1. A line quality monitoring apparatus, comprising:
a clock extraction unit configured to extract a clock from a received signal;
a first identifier configured to compare the received signal with a first identification level in a phase of the clock extracted by said clock extraction unit, thereby outputting an identification result;
a second identifier configured to compare the received signal with a second identification level in the phase of the clock extracted by said clock extraction unit, thereby outputting an identification result;
an EX-OR gate configured to calculate an EX-OR of the identification results of said first and second identifiers;
an error rate calculation unit configured to calculate a code error rate on the basis of an output from said EX-OR gate and the clock extracted by said clock extraction unit;
an amplitude detector configured to detect an amplitude of the received signal;
a noise power detector configured to detect noise power contained in the received signal; and
a controller configured to control a difference between the first and second identification levels to be inversely proportional to an output from said amplitude detector and to be proportional to an output from said noise power detector.
2. The apparatus according to claim 1, further comprising a low-frequency signal source configured to output a low-frequency signal, an average value of which is the second identification level, to said second identifier, and
wherein said controller controls an effective value of the low-frequency signal output from said low-frequency signal source to be inversely proportional to the output from said amplitude detector and to be proportional to the output from said noise power detector.
3. The apparatus according to claim 2, wherein the low-frequency signal involves a rectangular wave.
4. The apparatus according to claim 2, wherein the low-frequency signal involves a sine wave.
5. The apparatus according to claim 2, wherein the low-frequency signal involves a pseudo random pattern.
6. A line quality monitoring apparatus, comprising:
a clock extraction unit configured to extract a clock from a received signal;
a first identifier configured to compare the received signal with a first identification level in a phase of the clock extracted by said clock extraction unit, thereby outputting an identification result;
a second identifier configured to compare the received signal with a second identification level in the phase of the clock extracted by said clock extraction unit, thereby outputting an identification result;
an EX-OR gate configured to calculate an EX-OR of the identification results of said first and second identifiers;
an error rate calculation unit configured to calculate a code error rate on the basis of an output from said EX-OR gate and the clock extracted by said clock extraction unit;
an amplitude detector configured to detect an amplitude of the received signal;
a noise power detector configured to detect noise power contained in the received signal;
a controller configured to control a difference between the first and second identification levels to be inversely proportional to an output from said amplitude detector and to be proportional to an output from said noise power detector; and
a variable noise source configured to output noise, an average value of which is the second identification level, to said second identifier, and
wherein said controller controls a variance of the noise output from said variable noise source to be inversely proportional to the output from said amplitude detector and to be proportional to the output from said noise power detector.
7. A line quality monitoring apparatus, comprising:
a clock extraction unit configured to extract a clock from a received signal;
a first identifier configured to compare the received signal with a first identification level in a phase of the clock extracted by said clock extraction unit, thereby outputting an identification result;
a second identifier configured to compare the received signal with a second identification level in the phase of the clock extracted by said clock extraction unit, thereby outputting an identification result;
an EX-OR gate configured to calculate an EX-OR of the identification results of said first and second identifiers;
an error rate calculation unit configured to calculate a code error rate on the basis of an output from said EX-OR gate and the clock extracted by said clock extraction unit;
an amplitude detector configured to detect an amplitude of the received signal;
a noise power detector configured to detect noise power contained in the received signal; and
a controller configured to control a difference between the first and second identification levels to be inversely proportional to an output from said amplitude detector and to be proportional to an output from said noise power detector,
wherein said noise power detector includes:
a delay circuit configured to adjust phases of the received signal and an output signal of said first identifier;
a variable attenuator configured to adjust amplitudes of the received signal and the output signal of said first identifier;
a subtraction circuit configured to remove a signal component from the received signal, the phase and amplitude of which have been adjusted by said delay circuit and said variable attenuator; and
a power detection circuit configured to detect power of an output from said subtraction circuit.
8. A line quality monitoring apparatus, comprising:
a clock extraction unit configured to extract a clock from a received signal;
a first identifier configured to compare the received signal with a first identification level in a phase of the clock extracted by said clock extraction unit, thereby outputting an identification result;
a second identifier configured to compare the received signal with a second identification level in the phase of the clock extracted by said clock extraction unit, thereby outputting an identification result;
an EX-OR gate configured to calculate an EX-OR of the identification results of said first and second identifiers;
an error rate calculation unit configured to calculate a code error rate on the basis of an output from said EX-OR gate and the clock extracted by said clock extraction unit;
an amplitude detector configured to detect an amplitude of the received signal;
a noise power detector configured to detect noise power contained in the received signal; and
a controller configured to control a difference between the first and second identification levels to be inversely proportional to an output from said amplitude detector and to be proportional to an output from said noise power detector,
wherein said noise power detector includes:
a third identifier configured to compare the received signal with a third identification level in a phase of the clock extracted by said clock extraction unit, thereby outputting an identification result;
a second EX-OR gate configured to calculate an EX-OR of the identification results of said first and third identifiers; and
a low-pass filter configured to output an average value of an output from said second EX-OR gate.
