1. A hydrogen engine using a recirculating working medium, wherein hydrogen, oxygen, and a working medium composed of a monoatomic gas is supplied to a combustion chamber to combust the hydrogen, and the working medium included in an exhaust gas discharged from the combustion chamber is recirculated to the combustion chamber through a recirculating passage, the hydrogen engine having product eliminating means, disposed in the recirculating passage, for eliminating carbon dioxide produced in the combustion chamber, wherein the product eliminating means comprises:
an absorbing material configured to absorb the carbon dioxide; and
a discharging opening section configured to discharge the carbon dioxide from the absorbing material to ambient air outside of the hydrogen engine, wherein
the recirculating passage comprises a main passage and a bypass passage which branches from the main passage at a branch point and joins to the main passage at a joining point downstream of the branch point, and the product eliminating means is disposed in the bypass passage,
the hydrogen engine further comprising a path switching means, disposed at the branch point, for selecting either a first state in which the gas flowing through the main passage upstream of the branch point is made to flow through the main passage from the branch point to the joining point or a second state in which the gas flowing through the main passage upstream of the branch point is made to flow through the bypass passage from the branch point to the joining point.
2. A hydrogen engine using a recirculating working medium as described in claim 1, wherein the product eliminating means comprises,
a container having a passage which constitute a portion of the recirculating passage; and
a monoethanolamine solution contained in the passage of the container or a zeolitic absorbent contained in the passage of the container.
3. A hydrogen engine using a recirculating working medium as described in claim 1, wherein the product eliminating means further comprises
enhancing separation means for adding physical action to the absorbing material in such a manner that the carbon dioxide absorbed by the absorbing material is enhanced to separate from the absorbing material; and
wherein the discharging opening section discharges the carbon dioxide which is separated from the absorbing material.
4. A hydrogen engine using a recirculating working medium as described in claim 3, wherein
the absorbing material is either a monoethanolamine solution which absorbs the carbon dioxide by dissolving the carbon dioxide or a zeolitic absorbent which absorbs the carbon dioxide by sorbing the carbon dioxide; and
the enhancing separation means is a heating means for heating the absorbing material.
5. A hydrogen engine using a recirculating working medium as described in claim 1, further comprising
carbon dioxide concentration obtaining means for obtaining a concentration of carbon dioxide contained in gas flowing through the main passage; and
switching control means for switching over the path switching means in such a manner that the gas flowing through the main passage upstream of the branch point is made to flow through the bypass passage between the branch point and the joining point, when the obtained concentration of carbon dioxide is higher than a predetermined concentration.
6. A hydrogen engine using a recirculating working medium as described in claim 5, wherein the carbon dioxide concentration obtaining means is a carbon dioxide concentration sensor which detects the carbon dioxide concentration.
7. A hydrogen engine using a recirculating working medium as described in claim 5, wherein the carbon dioxide concentration obtaining means is carbon dioxide concentration estimating means for estimating the carbon dioxide concentration based on accumulated time period of operation of the hydrogen engine.
8. A hydrogen engine using a recirculating working medium as described in claim 1, further comprising
cylinder pressure obtaining means for obtaining a cylinder pressure which is a pressure in the combustion chamber when a crank angle of the engine coincides with a predetermined crank angle near a top dead center of a compression stroke; and
switching control means for switching over the path switching means in such a manner that the gas flowing through the main passage upstream of the branch point is made to flow through the bypass passage between the branch point and the joining point, when the obtained cylinder pressure is smaller than a predetermined pressure.
9. A hydrogen engine using a recirculating working medium as described in claim 1, further comprising
combustion state indicating value obtaining means for obtaining a combustion state indicating value indicative of combustion state in the engine; and
switching control means for switching over the path switching means in such a manner that the gas flowing through the main passage upstream of the branch point is made to flow through the bypass passage between the branch point and the joining point, when the obtained combustion state indicating value indicates that the combustion state is worse than predetermined combustion state.
The claims below are in addition to those above.
All refrences to claim(s) which appear below refer to the numbering after this setence.
What is claimed is:
1. A compact wireless modem card placement in compliance with thickness requirement of type II PCMCIA standard and type II Compact Flash form factor standard, comprising:
a first side having a height clearance of approximately 2 mm; and
a second side opposite the first side and having a height clearance of approximately 1.45 mm
wherein those components with a height greater than 1.4 mm are placed on the first side of the card.
2. The compact wireless modem card of claim 1 wherein the first side of the card includes:
a radio-frequency transmitter (RFT) chip located at the lower left of the first side, the RFT chip to perform signal processing functions to up-convert baseband signals received from a mobile station modem (MSM) chip to radio-frequency signals;
a radio-frequency (RF) surface acoustic wave (SAW) filter located above and to the left of the RFT chip, wherein the space between the RFT chip and the RF SAW filter is used to route the transmission line from each respective driver.
