Author: claimsbot

1. A module, comprising:
a plurality of circuit boards;
at least one fixing member fixing the adjacent circuit boards with a prescribed distance therebetween and providing an optical communication path between the adjacent circuit boards; and
an optical connector linking to the fixing member and providing an optical communication path in a direction different from an axial direction of the fixing member, wherein
the fixing member includes:
a body; and
an optical waveguide path extending through the body, wherein

the optical connector includes:
a body;
a mirror within the body;
a first optical waveguide path extending from a first end face exposed at one part of the surface of the body, bending via the mirror, up to a second end face exposed at one part of the surface of the body and non-parallel with respect to the first end face;
a second optical waveguide path extending from the first end face, passing through the mirror, up to a third end face exposed at one part of the surface of the body and parallel with respect to the first end face; and
a linking section formed so as to include the first end face, and having a mechanism linking to the fixing member with the first end face being optically coupled to the optical waveguide path of the fixing member, wherein the linking section allows the optical connector to rotate relative to at least one of the plurality of circuit boards.
2. The module according to claim 1, wherein the linking section of the optical connector comprises a mechanism that, when linking to the fixing member, allows the first end face to be optically coupled to the end face of the optical waveguide path of the fixing member at one angle selected from a plurality of angles with respect to a direction in which the first end face and the end face oppose to each other.
3. The module according to claim 1, wherein at least one of the optical waveguide path of the fixing member, the first optical waveguide path of the optical connector, or the second optical waveguide path of the optical connector comprises a plastic fiber.
4. The module according to claim 1, wherein the body of the fixing member includes:
a first part; and
a second part with an outer diameter that is smaller than the first part, wherein
a step surface is formed between the first part and the second part.
5. The module according to claim 4, wherein the first part of the fixing member has an insertion hole accepting the second part of another fixing member, the insertion hole extending along the direction of passage of the optical waveguide path of the fixing member from the end face of the first part of the fixing member, and the shape of the insertion hole substantially coinciding with the shape of the second part, wherein when a second part of one fixing member is inserted into the insertion hole of another fixing member, the end face of the optical waveguide path of the another fixing member is optically coupled to the end face of the optical waveguide path of the one fixing member.
6. The module according to claim 5, wherein the fixing member includes:
a first terminal formed on at least a part of an inner wall that defines the insertion hole of the fixing member;
a second terminal formed on at least a part of an outer wall of the second part; and
a conductive wire, provided outside the optical waveguide path of the fixing member, electrically connecting the first terminal and the second terminal, wherein
when the second part of one fixing member is inserted into the insertion hole of another fixing member, the second terminal of the one fixing member is electrically connected to the first terminal of the another fixing member.
7. The module according to claim 5, wherein the linking section of the optical connector includes:
a protruding part having a shape substantially coinciding with the shape of the second part of the fixing member andor a mating hole having a shape substantially coinciding with the shape of the insertion hole of the fixing member, wherein
in the case in which the protruding part is provided on the linking section, when the protruding part is inserted into the insertion hole of the fixing member, the end face of the optical waveguide path of the fixing member is optically coupled with the first end face of the protruding part, and wherein
in the case in which the mating hole is provided in the linking section, when the mating hole accepts the second part of the fixing member, the end face of the optical waveguide path of the fixing member is optically coupled with the first end face of the mating hole.
8. The module according to claim 6, wherein the linking section of the optical connector includes:
a protruding part having a shape substantially coinciding with the shape of the second part of the fixing member andor a mating hole having a shape substantially coinciding with the shape of the insertion hole of the fixing member, wherein
in the case in which the linking section has the protruding part, the optical connector further includes:
a third terminal formed on at least a part of the outer wall of the protruding part;
a fourth terminal formed on a part of the surface of the body other than the protruding part; and
a conductive wire provided on the outside of the optical waveguide path electrically connecting the third terminal and the fourth terminal, wherein
when the protruding part is inserted into the insertion hole of the fixing member, the end face of the optical waveguide path of the fixing member is optically coupled with the first end face of the protruding part, and the first terminal of the fixing member is electrically connected to the third terminal of the protruding part, wherein
in the case in which the linking section has the mating hole, the optical connector further includes:
a fifth terminal formed on at least a part of the inner wall delineating the mating hole;
a sixth terminal formed on a part of the surface of the body other than the mating hole; and
a conductive wire provided on the outside of the optical waveguide path electrically connecting the fifth terminal and the sixth terminal, wherein
when the mating hole accepts the second part of the fixing member, the end face of the optical waveguide path of the fixing member is optically coupled with the first end face of the mating hole, and the second terminal of the fixing member is electrically connected to the fifth terminal of the mating hole.