9. A line quality monitoring apparatus, comprising:
a clock extraction unit configured to extract a clock from a received signal;
a first identifier configured to compare the received signal with a first identification level in a phase of the clock extracted by said clock extraction unit, thereby outputting an identification result;
a second identifier configured to compare the received signal with a second identification level in the phase of the clock extracted by said clock extraction unit, thereby outputting an identification result;
an EX-OR gate configured to calculate an EX-OR of the identification results of said first and second identifiers;
an error rate calculation unit configured to calculate a code error rate on the basis of an output from said EX-OR gate and the clock extracted by said clock extraction unit;
an amplitude detector configured to detect an amplitude of the received signal;
a variable gain unit configured to control the amplitude of the received signal to be constant in accordance with a detection result of said amplitude detector;
a noise power detector configured to detect noise power contained in the received signal; and
a controller configured to control a difference between the first and second identification levels to be proportional to an output from said noise power detector.
10. The apparatus according to claim 9, further comprising a low-frequency signal source configured to output a low-frequency signal, an average value of which is the second identification level, to said second identifier, and
wherein said controller controls an effective value of the low-frequency signal output from said low-frequency signal source to be proportional to the output from said noise power detector.
11. The apparatus according to claim 10, wherein the low-frequency signal involves a rectangular wave.
12. The apparatus according to claim 10, wherein the low-frequency signal involves a sine wave.
13. The apparatus according to claim 10, wherein the low-frequency signal involves a pseudo random pattern.
14. A line quality monitoring apparatus, comprising:
a clock extraction unit configured to extract a clock from a received signal;
a first identifier configured to compare the received signal with a first identification level in a phase of the clock extracted by said clock extraction unit, thereby outputting an identification result;
a second identifier configured to compare the received signal with a second identification level in the phase of the clock extracted by said clock extraction unit, thereby outputting an identification result;
an EX-OR gate configured to calculate an EX-OR of the identification results of said first and second identifiers;
an error rate calculation unit configured to calculate a code error rate on the basis of an output from said EX-OR gate and the clock extracted by said clock extraction unit;
an amplitude detector configured to detect an amplitude of the received signal;
a variable gain unit configured to control the amplitude of the received signal to be constant in accordance with a detection result of said amplitude detector;
a noise power detector configured to detect noise power contained in the received signal;
a controller configured to control a difference between the first and second identification levels to be proportional to an output from said noise power detector; and
a variable noise source configured to output noise, an average value of which is the second identification level, to said second identifier, and
wherein said controller controls a variance of the noise output from said variable noise source to be proportional to the output from said noise power detector.
15. A line quality monitoring apparatus, comprising:
a clock extraction unit configured to extract a clock from a received signal;
a first identifier configured to compare the received signal with a first identification level in a phase of the clock extracted by said clock extraction unit, thereby outputting an identification result;
a second identifier configured to compare the received signal with a second identification level in the phase of the clock extracted by said clock extraction unit, thereby outputting an identification result;
an EX-OR gate configured to calculate an EX-OR of the identification results of said first and second identifiers;
an error rate calculation unit configured to calculate a code error rate on the basis of an output from said EX-OR gate and the clock extracted by said clock extraction unit;
an amplitude detector configured to detect an amplitude of the received signal;
a variable gain unit configured to control the amplitude of the received signal to be constant in accordance with a detection result of said amplitude detector;
a noise power detector configured to detect noise power contained in the received signal; and
a controller configured to control a difference between the first and second identification levels to be proportional to an output from said noise power detector,
wherein said variable gain unit includes a variable gain amplifier.
