1. A process for producing low sulfur liquid products from a distillate boiling range feedstream comprising:
a) contacting a distillate boiling range feedstream containing aromatics, nitrogen and organically bound sulfur contaminants in a reaction stage with a bulk metal hydrotreating catalyst in the presence or hydrogen-containing treat gas thereby producing a reaction product comprising at least a vapor product and a liquid distillate boiling range product, wherein said distillate boiling range feedstream is contacted with said bulk metal catalyst under effective hydrotreating conditions and said bulk metal hydrotreating catalyst comprises:
i) a single Group VIB metal component selected from molybdenum and tungsten;
ii) a Group V metal component selected from vanadium, niobium, tantalum, and mixtures thereof; and
iii) a Group VIII metal component selected from nickel, cobalt, iron, and mixtures thereof, wherein the metal components (calculated as oxides) comprise at least 50 wt. % of the catalyst, wherein the metal components are present in a ratio defined as (Group VIB+Group V):(Group VIII) such that said ratio, based on oxide forms of the metal components, is from 0.35:1 to 2:1.
2. The process according to claim 1 wherein said distillate boiling range feedstream boils within 145\xb0 C. to about 425\xb0 C.
3. The process according to claim 1 wherein said reaction stage comprises one or more reactors or reaction zones each of which can comprise one or more catalyst beds selected from the group consisting of fluidized beds, ebullating beds, slurry beds, fixed beds, and moving beds wherein each of said one or more catalyst beds contains a catalyst suitable for the reaction zone in which the catalyst bed is located.
4. The process according to claim 3 wherein said reaction stage comprises one or more fixed catalyst beds.
5. The process according to claim 3 wherein said process further comprises cooling between catalyst beds, reactors, or reaction zones in said reaction stage.
6. The process according to claim 1 wherein said distillate boiling range feedstream is a diesel boiling range feedstream.
7. The process according to claim 6 wherein said diesel boiling range feedstream is selected from (1) diesel boiling range feedstreams that are not hydrotreated; (ii) are a blend of non-hydrotreated diesel boiling range feedstreams; (iii) are previously hydrotreated diesel boiling range feedstreams; (iv) are blends of hydrotreated diesel boiling range feedstreams; and (v) are blends of, non-hydrotreated and hydrotreated diesel boiling range feedstreams.
8. The process according to claim 1 wherein said bulk metal hydrotreating catalyst has a ratio between the total molar amount of Group VIB and Group V metal and the molar amount of Group VIII metal of at least 0.6:1.
9. The process according to claim 1 wherein the metal components of said bulk metal hydrotreating catalyst make up at least 80 wt. % of the catalyst composition, calculated as oxides.
10. The process according to claim 1 wherein the metal components of said bulk metal hydrotreating catalyst make up at least 90 wt. % of the catalyst composition, calculated as oxides.
11. The process according to claim 1 wherein vanadium andor niobium make up at least 50 mole % of the total of Group V metal components.
12. The process according to claim 1 wherein vanadium andor niobium make up at least 90 mole % of the total of Group V metal components.
13. The process according to claim 1 wherein vanadium andor niobium make up substantially all of the Group V metal components.
14. The process according to claim 1 wherein cobalt and nickel make up at least 50 mole % of the total of Group VIII metal components.
15. The process according to claim 1 wherein cobalt and nickel make up at least 90 mole % of the total of Group VIII metal components.
16. The process according to claim 1 wherein cobalt and nickel make up substantially all of the Group VIII metal components.
17. The process according to claim 14, wherein nickel makes up substantially all of the Group VIII metal components.
18. The process according to claim 1 wherein said bulk metal hydrotreating catalyst is formed by a process which comprises combining, sequentially or simultaneously, a Group VIB metal component selected from molybdenum and tungsten, a Group V metal component selected from vanadium, niobium, tantalum, and mixtures thereof; a Group VIII metal component selected from nickel, cobalt, iron, and mixtures thereof, and a sulfur compound.
19. The process according to claim 18 wherein said catalyst forming process involves combining, in a first step, a Group VIB metal component, a Group V metal component and a Group VIII metal component to form an oxygen-stable product and said oxygen stable product is combined with a sulfur compound in a second step.
20. The process according to claim 19 wherein the second step of combining the resulting oxygen-stable product with a sulfur compound further includes a sulfidation step wherein at least part of the metal components of the bulk metal hydrotreating catalyst are converted into their respective sulfides.
21. The process according to claim 1 wherein said process further comprises: b) separating said vapor product from said liquid distillate boiling range product; and c) recovering said liquid distillate boiling range product.
22. The process according to claim 1 wherein said effective hydrotreating conditions are selected in such a manner that at least a portion of said nitrogen and organically bound sulfur contaminants are removed from said distillate boiling range feedstream and at least a portion of said aromatics are hydrogenated.
23. The process according to claim 21 wherein said liquid distillate boiling range product has a sulfur, nitrogen, and aromatics concentration lower than said distillate boiling range feedstream.
24. The process according to claim 1 wherein said effective hydrotreating conditions comprise temperatures ranging from about 150\xb0 C. to about 425\xb0 C., weight hourly space velocities ranging from about 0.1 to about 20 hr\u22121, and pressures ranging from about 4 to about 70 atmospheres.
25. The process according to claim 1 wherein the nitrogen content of said distillate boiling range feedstream is about 50 to about 1000 wppm nitrogen, the sulfur content of the distillate boiling range feedstream ranges from about 50 wppm to about 7000 wppm, and the aromatics content ranges from about 0.05 wt. % to about 2.5 wt. %, all based on the distillate boiling range feedstream.
26. The process according to claim 1 wherein said bulk metal hydrotreating catalyst has a ratio between the total molar amount of Group VIB and Group V metals and the molar amount of Group VIII metal of at least 0.75:1.
