1. An implantable prosthesis for a tissue or muscle defect, the implantable prosthesis comprising:
a first layer of material that permits tissue or muscle ingrowth;
a second layer of material that permits tissue or muscle ingrowth, the second layer being attached to the first layer;
at least one pocket formed between the first and second layers, the at least one pocket including an access opening through the first layer for gaining access to an interior of the at least one pocket;
a layer of barrier material that is resistant to tissue or muscle ingrowth and the formation of adhesions with tissue or muscle, the layer of barrier material being attached to at least the second layer, the second layer being located between the first layer and the layer of barrier material; and
a peripheral edge defining a boundary of the prosthesis, wherein the access opening is disposed inward of the peripheral edge.
2. The prosthesis according to claim 1, wherein the at least one pocket is defined by attachment of the first and second layers.
3. The prosthesis according to claim 1, wherein substantial areas of the second layer are free from attachment to the layer of barrier material.
4. The prosthesis according to claim 1, wherein the second layer is constructed and arranged to support stress induced by patient movement.
5. The prosthesis according to claim 1, wherein the prosthesis is constructed and arranged to be provisionally attached to tissue or muscle.
6. The prosthesis according to claim 1, wherein the first and second layers are connected by first stitches that do not extend through the layer of barrier material.
7. The prosthesis according to claim 6, wherein the first and second layers are connected to the layer of barrier material by second stitches.
8. The prosthesis according to claim 7, wherein at least the second stitches are formed from a tissue or muscle adhesion resistant material.
9. The prosthesis according to claim 1, wherein each of the first and second layers includes a plurality of interstices that are constructed and arranged to allow tissue or muscle to grow into the first and second layers.
10. The prosthesis according to claim 1, wherein the peripheral edge is constructed and arranged to resist the formation of tissue or muscle adhesions thereto.
11. The prosthesis according to claim 1, wherein each of the first and second layers comprises polypropylene mesh.
12. The prosthesis according to claim 1, wherein the at least one pocket is sized to receive at least one finger.
13. An implantable prosthesis for a tissue or muscle defect, the implantable prosthesis comprising:
a first sheet of material that permits tissue or muscle ingrowth;
a second sheet of material that permits tissue or muscle ingrowth, the second sheet being attached to the first sheet;
at least one pocket formed between the first and second sheets, the at least one pocket including an access opening through the first layer for gaining access to an interior of the at least one pocket;
a sheet of absorbable adhesion resistant barrier material that is resistant to tissue or muscle ingrowth and the formation of adhesions with tissue or muscle, the sheet of barrier material being attached to at least the second sheet, the second sheet being located between the first sheet and the sheet of barrier material; and
a peripheral edge defining a boundary of the prosthesis, wherein the access opening is disposed inward of the peripheral edge.
14. The prosthesis according to claim 13, wherein substantial areas of the second sheet are free from attachment to the sheet of barrier material.
15. The prosthesis according to claim 13, wherein the first and second sheets are connected by first stitches that do not extend through the sheet of barrier material.
16. The prosthesis according to claim 15, wherein the first and second sheets are connected to the sheet of barrier material by second stitches.
17. The prosthesis according to claim 16, wherein at least the second stitches are formed from a tissue or muscle adhesion resistant material.
18. The prosthesis according to claim 13, wherein each of the first and second sheets includes a plurality of interstices that are constructed and arranged to allow tissue or muscle to grow into the first and second sheets.
19. The prosthesis according to claim 13, wherein the peripheral edge is constructed and arranged to resist the formation of tissue or muscle adhesions thereto.
20. The prosthesis according to claim 13, wherein the sheet of barrier material covers an entire surface of the second sheet.
21. The prosthesis according to claim 13, wherein the sheet of barrier material includes ePTFE.
22. The prosthesis according to claim 21, wherein the ePTFE has fibril lengths of less than 5 microns.
23. The prosthesis according to claim 22, wherein the ePTFE has fibril lengths of less than 1 micron.
24. The prosthesis according to claim 23, wherein the ePTFE has fibril lengths of less than 0.5 microns.
25. The prosthesis according to claim 13, wherein each of the first and second sheets comprises polypropylene mesh.
26. An implantable prosthesis for a tissue or muscle defect, the implantable prosthesis comprising:
a first layer of material that permits tissue or muscle ingrowth;
a layer of barrier material that is resistant to tissue or muscle ingrowth and the formation of adhesions with tissue or muscle;
a second layer of material that permits tissue or muscle ingrowth, the second layer being located between the first layer and the layer of barrier material, the second layer being attached to the first layer;
at least one pocket formed between the first and second layers that is adapted to receive a surgeon’s finger to facilitate positioning of the prosthesis;
an access opening through the first layer to provide access by the surgeon’s finger to an interior of the at least one pocket; and
a peripheral edge defining a boundary of the prosthesis, wherein the access opening is disposed inward of the peripheral edge.