16. A line quality monitoring apparatus, comprising:
a clock extraction unit configured to extract a clock from a received signal;
a first identifier configured to compare the received signal with a first identification level in a phase of the clock extracted by said clock extraction unit, thereby outputting an identification result;
a second identifier configured to compare the received signal with a second identification level in the phase of the clock extracted by said clock extraction unit, thereby outputting an identification result;
an EX-OR gate configured to calculate an EX-OR of the identification results of said first and second identifiers;
an error rate calculation unit configured to calculate a code error rate on the basis of an output from said EX-OR gate and the clock extracted by said clock extraction unit;
an amplitude detector configured to detect an amplitude of the received signal;
a variable gain unit configured to control the amplitude of the received signal to be constant in accordance with a detection result of said amplitude detector;
a noise power detector configured to detect noise power contained in the received signal; and
a controller configured to control a difference between the first and second identification levels to be proportional to an output from said noise power detector,
wherein said variable gain unit includes an optical pre-amplifier.
17. A line quality monitoring apparatus, comprising:
a clock extraction unit configured to extract a clock from a received signal;
a first identifier configured to compare the received signal with a first identification level in a phase of the clock extracted by said clock extraction unit, thereby outputting an identification result;
a second identifier configured to compare the received signal with a second identification level in the phase of the clock extracted by said clock extraction unit, thereby outputting an identification result;
an EX-OR gate configured to calculate an EX-OR of the identification results of said first and second identifiers;
an error rate calculation unit configured to calculate a code error rate on the basis of an output from said EX-OR gate and the clock extracted by said clock extraction unit;
an amplitude detector configured to detect an amplitude of the received signal;
a variable gain unit configured to control the amplitude of the received signal to be constant in accordance with a detection result of said amplitude detector;
a noise power detector configured to detect noise power contained in the received signal; and
a controller configured to control a difference between the first and second identification levels to be proportional to an output from said noise power detector,
wherein said noise power detector includes:
a delay circuit configured to adjust phases of the received signal and an output signal of said first identifier;
a variable attenuator configured to adjust amplitudes of the received signal and the output signal of said first identifier;
a subtraction circuit configured to remove a signal component from the received signal, the phase and amplitude of which have been adjusted by said delay circuit and said variable attenuator; and
a power detection circuit configured to detect power of an output from said subtraction circuit.
18. A line quality monitoring apparatus, comprising:
a clock extraction unit configured to extract a clock from a received signal;
a first identifier configured to compare the received signal with a first identification level in a phase of the clock extracted by said clock extraction unit, thereby outputting an identification result;
a second identifier configured to compare the received signal with a second identification level in the phase of the clock extracted by said clock extraction unit, thereby outputting an identification result;
an EX-OR gate configured to calculate an EX-OR of the identification results of said first and second identifiers;
an error rate calculation unit configured to calculate a code error rate on the basis of an output from said EX-OR gate and the clock extracted by said clock extraction unit;
an amplitude detector configured to detect an amplitude of the received signal;
a variable gain unit configured to control the amplitude of the received signal to be constant in accordance with a detection result of said amplitude detector;
a noise power detector configured to detect noise power contained in the received signal; and
a controller configured to control a difference between the first and second identification levels to be proportional to an output from said noise power detector,
wherein said noise power detector includes:
a third identifier configured to compare the received signal with a third identification level in a phase of the clock extracted by said clock extraction unit, thereby outputting an identification result;
a second EX-OR gate configured to calculate an EX-OR of the identification results of said first and third identifiers; and
a low-pass filter configured to output an average value of an output from said second EX-OR gate.
The claims below are in addition to those above.
All refrences to claim(s) which appear below refer to the numbering after this setence.
1. An induced sludge blanket anaerobic reactor, comprising:
a vessel;
an inlet coupled to the vessel, the inlet introducing wastewater into the vessel;
a first outlet coupled to the vessel, the first outlet directing wastewater to the outside of the vessel;
a gas port coupled to the vessel, the gas port collecting gasses produced in the vessel;
a septum having a periphery, the septum positioned within the vessel to maintain solid particles below the septum;
an aperture formed in the septum.
2. An induced sludge blanket anaerobic reactor according to claim 1 wherein the septum tapers from an apex to side walls of the vessel.
3. An induced sludge blanket anaerobic reactor according to claim 1 wherein:
the septum tapers from an apex to a side wall of the vessel;
the first outlet is coupled to the side wall of the vessel at an elevation between the apex and the periphery of the septum at the side wall.
4. An induced sludge blanket anaerobic reactor according to claim 1, further comprising a second outlet coupled to the vessel adjacent to the first outlet, wherein:
the septum tapers from an apex to a side wall of the vessel;
the first outlet is coupled to the side wall of the vessel at a first elevation between the apex and the periphery of the septum at the side wall;
the second outlet is coupled to the side wall of the vessel at a second elevation.