9. The module according to claim 7, wherein apertures for passing the second part of the fixing member or the protruding part of the linking section of the optical connector are provided in the plurality of circuit boards, the apertures being shaped to substantially coincide in shape with either the second part or the protruding part passing therethrough.
10. The module according to claim 9, wherein the second part of the fixing member and the circuit board have shapes that prevent mutual rotation about the axis of the fixing member.
11. The module according to claim 7, wherein the second part of the fixing member and the protruding part of the linking section of the optical connector have a cylindrical shape, and wherein
the insertion hole of the fixing member and the mating hole of the linking section of the optical connector have shapes substantially coinciding with the cylindrical shape.
12. The module according to claim 6, wherein a plurality of the sets of the first terminal, the second terminal, and the conductive wire are formed in the fixing member, of which, at least one set is for a ground potential and at least another is for a power supply voltage.
13. The module according to claim 1, wherein the fixing member further includes:
a first reflecting device provided inside the optical waveguide path of the fixing member to reflect an optical signal propagating within the optical waveguide path toward outside the optical waveguide path; and
a light-receiving element provided on the outside of the optical waveguide path of the fixing member to convert an optical signal reflected by the first reflecting device to an electrical signal.
14. The module according to claim 13, wherein first reflecting device of the fixing member is a half mirror, the first reflecting device reflecting a part of the optical signal propagating within the optical waveguide path of the fixing member and passing the remaining part of the optical signal.
15. The module according to claim 14, wherein the first reflecting device of the fixing member has a pair of half mirrors, the first reflecting device reflecting a part of the optical signal that propagates through the optical waveguide path of the fixing member from one end to the other end and part of the optical signal that propagates through the optical waveguide path of the fixing member from the other end to the one end.
16. The module according to claim 13, wherein an end part of a connecting wire connected to the light-receiving element is exposed at a surface of the fixing member to establish wiring to electrically connect the light-receiving element and the circuit board.
17. The module according to claim 1, wherein the fixing member further includes:
a light-emitting element provided on the outside of the optical waveguide path of the fixing member to convert an electrical signal to an optical signal; and
a second reflecting device provided within the optical waveguide path of the fixing member to reflect an optical signal from the light-emitting element toward inside the optical waveguide path.
18. The module according to claim 17, wherein the second reflecting device of the fixing member has a half mirror, reflects an optical signal from the light-emitting element toward inside the optical waveguide path of the fixing member, and passes an optical signal propagating through the optical waveguide path of the fixing member.
19. The module according to claim 18, wherein the second reflecting device of the fixing member has a pair of half mirrors, reflects an optical signal from the light-emitting element toward one end of the optical waveguide path, and reflects an optical signal from the light-emitting element toward the other end of the optical waveguide path.
20. The module according to claim 17, wherein an end part of a connecting wire connected to the light-emitting element is be exposed at the surface of the fixing member, thereby establishing wiring to electrically connect the light-emitting element and the circuit board.