27. The prosthesis according to claim 26, wherein substantial areas of the second layer are free from attachment to the layer of barrier material.
28. The prosthesis according to claim 26, wherein the first and second layers are connected by first stitches that do not extend through the layer of barrier material.
29. The prosthesis according to claim 28, wherein the first and second layers are connected to the layer of barrier material by second stitches.
30. The prosthesis according to claim 29, wherein at least the second stitches are formed from a tissue or muscle adhesion resistant material.
31. The prosthesis according to claim 26, wherein each of the first and second layers includes a plurality of interstices that are constructed and arranged to allow tissue or muscle to grow into the first and second layers.
32. The prosthesis according to claim 26, further comprising a peripheral edge that is constructed and arranged to resist the formation of tissue or muscle adhesions thereto.
33. The prosthesis according to claim 26, wherein the layer of barrier material covers an entire surface of the second layer.
34. The prosthesis according to claim 26, wherein the layer of barrier material includes ePTFE.
35. The prosthesis according to claim 34, wherein the ePTFE has fibril lengths of less than 5 microns.
36. The prosthesis according to claim 35, wherein the ePTFE has fibril lengths of less than 1 micron.
37. The prosthesis according to claim 36, wherein the ePTFE has fibril lengths of less than 0.5 microns.
38. The prosthesis according to claim 26, wherein each of the first and second layers comprises polypropylene mesh.
39. An implantable prosthesis for a tissue or muscle defect, the implantable prosthesis comprising:
a first layer of material that permits tissue or muscle ingrowth;
a second layer of material that permits tissue or muscle ingrowth;
at least one pocket formed between the first and second layers, the at least one pocket sized to receive at least one finger of a surgeon to facilitate positioning of the prosthesis, the at least one pocket including an access opening through the first layer; and
a layer of barrier material that is resistant to tissue and muscle ingrowth and the formation of adhesions with tissue or muscle, the layer of barrier material being attached to at least the second layer, the second layer being located between the first layer and the layer of barrier material.
40. The prosthesis according to claim 39, wherein the at least one pocket is defined by attachment of the first and second layers.
41. The prosthesis according to claim 39, wherein the at least one pocket includes an access opening for gaining access to an interior of the at least one pocket.
42. The prosthesis according to claim 41, further comprising a peripheral edge defining a boundary of the prosthesis, wherein the access opening is disposed inward of the peripheral edge.
43. The prosthesis according to claim 39, wherein substantial areas of the second layer are free from attachment to the layer of barrier material.
44. The prosthesis according to claim 39, wherein the second layer is constructed and arranged to support stress induced by patient movement.
45. The prosthesis according to claim 39, wherein the first and second layers are connected by first stitches that do not extend through the layer of barrier material.
46. The prosthesis according to claim 45, wherein the first and second layers are connected to the layer of barrier material by second stitches.
47. The prosthesis according to claim 46, wherein at least the second stitches are formed from a tissue or muscle adhesion resistant material.
48. The prosthesis according to claim 39, wherein each of the first and second layers includes a plurality of interstices that are constructed and arranged to allow tissue or muscle to grow into the first and second layers.
49. The prosthesis according to claim 39, further comprising a peripheral edge that is constructed and arranged to resist the formation of tissue or muscle adhesions thereto.
50. The prosthesis according to claim 39, wherein each of the first and second layers comprises polypropylene mesh.
51. An implantable prosthesis for repairing a tissue or muscle defect, the prosthesis comprising:
a tissue ingrowth layer that permits tissue or muscle ingrowth, the tissue ingrowth layer including a first mesh layer, a second mesh layer attached to the first mesh layer, a pocket located between the first mesh layer and the second mesh layer that is adapted to receive a surgeon’s finger andor a surgical instrument to facilitate positioning andor attachment of the prosthesis, and an access opening through the first mesh layer to provide access by the surgeon’s finger andor the surgical instrument to an interior of the pocket; and
an absorbable adhesion resistant barrier layer that is resistant to tissue or muscle ingrowth covering an outer surface of the second mesh layer, the second mesh layer being located between the first mesh layer and the barrier layer.
52. The prosthesis according to claim 51, wherein the pocket has an outer perimeter, the first and second mesh layers being connected together with stitches extending about the outer perimeter of the pocket.
53. The prosthesis according to claim 51, wherein the ingrowth layer includes an outer area that is reinforced to increase the rigidity of the prosthesis.
54. The prosthesis according to claim 53, wherein the outer area surrounds the pocket.
The claims below are in addition to those above.
All refrences to claim(s) which appear below refer to the numbering after this setence.