5. An induced sludge blanket anaerobic reactor according to claim 1, further comprising a second outlet coupled to the vessel adjacent to the first outlet wherein:
the septum tapers from an apex to a side wall of the vessel;
the first outlet is coupled to the side wall of the vessel at an elevation between the apex and the periphery of the septum at the side wall;
the second outlet is coupled to the side wall between the first outlet and the periphery of the septum at the side wall.
6. An induced sludge blanket anaerobic reactor according to claim 1, further comprising a second outlet coupled to the vessel adjacent to the first outlet wherein:
the septum tapers from an apex to a side wall of the vessel;
the first outlet is coupled to the side wall of the vessel at an elevation between the apex and the periphery of the septum at the side wall;
the second outlet is coupled to the side wall between the first outlet and the periphery of the septum at the side wall;
the first and second outlets are fluidly connected in series and to a recirculation pump capable of moving solids from above the septum back into the vessel below the septum.
7. An induced sludge blanket anaerobic reactor according to claim 1 wherein the septum is generally flat.
8. An induced sludge blanket anaerobic reactor according to claim 1 wherein:
the septum slopes upward from an inverted apex to a side wall of the vessel.
9. An induced sludge blanket anaerobic reactor according to claim 1 wherein the first outlet comprises a gas trap and overpressure device.
10. An induced sludge blanket anaerobic reactor according to claim 1 wherein the first outlet comprises a gas trap and overpressure device, the gas trap and overpressure device comprising an inverted P-trap.
11. An induced sludge blanket anaerobic reactor according to claim 1 wherein:
the septum tapers from an apex to a side wall of the vessel;
the first outlet comprises a gas trap and overpressure device, the gas trap and overpressure device comprising an inverted P-trap, wherein a center of a top of the inverted P-trap is located at an elevation approximately equal to the apex.
12. An induced sludge blanket anaerobic reactor according to claim 1 wherein the first outlet comprises a gas trap and overpressure device, the gas trap and overflow device comprising an inverted P-trap with a cleanout.
13. An induced sludge blanket anaerobic reactor according to claim 1 wherein the first outlet comprises a gas trap and overpressure device, wherein the gas trap and overpressure device release gas through the first outlet at a predetermined pressure.
14. An induced sludge blanket anaerobic reactor according to claim 1 wherein the first outlet comprises a passive gas trap and overpressure device, wherein the passive gas trap and overpressure device releases gas through the first outlet when gas pressure in the vessel above the septum reaches approximately ten to twenty inches of water.
15. An induced sludge blanket anaerobic reactor according to claim 1 wherein the first outlet comprises a passive gas trap and overpressure device, wherein the passive gas trap and overpressure device releases gas through the first outlet when gas pressure in the vessel above the septum reaches approximately twelve inches of water.
16. An induced sludge blanket anaerobic reactor according to claim 1, further comprising a distribution plate disposed in the vessel at the inlet.
17. An induced sludge blanket anaerobic reactor according to claim 1 wherein the inlet comprises a pipe extended into the vessel to a tee, the tee emptying into the vessel in two directions, and further comprising a distribution plate disposed in the vessel at one exit of the tee.
18. An induced sludge blanket anaerobic reactor according to claim 1, further comprising a distribution plate attached to a pedestal disposed in the vessel, the pedestal being attached to a floor of the vessel, wherein the pedestal is adjacent to but spaced from the inlet.
19. An induced sludge blanket anaerobic reactor according to claim 1 wherein:
the septum tapers from an apex to a side wall of the vessel, wherein the apex is elevated from the side wall by approximately one to three inches.
20. An apparatus, comprising:
an induced sludge blanket anaerobic reactor, the reactor comprising:
a vessel;
an inlet coupled to the vessel, the inlet introducing wastewater into the vessel;
a first outlet coupled to the vessel, the first outlet directing wastewater to the outside of the vessel, the first outlet comprising a gas trap;
a gas port coupled to the vessel, the gas port collecting gasses produced in the vessel;
a septum having a periphery, the septum positioned within the vessel to maintain solid particles below the septum;
an aperture formed in the septum inside the periphery.
21. An apparatus according to claim 20 wherein the a gas trap comprises a P-trap.
22. An apparatus according to claim 20, further comprising a second outlet in fluid communication with the first outlet, and wherein the gas trap comprises an inverted P-trap.
23. An apparatus according to claim 20, further comprising a second outlet in fluid communication with the first outlet, the second outlet disposed at a lower elevation on the vessel than the first outlet and located above the septum, wherein the gas trap comprises an inverted P-trap.