27. The process according to claim 1 wherein said bulk metal hydrotreating catalyst has a ratio between the total molar amount of Group VIB and Group V metals and the molar amount of Group VIII metal of at most 1.5:1.
28. The process according to claim 1, wherein:
vanadium andor niobium make up substantially all of the Group V metal components;
cobalt andor nickel make up substantially all of the Group VIII metal components;
the Group VIB metal component is selected from molybdenum and tungsten;
the Group V metal components, the Group VIII metal components, and the Group VIB metal component constitute at least 90 wt % of the hulk hydroprocessing catalyst, as measured in oxide form before sulfidization;
the effective hydrotreating conditions comprise temperatures ranging from about 150\xb0 C. to about 425\xb0 C., weight hourly space velocities ranging from about 0.1 to about 20 hr\u22121, and pressures ranging from about 4 to about 70 atmospheres, and result in the distillate boiling range product having less than 100 wppm sulfur heteroatom content;
the (Group VIB+Group V):(Group VIII) ratio is from 0.48:1 to 0.67:1;
the bulk metal hydrotreating catalyst exhibits a metals ratio of (Group VIB):(Group V), based on oxide forms of the metals, from 3:1 to 1:3; and
the bulk metal hydrotreating catalyst further comprises sulfur, at least partly in metal sulfide form, such that the bulk metal hydrotreating catalyst exhibits a sulfur content from 8 wt % to less than 70 wt %.
29. The process of claim 28, wherein the effective hydrotreating conditions result in the distillate boiling range product having less than 10 wppm nitrogen heteroatom content, less than 25.5 wt % total aromatics content, less than 4.0 wt % di-aromatics content, and 4.0 wt % or less polynuclear aromatics content.
The claims below are in addition to those above.
All refrences to claim(s) which appear below refer to the numbering after this setence.
1. A strip-loaded thin film electro-optic waveguide modulator device comprising a waveguide, said waveguide comprising: a substrate; a nano-dimensioned film component on said substrate, said film component comprising BaTiO3; and a ridge component on said film component, said ridge component having a refractive index less than the refractive index of said film component.
2. The device of claim 1 wherein said waveguide is dimensioned to reduce polarization-dependent loss.
3. The device of claim 2 where said ridge component comprises Si3N4 and has a thickness dimension ranging from about 100 nm to about 200 nm, and said film component has a thickness dimension ranging from about 300 nm to about 700 nm.
4. The device of claim 1 comprising two opposed, substantially coplanar electrodes, each said electrode on an opposed side of said ridge component.
5. The device of claim 4 incorporated into a fiber-optic internet network.
6. The device of claim 1 comprising a SiO2 buffer component over said ridge component and between said film component and said electrodes.
7. The device of claim 6 wherein said buffer component has a thickness dimension greater than about 400 nm.
8. The device of claim 7 wherein said buffer component dimension is selected to substantially match optic wave and microwave phase velocities through said waveguide.
9. A strip-loaded thin film, electro-optic waveguide modulator device, comprising a substrate; a nano-dimensioned film component on said substrate, said film component comprising BaTiO3; a ridge component on said film component, said ridge component having a refractive index less than the refractive index of said film component; two substantially coplanar electrodes, each said electrode on an opposed side of said ridge component; and a SiO2 buffer component over said ridge component and between said film component and said electrodes.
10. The device of claim 9 dimensioned to reduce planarization-dependant loss, said ridge component having a thickness dimension ranging from about 100 nm to about 200 nm, and said film component having a thickness dimension ranging from about 300 nm to about 700 nm.
11. The device of claim 10 wherein said buffer component has a thickness dimension greater than about 400 nm.
12. The device of claim 11 wherein said buffer component dimension is selected to substantially match optic wave and microwave phase velocities.
13. A method of using a SiO2 component to reduce the effective microwave refractive index of a BaTiO3 thin film composite waveguide modulator device, said method comprising:
providing a modulator device comprising a nano-dimensioned film component comprising BaTiO3, and a ridge component on said film component, said waveguide providing a first microwave refractive index at a given wavelength; and
providing a SiO2 buffer component over said ridge component and said film component, said waveguide providing a second, lower effective microwave refractive index at said wavelength.
14. The method of claim 13 wherein said waveguide is dimensioned to reduce polarization-dependant loss, said ridge component having a thickness dimension ranging from about 100 nm to about 200 nm, and said film component having a thickness dimension ranging from about 300 nm to about 700 nm.
15. The method of claim 14 wherein said buffer component has a thickness dimension greater than about 400 nm.
16. A method of using a buffer component dimension to increase microwave phase velocity in a waveguide modulator, said method comprising;
providing a strip-loaded thin film electro-optic modulator device comprising a waveguide comprising a nano-dimensioned film component comprising BaTiO3, and a ridge component on said film component, said waveguide providing a first microwave phase velocity at a given wavelength; and
providing a SiO2 buffer component on said ridge and film components, said buffer component thickness dimension selected to provide a second, higher microwave phase velocity at said wavelength.
17. The method of claim 16 wherein said thickness dimension is selected to provide a microwave phase velocity substantially matching the optic wave phase velocity, at said wavelength.
18. The method of claim 16 wherein said waveguide is dimensioned to reduce polarization-dependent loss, said ridge component having a thickness dimension ranging from about 100 nm to about 200 nm, and a film component having a thickness dimension ranging from about 300 nm to about 700 nm.
19. The method of claim 18 wherein said buffer component has a thickness dimension greater than about 400 nm.
20. The method of claim 19 wherein said film component has a thickness dimension of about 600 nm and said buffer component has a thickness dimension of about 1050 nm.