1. An image processing system for calculation of the color values from raw image data with a mosaic color element array pattern, said image processing system comprising:
a shift invariant point determining device for ascertaining shift invariant points within said mosaic color element array pattern;
an illumination averager in communication with said shift invariant point determining device to receive said shift invariant points within said mosaic color element array pattern and then receives said raw image data to determine average illumination values of clusters of a plurality of color elements of said mosaic color element array pattern at said shift invariant points;
a second order differentiator in communication with said shift invariant point determining device to receive said shift invariant points and with said illumination averager to receive the average illumination values for said clusters of said plurality of color elements at said shift invariant points to determine a second order derivative of said average illumination values of said clusters of said plurality of color elements at said shift invariant points; and
a color data calculator that receives said image data and in communication with said second order differentiator to receive said second order derivative and from said image data and second order derivative determines color data for each of shift invariant points.
2. The image processing system of claim 1 wherein said illumination values are selected from the group of illumination values consisting of light intensity of said clusters of said plurality of color elements at said shift invariant points and average luminance of said clusters of said plurality of color elements at said shift invariant points, wherein the illumination values use any variety of weighting factors in calculation of average luminance of said clusters of the plurality of color elements at said shift invariant points.
3. The image processing system of claim 1 wherein the shift invariant point determining device ascertains shift-invariance of a point within said mosaic color element array pattern is satisfied by the logical statement:
IF I(n,m)=Ta*X1(n,m)+b*X2(n,m)+c*X3(n,m)+d*X4(n,m)
THEN I(n\u2212k,m\u2212l)=Ta*X1(n\u2212k,m\u2212l)+b*X2(n\u2212k,m\u2212l)+c*X3(n\u2212k,m\u2212l)+d*X4(n\u2212k,m\u2212l)
where:
I(n,m) is the intensity of an element n,m of said mosaic color element array pattern,
T is a function of the variables of each element of said mosaic color element array pattern,
X1, . . . , Xn are the elements for each row of said mosaic color element array pattern,
n and m are discreet values 1, . . . , N and 1, . . . , M that identifies the location of an element within said mosaic color element array pattern having dimensions N\xd7M,
k and l are incremental counting values that identifies the location of an element within said mosaic color element array pattern a distance k and l from element n and m of said mosaic color element array pattern,
a, b, c, and d are scaling factors for said elements X1, . . . , Xn.
4. The image processing system of claim 1 further comprising a second derivative scaler in communication with said second order differentiator to receive said second order derivative, wherein said second order derivative is multiplied by a scaling factor for selectively smoothing and sharpening said second order derivative.
5. The image processing system of claim 1 further comprising a color data averager in communication with said color data calculator to average color data values of adjacent color elements to a resolution of said image data.
6. The image processing system of claim 1 further comprising a raw image data memory that receives and retains said image data in communication with said illumination averager to transfer said image data to said illumination averager.
7. The image processing system of claim 2 further comprising an average illumination data memory in communication with said illumination averager to receive and retain said average illumination values of said clusters.
8. The image processing system of claim 1 wherein said illumination averager determines said average illumination values by the formula:
I
\ue8a0
(
2
\ue89e
i
,
2
\ue89e
j
)
_
=
\u2211
x
=
0
+
1
\ue89e
\u2211
y
=
0
+
1
\ue89e
I
\ue8a0
(
(
2
*
(
i
–
x
)
–
1
)
,
(
2
*
(
j
–
y
)
–
1
)
)
4
,
where:
I(2i,2j) is the average illumination value at the shift invariant locations within the cluster,
I((2*(i\u2212x)\u22121),(2*(j\u2212y)\u22121)) is the illumination of an xth and yth color element within the cluster centered on the interstitial space (2i,2j).
9. The image processing system of claim 1 wherein said second order differentiator determines second order derivative by the formula:
I(2i,2j)\u2033=2*(Average Peripheral Pixels)\u2212(Average Center Cluster Pixels),
where:
I(2i,2j)\u2033 is the second order derivative.
10. The image processing system of claim 9 wherein said second order differentiator determines second order derivative by the formula:
I
\ue8a0
(
i
,
j
)
\u2033
=
A
+
B
+
C
6
–
(
I
C
\ue89e
\ue89e
4
\ue8a0
(
2
\ue89e
i
+
1
,
2
\ue89e
j
–
1
)
+
l
C
\ue89e
\ue89e
3
\ue89e
(
2
\ue89e
i
+
1
,
2
+
1
)
+
I
C
\ue89e
\ue89e
2
\ue8a0
(
2
\ue89e
i
–
1
,
2
\ue89e
j
–
1
)
+
I
C
\ue89e
\ue89e
1
\ue8a0
(
2
\ue89e
i
–
1
,
2
\ue89e
j
+
1
)
)
2
Where:
A=IC1(2i+3,2j\u22123)+IC2(2i+3,2j+3)+IC3(2i\u22123,2j\u22123)+IC4(2i\u22123,2j+3)
B=IC2(2i+3,2j\u22121)+IC1(2i+3,2j+1)+IC3(2i+1,2j\u22123)+IC1(2i\u22121,2j\u22123)
C=IC4(2i+1,2j+3)+IC2(2i\u22121,2j+3)+IC4(2i\u22123,2j\u22121)+IC3(2i\u22123,2j+1)
IC1 is the first color of a four mosaic color element array cluster,
IC2 is the second color of a four mosaic color element array cluster,
IC3 is the third color of a four mosaic color element array cluster,
IC1 is the fourth color of a four mosaic color element array cluster.