24. An apparatus according to claim 20, further comprising a second outlet in fluid communication with the first outlet, the second outlet disposed at a lower elevation on the vessel than the first outlet and located just above the septum, wherein the gas trap comprises an inverted P-trap with a cleanout, wherein the second outlet leads to a recirculation pump in fluid communication with the vessel below the septum.
25. An apparatus, comprising:
an induced sludge blanket anaerobic reactor, the reactor comprising:
a vessel;
an inlet coupled to the vessel, the inlet introducing wastewater into the vessel;
a septum having a periphery, the septum positioned within the vessel to maintain solid particles below the septum;
an aperture formed in the septum inside the periphery;
a first outlet coupled to the vessel, the first outlet arranged above the septum and directing wastewater to the outside of the vessel, the first outlet comprising a gas trap and overpressure device;
a second outlet coupled to the vessel at an elevation lower than the first outlet and above the septum;
a gas port coupled to the vessel, the gas port collecting gasses produced in the vessel;
a distribution plate inside the vessel at the inlet.
26. A method of processing wastewater through anaerobic digestion, comprising:
sending a flow of wastewater into a vessel to hold wastewater;
anaerobically digesting the wastewater with bacteria;
retaining solids from the wastewater in a lower zone of the vessel with a septum;
releasing gases generated in the lower zone of the vessel through an aperture in the septum;
controlling plugging of the aperture;
trapping gas at an effluent outlet to the vessel;
collecting the gases generated in the lower zone of the vessel;
protecting against overpressure of the collected gases.
27. A method of processing wastewater through anaerobic digestion according to claim 26, further comprising recirculating solids that pass through the aperture back to the lower zone.
28. An apparatus, comprising:
an induced sludge blanket anaerobic reactor, the reactor comprising:
a vessel;
an inlet coupled to the vessel, the inlet introducing wastewater into the vessel;
a first outlet coupled to the vessel, the first outlet directing wastewater to the outside of the vessel;
a gas port coupled to the vessel, the gas port collecting gasses produced in the vessel;
a septum arranged substantially flat within the vessel, the septum maintaining solid particles therebelow, the septum positioned within the vessel to maintain solid particles below the septum;
an aperture formed in the septum.
29. An apparatus according to claim 28 wherein the first outlet comprises a gas trap and overpressure device.
30. An apparatus according to claim 28 wherein the first outlet comprises a gas trap and overpressure device, the gas trap and overpressure device comprising an inverted P-trap.
31. An apparatus according to claim 28 wherein the first outlet comprises:
a downward sloping segment;
an inverted P-trap, extending from the downward sloping segment;
wherein a center of a top of the inverted P-trap is located at an elevation higher than the septum.
32. An apparatus according to claim 28 wherein the first outlet comprises:
a downward sloping segment;
an inverted P-trap extending from the downward sloping segment;
a cleanout port disposed in the inverted P-trap;
a valved bypass downstream of the downward sloping segment and in fluid communication with the inverted P-trap.
33. An apparatus according to claim 28 wherein the first outlet comprises a passive gas trap and overpressure device, wherein the passive gas trap and overpressure device releases gas through the first outlet when gas pressure in the vessel above the septum reaches approximately ten to twenty inches of water.
34. An apparatus, comprising:
an induced sludge blanket anaerobic reactor, the reactor comprising:
a vessel;
an inlet coupled to the vessel, the inlet introducing wastewater into the vessel;
a first outlet coupled to the vessel, the first outlet directing wastewater to the outside of the vessel;
a gas port coupled to the vessel, the gas port collecting gasses produced in the vessel;
a septum arranged within the vessel, the septum maintaining solid particles therebelow, the septum comprising an upward slope from a lowest portion to a side wall of the vessel;
an aperture formed in the septum.
35. An apparatus according to claim 34, further comprising a plate disposed below and contacting the septum.
36. An apparatus according to claim 34, further comprising a generally flat plate under the septum, the generally flat plate comprising an aperture aligned with the aperture of the septum, the generally flat plate cooperating with the septum to enclose an area between the generally flat plate and a sloping surface of the septum.
37. An apparatus according to claim 34 wherein the first outlet comprises:
a downward sloping segment;
an inverted P-trap extending from the downward sloping segment;
wherein a center of a top of the inverted P-trap is located at an elevation higher than the septum.
38. An apparatus according to claim 34 wherein the first outlet comprises:
a downward sloping segment;
an inverted P-trap, extending from the downward sloping segment;
a cleanout port disposed in the inverted P-trap;
a valved bypass downstream of the downward sloping segment and in fluid communication with the inverted P-trap.