of formula (VI) with bromine, chlorine or interhalogen compounds of bromine and chlorine.
9. Process according to claim 8, characterized in that the reaction temperature in the halogenation is \u221220 to 150\xb0 C.
10. Process according to claim 1, characterized in that eliminations are carried out in an organic solvent in the presence of base.
11. Process according to claim 10, characterized in that polar, aprotic solvents are used for the elimination.
12. Process according to claim 10, characterized in that the bases used are: alkaline earth metal or alkali metal hydrides, hydroxides, amides, alkoxides, tertiary amines or else N-heteroaromatic compounds.
13. Process according to claim 11, characterized in that the eliminations are carried out at temperatures of \u221220 to 200\xb0 C.
14. Process according to claim 1, characterized in that, in the case of eliminations which are preceded by a halogenation, an intermediate isolation andor purification of the intermediates is dispensed with.
15. Process according to claim 1, characterized in that the reactions in the presence of catalysts.
16. Process according to claim 1, characterized in that the catalysts used are those which contain palladium.
17. Process according to claim 16, characterized in that palladium complexes are used.
18. Process according to claim 17, characterized in that the palladium complexes used are palladium complexes which have already been isolated or those which are generated in the reaction solution from palladium compounds and ligands.
19. Process according to claim 16, characterized in that the molar ratio of halogen compound to be coupled to palladium is 10 to 20000.
20. Process according to claim 15, characterized in that the bases used are amines of the formula (XIII):
NHm(R13)(3\u2212m)\u2003\u2003(XIII)
in which
m is zero, one or two and
the R13 radicals are each independently C1-C12-alkyl, C5-C14-aryl or-C6-C15-arylalkyl, or two or three of the R13 radicals together with the nitrogen atom optionally form a mono-, bi- or tricyclic heterocycle having 4 to 8 carbon atoms per cycle or N-heteroaromatic compounds andor alkali metal andor alkaline earth metal salts of aliphatic or aromatic carboxylic acids andor carbonates, phosphates, hydrogenphosphates andor hydroxides.
21. Process according to claim 1, characterized in that the conversions of alkynes in the presence of catalyst are carried out in the presence of copper salt.
22. Process according to claim 21, characterized in that anions of the copper salts used are halides, pseudohalides, carboxylates, perfluoroalkylsulphonates, sulphates, nitrates, carbonates or hydroxides, wherein anions of the copper salts are selected form the group consisting of thioether, phosphite and phosphine adducts of copper(I) salts.
23. Process according to claim 15, characterized in that the reaction is carried out with controlled metering.
24. Process according to claim 15, characterized in that free radical inhibitors are added.