21. A module, comprising:
a plurality of circuit boards;
a plurality of fixing members that fix the plurality of circuit boards with a prescribed distance therebetween and provide an optical communication path between the circuit boards; and
an optical connector linking to the fixing member and providing an optical communication path in a direction different from an axial direction of the fixing member, wherein
the fixing members include:
a first fixing member with a body, an optical waveguide path, a light-receiving element receiving a part of an optical signal propagating through the optical waveguide path to convert the optical signal to an electrical signal, and a light-emitting element emitting an optical signal to be introduced into the optical waveguide path,
a second fixing member with a body, an optical waveguide path, and a light-receiving element receiving a part of an optical signal propagating through the optical waveguide path to convert the optical signal to an electrical signal,
a third fixing member with a body, an optical waveguide path, and a light-emitting element emitting an optical signal to be introduced into the optical waveguide path, and
a fourth fixing member with a body and an optical waveguide path, wherein
the first fixing member to the fourth fixing member have a common shape, make connections from one fixing member to another fixing member, with a circuit board sandwiched therebetween, and allow optical coupling between an end face of the optical waveguide path of one fixing member and an end face of another fixing member,
the first fixing member being connected to a circuit board that sends a signal to and receives a signal from other circuit boards,
the second fixing member being connected to a circuit board that receives a signal from another circuit board,
the third fixing member being connected to a circuit board that sends a signal to another circuit board, and
the fourth fixing member being connected to a circuit board that neither sends a signal to nor receives a signal from another circuit board, wherein
the optical connector includes:
a body;
a mirror provided within the body;
a first optical waveguide path extending from a first end face exposed at one part of the surface of the body, bending via the mirror, up to a second end face exposed at one part of the surface of the body and non-parallel with respect to the first end face;
a second optical waveguide path extending from the first end face, passing through the mirror, up to a third end face exposed at one part of the surface of the body and parallel with respect to the first end face; and
a linking section, formed so as to include the first end face, linking to the fixing member with the first end face being optically coupled to the end face of optical waveguide path of the fixing member, wherein the linking section allows the optical connector to rotate relative to at least one of the plurality of circuit boards.
22. The module according to claim 21, wherein the linking section of the optical connector comprises a mechanism that, when linking to the fixing member, allows the first end face to be optically coupled to the end face of the optical waveguide path of the fixing member at one angle selected from a plurality of angles with respect to a direction in which the first end face and the end face oppose to each other.
23. An optical connector for a module having a plurality of circuit boards stacked via a fixing member, a first optical waveguide path passing through the fixing member and providing an optical communication path between the circuit boards, comprising: a body; a mirror provided inside the body; a second optical waveguide path extending from a first end face exposed at one part of the surface of the body, bending via the mirror, up to a second end face exposed at one part of the surface of the body and non-parallel with respect to the first end face; a third optical waveguide path extending from the first end face, passing through the mirror, up to a third end face exposed at one part of the surface of the body and parallel with respect to the first end face; and a linking section formed so as to include the first end face, and having a mechanism linking to the fixing member with the first end face being optically coupled to the end face of the first optical waveguide path, wherein the linking section, when linking to the fixing member, allows the optical connector to rotate relative to at least one of the plurality of circuit boards.
24. The optical connector according to claim 23, wherein the linking section of the optical connector comprises a mechanism that, when linking to the fixing member, allows the first end face to be optically coupled to the end face of the optical waveguide path of the fixing member at one angle selected from a plurality of angles with respect to a direction in which the first end face and the end face oppose each other.

The claims below are in addition to those above.
All refrences to claim(s) which appear below refer to the numbering after this setence.

1. A method for maintaining color consistency in an environment of output devices comprising:
identifying a plurality of devices on which a job is to be rendered;
obtaining a plurality of sets of color characteristics, each set of color characteristics being from one of the identified devices;
determining, based upon the plurality of sets of color characteristics, a set of parameters to modify the job for consistency across the identified devices;
modifying the job according to the set of parameters; and
rendering, at the plurality of identified devices, the modified job.
2. The method of claim 1 using device controllers associated with the identified devices for obtaining a set of color characteristics therefor.
3. The method of claim 1 wherein the job and the modified job employ device independent color descriptions.
4. The method of claim 1 wherein the modified job employs device dependent color descriptions specific to the identified devices.
5. The method of claim 1 wherein the parameters comprise a color transformation determined by color characteristics of each of the identified devices.
6. The method of claim 5 wherein the color transform is pre-computed, cached, and updated when the output devices are re-calibrated or re-characterized.
7. The method of claim 5 wherein the parameters being also determined by the content of the job.
8. The method of claim 1 further comprising mapping colors in the job to an intersection of color gamuts for each individual identified devices.
9. The method of claim 8 wherein the color gamut of each of the identified devices is obtained from either a color gamut identification data or device characterization data.
10. The method of claim 8 wherein the color gamut of each of the identified devices is obtained from a device characterization profile which includes color gamut information.
11. The method of claim 10 wherein the mapping clips colors located outside a color gamut to a boundary of the color gamut and leaves colors located inside a color gamut unaltered.