11. The image processing system of claim 4 wherein said second derivative scaler determines said smoothed and sharpened second order derivative by the formula:
Iss
_
\u2033
=
I
\ue8a0
(
2
\ue89e
i
,
2
\ue89e
j
)
_
\u2033
Scale_Sharp
\ue89e
_Smooth
where:
Iss\u2033 is said smoothed and sharpened second order derivative,
I(2i,2j)\u2033 is said second order derivative, and
Scale_Sharp_Smooth is said scaling factor.
12. The image processing system of claim 1 wherein said color data calculator determines said color data by the formula:
ICX(2i,2j)=ICX(2i\u2212l,2j\u2212m)+I(2i,2j)2\u2212I(2i\u22122*l,2j\u22122*m)2\u2212I(2i,2j)\u20338,
where:
x is the designation of the color element type,
l and m are +\u22121 depending on color element type.
13. The image processing system of claim 5 wherein said color data averager determines said average color data values by the formula:
I
c
\ue8a0
(
2
\ue89e
i
–
1
,
2
\ue89e
j
–
1
)
_
=
\u2211
x
=
0
1
\ue89e
\u2211
y
=
0
1
\ue89e
I
c
\ue8a0
(
(
2
*
(
i
–
x
)
–
2
)
,
(
2
*
(
j
–
y
)
–
2
)
)
4
\ue85c
C
=
Ca
,
Cb
,
Cc
,
Cd
,
where:
IC(2i\u22121,2j\u22121) is the average color data,
IC((2*(i\u2212x)\u22122),(2*(j\u2212y)\u22122)) is the calculated color data for each junction of one color element (C), and
x and y are counting variables for the respectively dimensions i, and j of the plurality of color elements.
14. The image processing system of claim 5 further comprising an average color data memory device in communication with said color data averager to receive and retain said average color data values.
15. The image processing system of claim 14 further comprising an output device for transferring said average color data values to an external apparatus for further processing.
16. A method for processing raw image data to prevent uniform illumination interference and color shifting from various edges and shapes within an image, said image processing system comprising the steps of:
ascertaining locations of shift invariant points within said mosaic color element array pattern;
determining from said shift invariant points within said mosaic color element array pattern and said raw image data average illumination values of clusters of a plurality of color elements of said mosaic color element array pattern at said shift invariant points;
determining a second order derivative of said average illumination values of said clusters of said plurality of color elements at said shift invariant points; and
determining from said image data and second order derivative color data for each of shift invariant points.
17. The method of claim 16 wherein said illumination values are selected from the group of illumination values consisting of light intensity of said clusters of said plurality of color elements at said shift invariant points and average luminance of said clusters of said plurality of color elements at said shift invariant points, wherein the illumination values use any variety of weighting factors in calculation of average luminance of said clusters of the plurality of color elements at said shift invariant points.
18. The method of claim 16 wherein determining said locations of said shift invariant point device step of ascertaining shift-invariance of a point within said mosaic color element array pattern by the step of satisfying the logical statement:
IF I(n,m)=Ta*X1(n,m)+b*X2(n,m)+c*X3(n,m)+d*X4(n,m)
THEN I(n\u2212k,m\u2212l)=Ta*X1(n\u2212k,m\u2212l)+b*X2(n\u2212k,m\u2212l)+c*X3(n\u2212k,m\u2212l)+d*X4(n\u2212k,m\u2212l)
where:
I(n,m) is the intensity of an element n,m of said mosaic color element array pattern,
T is a function of the variables of each element of said mosaic color element array pattern,
X1, . . . , Xn are the elements for each row of said mosaic color element array pattern,
n and m are discreet values 1, . . . , N and 1, . . . , M that identifies the location of an element within said mosaic color element array pattern having dimensions N\xd7M,
k and l are incremental counting values that identifies the location of an element within said mosaic color element array pattern a distance k and l from element n and m of said mosaic color element array pattern,
a, b, c, and d are scaling factors for said elements X1, . . . , Xn.