3. The compact wireless modem card of claim 2 further including:
a tank circuit located below the RFT chip for the IF_LO generation performed by an on-chip synthesized IF_LO circuit included in the RFT chip; and
a plurality of ground vias enclosing the tank circuit to prevent electromagnetic interference (EMI).
4. The compact wireless modem card of claim 3 further including:
a power amplifier (PA) device;
an isolator coupled to the PA device and located to the right of the PA device; and
a duplexer coupled to the isolator and located to the right of the isolator.
5. The compact wireless modem card of claim 4 further including ground vias located on the lower boundary of a chain formed by the PA device, the isolator, and the duplexer.
6. The compact wireless modem card of claim 5 wherein the MSM chip is located to the right of the RFT chip and below the isolator and the duplexer.
7. The compact wireless modem card of claim 6 further including:
an intermediate frequency (IF) SAW filter located to the right of the MSM chip.
8. The compact wireless modem card of claim 5 further including:
a low noise amplifier (LNA) Mixer integrated circuit (IC) located on the upper left of the second side, wherein the inputs of the LNA Mixer IC are located opposite the receive (RX) port of the duplexer;
a phase locked loop (PLL) circuit located on the left of the second side and below the LNA Mixer IC; and
an intermediate frequency receiver (IFR) chip located of the left of the second side and below the PLL circuit.
9. The compact wireless modem card of claim 8 wherein the IF outputs from the LNA Mixer are located opposite the inputs of the IF SAW filter.
10. The compact wireless modem card of claim 9 wherein the outputs of the IF SAW filter are located opposite the inputs of the IFR chip.
11. The compact wireless modem card of claim 10 further including a loop filter and a tank circuit for the IFR chip which are located to the left of the IFR chip.
12. The compact wireless modem card of claim 11 further including a plurality of ground vias located to the right of a receive chain (RX chain) which includes the LNA Mixer, the PLL, and the IFR chip.
13. The compact wireless modem card of claim 12 further including a power management (PM) unit located to the right of the LNA Mixer.
14. The compact wireless modem card of claim 13 further including an application specific integrated circuit (ASIC) located to the right of the PM unit and the memory unit.
15. A method for producing a compact wireless modem card in compliance with thickness requirement of type II PCMCIA standard and type II Compact Flash form factor standard, comprising:
producing a first side having a height clearance of approximately 2 mm;
producing a second side opposite the first side and having a height clearance of approximately 1.45 mm; and
placing those components with a height greater than 1.4 mm on the first side of the card.
16. The method of claim 15 further including:
placing a radio-frequency transmitter (RFT) chip at the lower left of the first side, the RFT chip to perform signal processing functions to up-convert baseband signals received from a mobile station modem (MSM) chip to radio-frequency signals;
placing a radio-frequency (RF) surface acoustic wave (SAW) filter above and to the left of the RFT chip, wherein the space between the RFT chip and the RF SAW filter is used to route the transmission line from each respective driver;
placing a tank circuit below the RFT chip for the IF_LO generation performed by an on-chip synthesized IF_LO circuit included in the RFT chip; and
placing a plurality of ground vias around the tank circuit to prevent electromagnetic interference (EMI).
17. The method of claim 16 further including:
placing a power amplifier (PA) device above and to the right of the RF Saw filter;
placing an isolator which is coupled to the PA device and to the right of the PA device; and
placing a duplexer which is coupled to the isolator to the right of the isolator.
18. The method of claim 17 further including ground vias located on the lower boundary of a chain formed by the PA device, the isolator, and the duplexer.
19. The method of claim 18 further including:
placing the MSM chip to the right of the RFT chip and below the isolator and the duplexer; and
placing an intermediate frequency (IF) SAW filter to the right of the MSM chip.
20. The method of claim 19 further including:
placing a low noise amplifier (LNA) Mixer integrated circuit (IC) on the upper left of the second side, wherein the inputs of the LNA Mixer IC are located opposite the receive (RX) port of the duplexer;
placing a phase locked loop (PLL) circuit on the left of the second side and below the LNA Mixer IC; and
placing an intermediate frequency receiver (IFR) chip on the left of the second side and below the PLL circuit.
21. The method of claim 20 wherein the LNA Mixer IC passes the LNA output through an RF SAW and down-converts the received signal (RX signal) to intermediate frequency (IF) signal, the IF outputs from the LNA Mixer are located opposite the inputs of the IF SAW filter, and wherein the outputs of the IF SAW filter are located opposite the inputs of the IFR chip.
22. The method of claim 20 further including:
placing a loop filter and a tank circuit for the IFR chip to the left of the IFR chip;
placing a plurality of ground vias to the right of a receive chain (RX chain) which includes the LNA Mixer, the PLL, and the IFR chip.
23. The method of claim 22 further including:
placing a power management (PM) unit to the right of the LNA Mixer.
24. The method of claim 23 further including:
placing an application specific integrated circuit (ASIC) on the second side to the right of the PM unit and the memory unit.