12. The method of claim 1 wherein a color gamut for each of the identified devices is computed using transforms relating device independent color to device dependent color using a combination of device calibration and characterization information.
13. The method of claim 12 wherein the color transforms are based on characteristics of a pre-determined group of the identified devices.
14. The method of claim 1 further comprising deriving a color gamut intersection common to color gamuts from each individual identified device.
15. The method of claim 14, once the color gamut intersection common to color gamuts from individual output devices is derived, mapping colors of the job to this color gamut.
16. The method of claim 1 further comprising using a black point in the job to map a tone scale of a color gamut of the job to a tone scale of a color gamut of each identified device to ensure uniform tone response across devices.
17. The method of claim 16 wherein a lightness mapping function in CIELAB is utilized.
18. The method of claim 1 further comprising querying the output device to obtain color characteristics specific to the identified device.
19. A system for maintaining color consistency in an environment of networked devices comprising:
a computer in communication with a plurality of output devices;
a processor, and software and hardware resources sufficient to perform the tasks of:
identifying a plurality of output devices on which a job is to be rendered;
obtaining a plurality of sets of color characteristics, each set of color characteristics being from one of the identified output devices;
determining, based upon the plurality of sets of color characteristics, a set of parameters to modify the job for consistency across the identified output devices;
modifying the job according to the set of parameters; and
rendering, at the plurality of identified devices, the modified job.
20. The system of claim 19 using device controllers associated with at least one of the identified output devices for obtaining a set of color characteristics therefor.
21. The system of claim 19 wherein the job and the modified job employ device independent color descriptions.
22. The system of claim 19 wherein the modified job employs device dependent color descriptions specific to the identified output devices.
23. The system of claim 19 wherein the parameters comprise a color transformation determined by color characteristics of at least one of the identified output devices.
24. The system of claim 23 wherein the color transform is pre-computed, cached, and updated when the identified output devices are re-calibrated or re-characterized.
25. The system of claim 23 wherein the parameters being also determined by the content of the job.
26. The system of claim 19 further comprising mapping colors in the job to an intersection of color gamuts of individual identified output devices.
27. The system of claim 26 wherein the color gamut of each of the identified output devices is obtained from either a color gamut identification data or device characterization data.
28. The system of claim 26 wherein the color gamut of each of the identified output devices is obtained from a device characterization profile which includes color gamut information.
29. The system of claim 28 wherein the mapping clips colors located outside a color gamut to a boundary of the color gamut and leaves colors located inside a color gamut unaltered.
30. The system of claim 19 wherein a color gamut for the identified output devices is computed using transforms relating device independent color to device dependent color using a combination of device calibration and characterization information.
31. The system of claim 30 wherein the color transforms are based on characteristics of a pre-determined group of the identified output devices.
32. The system of claim 19 further comprising deriving color gamut intersection common to color gamut from individual identified output devices.
33. The system of claim 32, once the color gamut intersection common to color gamuts from individual identified output devices is derived, mapping colors of the job to this color gamut.
34. The system of claim 19 further comprising using a black point of the job to map a tone scale of the color gamut of the job to the tone scale of the color gamut of each identified output device to ensure uniform tone response across devices.
35. The system of claim 34 wherein a lightness mapping function in CIELAB is utilized.
36. The system of claim 19 further comprising querying the identified output device to obtain color characteristics specific to the identified output device.

1. An adjustable pickup coil matrix comprising:
a coil matrix having a plurality of selections of coils of differing effective heights and widths;
at least one contiguous magnetic pole electromagnetically associated with said coil matrix; and
a bridging control means,
wherein said bridging control means are used to create a plurality of selections of said coil matrix heights and widths used to vary said adjustable pickup coil matrix sound response.
2. The adjustable pickup coil matrix of claim 1, wherein said adjustable pickup coil matrix sound response is created by controlled summation of sound responses received from said plurality of coil matrix heights and widths, and wherein said bridging control means are used to include in said summation sound responses received from selected parts of said plurality of coil matrix heights and widths.
3. The adjustable pickup coil matrix of claim 1, wherein said adjustable pickup coil matrix is a stringed musical instrument’s adjustable pickup coil.