19. The method of claim 16 further comprising the step of:
scaling said second order derivative by the step of multiplying said second order derivative by a scaling factor for selectively smoothing and sharpening said second order derivative.
20. The method of claim 16 further comprising the step of averaging said color data values of adjacent color elements to improve resolution of said image data.
21. The method of claim 16 further comprising the step of retaining said image data in a raw image data memory.
22. The method of claim 17 further comprising the step of retaining said average illumination values of said clusters in an average illumination data memory.
23. The method of claim 16 wherein said determining said average illumination values by the calculating formula:
I
\ue8a0
(
2
\ue89e
i
,
2
\ue89e
j
)
_
=
\u2211
x
=
0
+
1
\ue89e
\u2211
y
=
0
+
1
\ue89e
I
\ue8a0
(
(
2
*
(
i
–
x
)
–
1
)
,
(
2
*
(
j
–
y
)
–
1
)
)
4
where:
I(2i,2j) is the average illumination value at the shift invariant locations within the cluster,
I((2*(i\u2212x)\u22121),(2*(j\u2212y)\u22121)) is the illumination of an xth and yth color element within the cluster centered on the interstitial space (2i,2j).
24. The method of claim 16 wherein determining second order derivative comprises the step of calculating said second order derivative by the formula:
I(2i,2j)\u2033=2*(Average Peripheral Pixels)\u2212(Average Center Cluster Pixels)
where:
I(2i,2j)\u2033 is the second order derivative.
25. The method of claim 24 wherein determining second order derivative comprises the step of calculating said second order derivative by the formula:
I
\ue8a0
(
i
,
j
)
\u2033
=
A
+
B
+
C
6
–
(
I
C
\ue89e
\ue89e
4
\ue8a0
(
2
\ue89e
i
+
1
,
2
\ue89e
j
–
1
)
+
I
C
\ue89e
\ue89e
3
\ue89e
(
2
\ue89e
i
+
1
,
2
\ue89e
j
+
1
)
+
I
C
\ue89e
\ue89e
2
\ue8a0
(
2
\ue89e
i
–
1
,
2
\ue89e
j
–
1
)
+
I
C
\ue89e
\ue89e
1
\ue8a0
(
2
\ue89e
i
–
1
,
2
\ue89e
j
+
1
)
)
2
Where:
A=IC1(2i+3,2j\u22123)+IC2(2i+3,2j+3)+IC3(2i\u22123,2j\u22123)+IC4(2i\u22123,2j+3)
B=IC2(2i+3,2j\u22121)+IC1(2i+3,2j+1)+IC3(2i+1,2j\u22123)+IC1(2i\u22121,2j\u22123)
C=IC4(2i+1,2j+3)+IC2(2i\u22121,2j+3)+IC4(2i\u22123,2j\u22121)+IC3(2i\u22123,2j+1)
IC1 is the first color of a four mosaic color element array cluster,
IC2 is the second color of a four mosaic color element array cluster,
IC3 is the third color of a four mosaic color element array cluster,
IC1 is the fourth color of a four mosaic color element array cluster.
26. The method of claim 19 wherein determining said smoothed and sharpened second order derivative by calculating the formula:
Iss
_
\u2033
=
I
\ue8a0
(
2
\ue89e
i
,
2
\ue89e
j
)
_
\u2033
Scale_Sharp
\ue89e
_Smooth
where:
Iss\u2033 is said smoothed and sharpened second order derivative,
I(2i,2j)\u2033 is said second order derivative, and
Scale_Sharp_Smooth is said scaling factor.
27. The method of claim 20 wherein determining said color data comprises the step of calculating the formula:
ICX(2i,2j)=ICX(2i\u2212l,2j\u2212m)+I(2i,2j)2\u2212I(2i\u22122*l,2j\u22122*m)2\u2212I(2i,2j)\u20338,
where:
x is the designation of the color element type,
l and m are +\u22121 depending on color element type.
28. The method of claim 20 wherein determining said average color data values by calculating the formula:
I
c
\ue8a0
(
2
\ue89e
i
–
1
,
2
\ue89e
j
–
1
)
_
=
\u2211
x
=
0
1
\ue89e
\u2211
y
=
0
1
\ue89e
I
c
\ue8a0
(
(
2
*
(
i
–
x
)
–
2
)
,
(
2
*
(
j
–
y
)
–
2
)
)
4
\ue85c
C
=
Ca
,
Cb
,
Cc
,
Cd
where:
IC(2i\u22121,2j\u22121) is the average color data,
IC((2*(i\u2212x)\u22122), (2*(j\u2212y)\u22122)) is the calculated color data for each junction of one color element (C), and
x and y are counting variables for the respectively dimensions i, and j of the plurality of color elements.
29. The method of claim 16 further comprising the step of retaining in an average color data memory device said average color data values.
