1. A closed-type rubber kneader kneading efficiency evaluation method when kneading kneading materials that include raw rubber and carbon black, comprising:
evaluating the kneading efficiency of the kneader in accordance with a magnitude of an evaluation index calculated based on a total amount of shear obtained by integrating a shear velocity applied to the kneading materials by a rotor of the kneader over a kneading time, and a unit work obtained by dividing integrated power obtained by integrating instantaneous power required to drive rotation of the rotor over the kneading time by a mass of the kneading materials.
2. The closed-type rubber kneader kneading efficiency evaluation method according to claim 1, wherein the kneading efficiencies of a plurality of kneaders are compared by comparing the evaluation index when same kneading materials are kneaded in the plurality of kneaders with different specifications under same conditions and to a same state.
3. The closed-type rubber kneader kneading efficiency evaluation method according to claim 2, wherein a kneading efficiency time history is determined by successively calculating the evaluation index.
4. The closed-type rubber kneader kneading efficiency evaluation method according to claim 1, wherein the kneading efficiencies of a plurality of different conditions are compared by comparing the evaluation index when the same kneading materials are kneaded in kneaders with a same specification under the plurality of different conditions and to a same state.
5. The closed-type rubber kneader kneading efficiency evaluation method according to claim 4, wherein a kneading efficiency time history is determined by successively calculating the evaluation index.
6. The closed-type rubber kneader kneading efficiency evaluation method according to claim 1, wherein the kneading efficiencies of a plurality of kneading materials are compared by comparing the evaluation index when the plurality of kneading materials with different mixes are kneaded in kneaders with a same specification under same conditions and to a same state.
7. The closed-type rubber kneader kneading efficiency evaluation method according to claim 6, wherein a kneading efficiency time history is determined by successively calculating the evaluation index.
8. The closed-type rubber kneader kneading efficiency evaluation method according to claim 1, wherein a kneading efficiency time history is determined by successively calculating the evaluation index.
The claims below are in addition to those above.
All refrences to claim(s) which appear below refer to the numbering after this setence.
What is claimed is:
1. A catalyst comprising a promoted mixed metal oxide having the empirical formula
MoaVbNcXdZeOf
wherein
N is at least one element selected from the group consisting of Te, Sb, Sn, Ge and Bi, X is at least one element selected from the group consisting of Nb, Ta, Ti, Al, Zr, Cr, Mn, Fe, Ru, Co, Rh, Ni, Pt, B, Ga, As, Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs, Fr, Be, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, Hf, Pb, P, Pm, Eu, Gd, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb, Lu, La, Sc, Au, Ag, Pd, Ga, Pr, Re, Ir, Nd, Y, Sm, Tb, W, Ce, Cu and Zn, and
Z is selected from the group consisting of In and Re; and wherein, when a1, b0.01 to 1.0, c0.01 to 1.0, d0.01 to 1.0, e0.001 to 0.1 and f is dependent on the oxidation state of the other elements.
2. The catalyst according to claim 1, wherein N is Te andor Sb and X is Nb.
3. The catalyst according to claim 2, wherein e0.001 to 0.01
4. The catalyst according to claim 3, wherein N is Te.
5. A process for producing an unsaturated carboxylic acid, which comprises subjecting an alkane or a mixture of an alkane and an alkene to a vapor phase catalytic oxidation reaction in the presence of a catalyst containing a promoted mixed metal oxide having the empirical formula
MoaVbNcXdZeOf
wherein
N is at least one element selected from the group consisting of Te, Sb, Sn, Ge and Bi,
X is at least one element selected from the group consisting of Nb, Ta, Ti, Al, Zr, Cr, Mn, Fe, Ru, Co, Rh, Ni, Pt B, As, Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs, Fr, Be, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, Hf, Pb, P, Pm, Eu, Gd, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb, Lu, La, Sc, Au, Ag, Pd, Ga, Pr, Re, Ir, Nd, Y, Sm, Tb, W, Ce, Cu and Zn, and
Z is selected from the group consisting of In and Re; and wherein, when a1, b0.01 to 1.0, c0.01 to 1.0, d0.01 to 1.0, e0.001 to 0.1 and f is dependent on the oxidation state of the other elements.
6. A process for producing an unsaturated nitrile, which comprises subjecting an alkane, or a mixture of an alkane and an alkene, and ammonia to a vapor phase catalytic oxidation reaction in the presence of a catalyst containing a promoted mixed metal oxide having the empirical formula
MoaVbNcXdZeOf
wherein
N is at least one element selected from the group consisting of Te, Sb, Sn, Ge and Bi,
X is at least one element selected from the group consisting of Nb, Ta, Ti, Al, Zr, Cr, Mn, Fe, Ru, Co, Rh, Ni, Pt, B, As, Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs, Fr, Be, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, Hf, Pb, P, Pm, Eu, Gd, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb, Lu, La, Sc, Au, Ag, Pd, Ga, Pr, Re, Ir, Nd, Y, Sm, Tb, W, Ce, Cu and Zn, and
Z is selected from the group consisting of In and Re; and wherein, when a1, b0.01 to 1.0, c0.01 to 1.0, d0.01 to 1.0, e0.001 to 1.0 and f is dependent on the oxidation state of the other elements.
7. A catalyst produced by the process comprising:
(1) admixing compounds of the elements Mo, V, N, X and Z and at least one solvent to form an admixture,
wherein
N is at least one element selected from the group consisting of Te, Sb, Sn, Ge and Bi,
X is at least one element selected from the group consisting of Nb, Ta, Ti, Al, Zr, Cr, Mn, Fe, Ru, Co, Rh, Ni, Pt, B, As, Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs, Fr, Be, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, Hf, Pb, P, Pm, Eu, Gd, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb, Lu, La, Sc, Au, Ag, Pd, Ga, Pr, Re, Ir, Nd, Y, Sm, Tb, W, Ce, Cu and Zn, and
Z is selected from the group consisting of In and Re; and
wherein the elements Mo, V, N, X and Z are present in such amounts that the atomic ratio of Mo:V:N:X:Z is
1:0.01 to 1.0:0.01 to 1.0:0.01 to 1.0:0.001 to 0.1;
(2) removing said at least one solvent from the admixture to obtain a catalyst precursor; and
(3) calcining said catalyst precursor.
8. The catalyst according to claim 7, wherein at least one of the compounds of the elements Mo, V, N, X and Z is an oxygen-containing compound.
9. A process for producing an unsaturated carboxylic acid, which comprises subjecting an alkane or a mixture of an alkane and an alkene to a vapor phase catalytic oxidation reaction in the presence of the catalyst produced according to claim 7.
10. A process for producing an unsaturated nitrile, which comprises subjecting an alkane, or a mixture of an alkane and an alkene, and ammonia to a vapor phase catalytic oxidation reaction in the presence of the catalyst produced according to claim 7.