4. The adjustable pickup coil matrix of claim 1, wherein said adjustable pickup coil matrix is a non stringed musical instrument’s adjustable pickup coil.
5. The adjustable pickup coil matrix of claim 1, further comprising a diaphragm, and wherein said adjustable pickup coil matrix is a speaker’s adjustable coil matrix.
6. The adjustable pickup coil matrix of claim 1, further comprising a diaphragm, and wherein said adjustable pickup coil matrix is a dynamic microphone’s adjustable coil matrix.
7. The adjustable pickup coil matrix of claim 1, further comprising at least one needle, and wherein said adjustable pickup coil matrix is a phonograph cartridge adjustable coil matrix.

The claims below are in addition to those above.
All refrences to claim(s) which appear below refer to the numbering after this setence.

1. A pharmaceutical composition comprising a therapeutically effective amount of a DPP-IV inhibitor, wherein the DPP-IV inhibitor is released in the lower gastrointestinal tract.
2. The pharmaceutical composition according to claim 1, wherein the DPP-IV inhibitor is released in the ileum.
3. The pharmaceutical composition according to claim 1, wherein the DPP-IV inhibitor is released at a pH above 7.0.
4. The pharmaceutical composition according to claim 1, wherein the composition comprises a coating.
5. The pharmaceutical composition according to claim 1, wherein the composition is a tablet or a capsule.
6. The pharmaceutical composition according to claim 5, wherein the tablet or capsule comprises a coating.
7. The pharmaceutical composition according to claim 5, wherein the tablet or capsule comprises coated pellets.
8. The pharmaceutical composition according to claim 1, wherein at least 80% of the DPP-IV inhibitor is released in the lower gastrointestinal tract.
9. The pharmaceutical composition according to claim 1, wherein the DPP-IV inhibitor is released with a delay of 30 to 60 minutes at pH 7.0.
10. The pharmaceutical composition according to claim 1, comprising 10 to 1000 mg of the DPP-IV inhibitor.
11. The pharmaceutical composition according to claim 1, comprising 100 to 400 mg of the DPP-IV inhibitor.
12. The pharmaceutical composition according to claim 1, wherein the DPP-IV inhibitor exhibits a biological activity with an IC50 value below 10 \u03bcM.
13. The pharmaceutical composition according to claim 1, wherein the DPP-IV inhibitor is a compound of formula (I)
wherein
R1 is H or CN,
R2 is \u2014C(R3,R4)\u2014(CH2)n\u2014R5, \u2014C(R3,R4)\u2014CH2\u2014NH\u2014R6, \u2014C(R3,R4)\u2014CH2\u2014O\u2014R7; or
tetralinyl, tetrahydroquinolinyl or tetrahydroisoquinolinyl, which tetralinyl, tetrahydroquinolinyl or tetrahydroisoquinolinyl group can optionally be substituted with 1 to 3 substituents independently selected from the group consisting of lower-alkyl, lower-alkoxy, halogen, CN, and CF3,
R3 is hydrogen, lower-alkyl, benzyl, hydroxybenzyl or indolylmethylene,
R4 is hydrogen or lower-alkyl, or
R3 and R4 are bonded to each other to form a ring together with the carbon atom to which they are attached and \u2014R3\u2014R4\u2014 is \u2014(CH2)2-5\u2014,
R5 is 5-membered heteroaryl, bi- or tricyclic heterocyclyl, or aminophenyl; optionally substituted with 1 to 3 substituents independently selected from the group consisting of lower-alkyl, lower-alkoxy, halogen, CN, CF3, trifluoroacetyl, thiophenyl, phenyl, heteroaryl and monocyclic heterocyclyl, which phenyl, heteroaryl or monocyclic heterocyclyl can optionally be substituted with 1 to 3 substituents independently selected from the group consisting of lower-alkyl, lower-alkoxy, benzyloxy, halogen, CF3, CF3\u2014O, CN and NH\u2014CO-lower-alkyl,
R6 is a) pyridinyl or pyrimidinyl, which is substituted with 1 to 3 substituents independently selected from the group consisting of aryl and heteroaryl, which aryl or heteroaryl group can optionally be substituted with 1 to 3 substituents independently selected from the group consisting of lower-alkyl, lower-alkoxy, halogen, CN, and CF3,
or b) 5-membered heteroaryl or bi- or tricyclic heterocyclyl, which 5-membered heteroaryl or bi- or tricyclic heterocyclyl can optionally be substituted with 1 to 3 substituents independently selected from the group consisting of lower-alkyl, carbonyl, aryl and heteroaryl, which aryl or heteroaryl group can optionally be substituted with 1 to 3 substituents independently selected from the group consisting of lower-alkyl, lower-alkoxy, halogen, CN, and CF3, and which carbonyl group can optionally be substituted with lower-alkyl, lower-alkoxy, halogen, CN, CF3, aryl, or heteroaryl, which aryl or heteroaryl group can optionally be substituted with 1 to 3 substituents independently selected from the group consisting of lower-alkyl, lower-alkoxy, halogen, CN, and CF3,

R7 is aminophenyl, naphthyl or quinolinyl, optionally substituted with 1 to 3 substituents independently selected from the group consisting of lower-alkyl, lower-alkoxy, halogen, CN and CF3,
X is C(R8,R9) or S,
R8 and R9 independently from each other are H or lower-alkyl,
n is 0, 1 or 2,

and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.