30. The method of claim 29 further comprising the step of transferring said average color data values to an external apparatus for further processing.
31. An apparatus for processing raw image data to prevent uniform illumination interference and color shifting from various edges and shapes within an image, said image processing system comprising:
means for ascertaining locations of shift invariant points within said mosaic color element array pattern;
means for determining from said shift invariant points within said mosaic color element array pattern and said raw image data average illumination values of clusters of a plurality of color elements of said mosaic color element array pattern at said shift invariant points;
means for determining a second order derivative of said average illumination values of said clusters of said plurality of color elements at said shift invariant points; and
means for determining from said image data and second order derivative color data for each of shift invariant points.
32. The apparatus of claim 31 wherein said illumination values are selected from the group of illumination values consisting of light intensity of said clusters of said plurality of color elements at said shift invariant points and average luminance of said clusters of said plurality of color elements at said shift invariant points, wherein the illumination values use any variety of weighting factors in calculation of average luminance of said clusters of the plurality of color elements at said shift invariant points.
33. The apparatus of claim 31 wherein means for determining said locations of said shift invariant point device comprises means for ascertaining shift-invariance of a point within said mosaic color element array pattern wherein said means for ascertaining shift-invariance satisfies the logical statement:
IF I(n,m)=Ta*X1(n,m)+b*X2(n,m)+c*X3(n,m)+d*X4(n,m)
THEN I(n\u2212k,m\u2212l)=Ta*X1(n\u2212k,m\u2212l)+b*X2(n\u2212k,m\u2212l)+c*X3(n\u2212k,m\u2212l)+d*X4(n\u2212k,m\u2212l)
where:
I(n,m) is the intensity of an element n,m of said mosaic color element array pattern,
T is a function of the variables of each element of said mosaic color element array pattern,
X1, . . . , Xn are the elements for each row of said mosaic color element array pattern,
n and m are discreet values 1, . . . , N and 1, . . . , M that identifies the location of an element within said mosaic color element array pattern having dimensions N\xd7M,
k and l are incremental counting values that identifies the location of an element within said mosaic color element array pattern a distance k and l from element n and m of said mosaic color element array pattern,
a, b, c, and d are scaling factors for said elements X1, . . . , Xn.
34. The apparatus of claim 31 further comprising the step of:
means for scaling said second order derivative by the step of multiplying said second order derivative by a scaling factor for selectively smoothing and sharpening said second order derivative.
35. The apparatus of claim 31 further comprising means for averaging said color data values of adjacent color elements to improve resolution of said image data.
36. The apparatus of claim 31 further comprising means for retaining said image data in a raw image data memory.
37. The apparatus of claim 32 further comprising means for retaining said average illumination values of said clusters in an average illumination data memory.
38. The apparatus of claim 31 wherein said means for determining said average illumination values determines said average illumination values by the calculating formula:
I
\ue8a0
(
2
\ue89e
i
,
2
\ue89e
j
)
_
=
\u2211
x
=
0
+
1
\ue89e
\u2211
y
=
0
+
1
\ue89e
I
\ue8a0
(
(
2
*
(
i
–
x
)
–
1
)
,
(
2
*
(
j
–
y
)
–
1
)
)
4
where:
I(2i,2j) is the average illumination value at the shift invariant locations within the cluster,
I((2*(i\u2212x)\u22121),(2*(j\u2212y)\u22121)) is the illumination of an xth and yth color element within the cluster centered on the interstitial space (2i,2j).
39. The apparatus of claim 31 wherein means for determining second order derivative comprises means for calculating said second order derivative by the formula:
I(2i,2j)\u2033=2*(Average Peripheral Pixels)\u2212(Average Center Cluster Pixels)
where:
I(2i,2j)\u2033 is the second order derivative.
40. The apparatus of claim 39 wherein determining second order derivative comprises means for calculating said second order derivative by the formula:
I
\ue8a0
(
i
,
j
)
\u2033
=
A
+
B
+
C
6
–
(
I
C
\ue89e
\ue89e
4
\ue8a0
(
2
\ue89e
i
+
1
,
2
\ue89e
j
–
1
)
+
I
C
\ue89e
\ue89e
3
\ue89e
(
2
\ue89e
i
+
1
,
2
\ue89e
j
+
1
)
+
I
C
\ue89e
\ue89e
2
\ue8a0
(
2
\ue89e
i
–
1
,
2
\ue89e
j
–
1
)
+
I
C
\ue89e
\ue89e
1
\ue8a0
(
2
\ue89e
i
–
1
,
2
\ue89e
j
+
1
)
)
2
Where:
A=IC1(2i+3,2j\u22123)+IC2(2i+3,2j+3)+IC3(2i\u22123,2j\u22123)+IC4(2i\u22123,2j+3)
B=IC2(2i+3,2j\u22121)+IC1(2i+3,2j+1)+IC3(2i+1,2j\u22123)+IC1(2i\u22121,2j\u22123)
C=IC4(2i+1,2j+3)+IC2(2i\u22121,2j+3)+IC4(2i\u22123,2j\u22121)+IC3(2i\u22123,2j+1)
where:
IC1 is the first color of a four mosaic color element array cluster,
IC2 is the second color of a four mosaic color element array cluster,
IC3 is the third color of a four mosaic color element array cluster,
IC1 is the fourth color of a four mosaic color element array cluster.