14. The pharmaceutical composition according to claim 1, wherein the DPP-IV inhibitor is a compound of formula (II),
wherein
R1 is \u2014C(O)\u2014N(R5)R6 or \u2014N(R5)R6;
R2, R3 and R4 are each independently hydrogen, halogen, hydroxy, lower alkyl, lower alkoxy or lower alkenyl, wherein lower alkyl, lower alkoxy and lower alkenyl may optionally be substituted by lower alkoxycarbonyl, aryl or heterocyclyl;
R5 is hydrogen, lower alkyl, halogenated lower alkyl or cycloalkyl;
R6 is lower alkylsulfonyl, halogenated lower alkylsulfonyl, cycloalkylsulfonyl, lower alkylcarbonyl, halogenated lower alkylcarbonyl, cycloalkylcarbonyl; or
R5 and R6 together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached form a 4-, 5-, 6- or 7-membered saturated or unsaturated heterocyclic ring optionally containing a further heteroatom selected from nitrogen, oxygen and sulfur, said heterocyclic ring being optionally mono-, di-, or tri-substituted, independently, with lower alkyl, halogenated lower alkyl, oxo, dioxo andor cyano;

and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.
15. The pharmaceutical composition according to claim 1, wherein the DPP-IV inhibitor is a compound of formula (IIIA) or (IIIB)
wherein R\u2032 represents hydroxy, C1-C7alkoxy, C1-C8-alkanoyloxy, or R5R4N\u2014CO\u2014O\u2014, where R4 and R5 independently are C1-C7alkyl or phenyl which is unsubstituted or substituted by a substitutent selected from C1-C7alkyl, C1-C7alkoxy, halogen and trifluoromethyl and where R4 additionally is hydrogen; or R4 and R5 together represent C3-C6 alkylene; and R\u2033 represents hydrogen; or R\u2032 and R\u2033 independently represent C1-C7 alkyl; in free form or in form of a pharmaceutically acceptable acid addition salt.