41. The apparatus of claim 34 wherein means for determining said smoothed and sharpened second order derivative calculates the formula:
Iss
_
\u2033
=
I
\ue8a0
(
2
\ue89e
i
,
2
\ue89e
j
)
_
\u2033
Scale_Sharp
\ue89e
_Smooth
where:
Iss\u2033 is said smoothed and sharpened second order derivative,
I(2i,2j)\u2033 is said second order derivative, and
Scale_Sharp_Smooth is said scaling factor.
42. The apparatus of claim 35 wherein means for determining said color data comprises means for calculating the formula:
ICX(2i,2j)=ICX(2i\u2212l,2j\u2212m)+I(2i,2j)2\u2212I(2i\u22122*l,2j\u22122*m)2\u2212I(2i,2j)\u20338
where:
x is the designation of the color element type,
l and m are +\u22121 depending on color element type.
43. The apparatus of claim 35 wherein means for determining said average color data values calculates the formula:
I
c
\ue8a0
(
2
\ue89e
i
–
1
,
2
\ue89e
j
–
1
)
_
=
\u2211
x
=
0
1
\ue89e
\u2211
y
=
0
1
\ue89e
I
c
\ue8a0
(
(
2
*
(
i
–
x
)
–
2
)
,
(
2
*
(
j
–
y
)
–
2
)
)
4
\ue85c
C
=
Ca
,
Cb
,
Cc
,
Cd
where:
IC(2i\u22121,2j\u22121) is the average color data,
IC((2*(i\u2212x)\u22122),(2*(j\u2212y)\u22122)) is the calculated color data for each junction of one color element (C), and
x and y are counting variables for the respectively dimensions i, and j of the plurality of color elements.
44. The apparatus of claim 31 further comprising means for retaining in an average color data memory device said average color data values.
45. The apparatus of claim 44 further comprising means for transferring said average color data values to an external apparatus for further processing.
46. A medium for retaining a computer program code which, when executed on a computing system, performs a computer program process for processing raw image data to prevent uniform illumination interference and color shifting from various edges and shapes within an image, said image processing system comprising the steps of:
ascertaining locations of shift invariant points within said mosaic color element array pattern;
determining from said shift invariant points within said mosaic color element array pattern and said raw image data average illumination values of clusters of a plurality of color elements of said mosaic color element array pattern at said shift invariant points;
determining a second order derivative of said average illumination values of said clusters of said plurality of color elements at said shift invariant points; and
determining from said image data and second order derivative color data for each of shift invariant points.
47. The medium of claim 46 wherein said illumination values are selected from the group of illumination values consisting of light intensity of said clusters of said plurality of color elements at said shift invariant points and average luminance of said clusters of said plurality of color elements at said shift invariant points, wherein the illumination values use any variety of weighting factors in calculation of average luminance of said clusters of the plurality of color elements at said shift invariant points.
48. The medium of claim 46 wherein determining said locations of said shift invariant point device ascertains shift-invariance of a point within said mosaic color element array pattern is satisfied by the logical statement:
IF I(n,m)=Ta*X1(n,m)+b*X2(n,m)+c*X3(n,m)+d*X4(n,m)
THEN I(n\u2212k,m\u2212l)=Ta*X1(n\u2212k,m\u2212l)+b*X2(n\u2212k,m\u2212l)+c*X3(n\u2212k,m\u2212l)+d*X4(n\u2212k,m\u2212l)
where:
I(n,m) is the intensity of an element n,m of said mosaic color element array pattern,
T is a function of the variables of each element of said mosaic color element array pattern,
X1, . . . , Xn are the elements for each row of said mosaic color element array pattern,
n and m are discreet values 1, . . . , N and 1, . . . , M that identifies the location of an element within said mosaic color element array pattern having dimensions N\xd7M,
k and l are incremental counting values that identifies the location of an element within said mosaic color element array pattern a distance k and l from element n and m of said mosaic color element array pattern,
a, b, c, and d are scaling factors for said elements X1, . . . , Xn.
49. The medium of claim 46 further comprising the step of:
scaling said second order derivative by the step of multiplying said second order derivative by a scaling factor for selectively smoothing and sharpening said second order derivative.
50. The medium of claim 46 further comprising the step of averaging said color data values of adjacent color elements to improve resolution of said image data.
51. The medium of claim 46 further comprising the step of retaining said image data in a raw image data memory.
52. The medium of claim 47 further comprising the step of retaining said average illumination values of said clusters in an average illumination data memory.
53. The medium of claim 46 wherein said determining said average illumination values by the calculating formula:
I
\ue8a0
(
2
\ue89e
i
,
2
\ue89e
j
)
_
=
\u2211
x
=
0
+
1
\ue89e
\u2211
y
=
0
+
1
\ue89e
I
\ue8a0
(
(
2
*
(
i
–
x
)
–
1
)
,
(
2
*
(
j
–
y
)
–
1
)
)
4
,
where:
I(2i,2j) is the average illumination value at the shift invariant locations within the cluster,
I((2*(i\u2212x)\u22121),(2*(j\u2212y)\u22121)) is the illumination of an xth and yth color element within the cluster centered on the interstitial space (2i,2j).
54. The medium of claim 46 wherein determining second order derivative comprises the step of calculating said second order derivative by the formula:
I(2i,2j)\u2033=2*(Average Peripheral Pixels)\u2212(Average Center Cluster Pixels),
where:
I(2i,2j)\u2033 is the second order derivative.
55. The medium of claim 54 wherein determining second order derivative comprises the step of calculating said second order derivative by the formula:
I
\ue8a0
(
i
,
j
)
\u2033
=
A
+
B
+
C
6
–
(
I
C
\ue89e
\ue89e
4
\ue8a0
(
2
\ue89e
i
+
1
,
2
\ue89e
j
–
1
)
+
I
C
\ue89e
\ue89e
3
\ue89e
(
2
\ue89e
i
+
1
,
2
\ue89e
j
+
1
)
+
I
C
\ue89e
\ue89e
2
\ue8a0
(
2
\ue89e
i
–
1
,
2
\ue89e
j
–
1
)
+
I
C
\ue89e
\ue89e
1
\ue8a0
(
2
\ue89e
i
–
1
,
2
\ue89e
j
+
1
)
)
2
Where:
A=IC1(2i+3,2j\u22123)+IC2(2i+3,2j+3)+IC3(2i\u22123,2j\u22123)+IC4(2i\u22123,2j+3)
B=IC2(2i+3,2j\u22121)+IC1(2i+3,2j+1)+IC3(2i+1,2j\u22123)+IC1(2i\u22121,2j\u22123)
C=IC4(2i+1,2j+3)+IC2(2i\u22121,2j+3)+IC4(2i\u22123,2j\u22121)+IC3(2i\u22123,2j+1)
IC1 is the first color of a four mosaic color element array cluster,
IC2 is the second color of a four mosaic color element array cluster,
IC3 is the third color of a four mosaic color element array cluster,
IC1 is the fourth color of a four mosaic color element array cluster.
56. The medium of claim 49 wherein determining said smoothed and sharpened second order derivative by calculating the formula:
Iss
_
\u2033
=
I
\ue8a0
(
2
\ue89e
i
,
2
\ue89e
j
)
_
\u2033
Scale_Sharp
\ue89e
_Smooth
where:
Iss\u2033 is said smoothed and sharpened second order derivative,
I(2i,2j)\u2033 is said second order derivative, and
Scale_Sharp_Smooth is said scaling factor.
57. The medium of claim 50 wherein determining said color data comprises the step of calculating the formula:
ICX(2i,2j)=ICX(2i\u2212l,2j\u2212m)+I(2i,2j)2\u2212I(2i\u22122*l,2j\u22122*m)2\u2212I(2i,2j)\u20338,
where:
x is the designation of the color element type,
l and m are +\u22121 depending on color element type.
58. The medium of claim 50 wherein determining said average color data values by calculating the formula:
I
c
\ue8a0
(
2
\ue89e
i
–
1
,
2
\ue89e
j
–
1
)
_
=
\u2211
x
=
0
1
\ue89e
\u2211
y
=
0
1
\ue89e
I
c
\ue8a0
(
(
2
*
(
i
–
x
)
–
2
)
,
(
2
*
(
j
–
y
)
–
2
)
)
4
\ue85c
C
=
Ca
,
Cb
,
Cc
,
Cd
where:
IC(2i\u22121,2j\u22121) is the average color data,
IC((2*(i\u2212x)\u22122),(2*(j\u2212y)\u22122)) is the calculated color data for each junction of one color element (C), and
x and y are counting variables for the respectively dimensions i, and j of the plurality of color elements.
59. The medium of claim 46 further comprising the step of retaining in an average color data memory device said average color data values.
60. The medium of claim 59 further comprising step of transferring said average color data values to an external apparatus for further processing.