16. The pharmaceutical composition according to claim 1, wherein the DPP-IV inhibitor is a compound of formula (IV)
wherein x is 0 or 1 and y is 0 or 1, provided that
x=1 when y=0 and
x=0 when y=1; and wherein
n is 0 or 1;
X is H or CN;
R1, R2, R3 and R4 are the same or different and are independently selected from hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, bicycloalkyl, tricycloalkyl, alkylcycloalkyl, hydroxyalkyl, hydroxyalkylcycloalkyl, hydroxycycloalkyl, hydroxybicycloalkyl, hydroxytricycloalkyl, bicycloalkylalkyl, alkylthioalkyl, arylalkylthioalkyl, cycloalkenyl, aryl, aralkyl, heteroaryl, heteroarylalkyl, cycloheteroalkyl or cycloheteroalkylalkyl; all optionally substituted through available carbon atoms with 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5 groups selected from hydrogen, halo, alkyl, polyhaloalkyl, alkoxy, haloalkoxy, polyhaloalkoxy, alkoxycarbonyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, polycycloalkyl, heteroarylamino, arylamino, cycloheteroalkyl, cycloheteroalkylalkyl, hydroxy, hydroxyalkyl, nitro, cyano, amino, substituted amino, alkylamino, dialkylamino, thiol, alkylthio, alkylcarbonyl, acyl, alkoxycarbonyl, aminocarbonyl, alkynylaminocarbonyl, alkylaminocarbonyl, alkenylaminocarbonyl, alkylcarbonyloxy, alkylcarbonylamino, arylcarbonylamino, alkylsulfonylamino, alkylaminocarbonylamino, alkoxycarbonylamino, alkylsulfonyl, aminosulfinyl, aminosulfonyl, alkylsulfinyl, sulfonamido or sulfonyl; and R1 and R3 may optionally be taken together to form \u2014(CR5R6)m\u2014 where m is 2 to 6, and R5 and R6 are the same or different and are independently selected from hydroxy, alkoxy, H, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, halo, amino, substituted amino, cycloalkylalkyl, cycloalkenyl, aryl, arylalkyl, heteroaryl, heteroarylalkyl, cycloheteroalkyl, cycloheteroalkylalkyl, alkylcarbonylamino, arylcarbonylamino, alkoxycarbonylamino, aryloxycarbonylamino, alkoxycarbonyl, aryloxycarbonyl, or alkylaminocarbonylamino, or R1 and R4 may optionally be taken together to form \u2014(CR7R8)p\u2014 wherein p is 2 to 6, and
R7 and R8 are the same or different and are independently selected from hydroxy, alkoxy, cyano, H, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, cycloalkenyl, halo, amino, substituted amino, aryl, arylalkyl, heteroaryl, heteroarylalkyl, cycloheteroalkyl, cycloheteroalkylalkyl, alkylcarbonylamino, arylcarbonylamino, alkoxycarbonylamino, aryloxycarbonylamino, alkoxycarbonyl, aryloxycarbonyl, or alkylaminocarbonylamino, or optionally R1 and R3 together with
form a 5 to 7 membered ring containing a total of 2 to 4 heteroatoms selected from N, O, S, SO, or SO2; or optionally R1 and R3 together with
form a 4 to 8 membered cycloheteroalkyl ring wherein the cycloheteroalkyl ring has an optional aryl ring fused thereto or an optional 3 to 7 membered cycloalkyl ring fused thereto;
including all stereoisomers thereof;
and a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, or a prodrug ester thereof, and all stereoisomers thereof.
17. The pharmaceutical composition according to claim 1, wherein the DPP-IV inhibitor is a compound of formula (V)
Ar is phenyl which is unsubstituted or substituted with 1-5 of R3, wherein R3 is independently selected from the group consisting of:
(1) halogen,
(2) C1-6 alkyl, which is linear or branched and is unsubstituted or substituted with 1-5 halogens,
(3) OC1-6 alkyl, which is linear or branched and is unsubstituted or substituted with 1-5 halogens, and
(4) CN;
X is selected from the group consisting of:
(1) N, and
(2) CR2;
R1 and R2 are independently selected from the group consisting of:
(1) hydrogen,
(2) CN,
(3) C1-10 alkyl, which is linear or branched and which is unsubstituted or substituted with 1-5 halogens or phenyl, which is unsubstituted or substituted with 1-5 substituents independently selected from halogen, CN, OH, R4, OR4, NHSO2R4, SO2R4, CO2H, and CO2C1-6alkyl, wherein the CO2C1-6 alkyl is linear or branched,
(4) phenyl which is unsubstituted or substituted with 1-5 substituents independently selected from halogen, CN, OH, R4, OR4, NHSO2R4, SO2R4, CO2H, and CO2C1-6alkyl, wherein the CO2C1-6alkyl is linear or branched, and
(5) a 5- or 6-membered heterocycle which may be saturated or unsaturated comprising 1-4 heteroatoms independently selected from N, S and O, the heterocycle being unsubstituted or substituted with 1-3 substituents independently selected from oxo, OH, halogen, C1-6alkyl, and OC1-6alkyl, wherein the C1-6alkyl and OC1-6alkyl are linear or branched and optionally substituted with 1-5 halogens;
R4 is C1-6alkyl, which is linear or branched and which is unsubstituted or substituted with 1-5 groups independently selected from halogen, CO2H, and CO2C1-6alkyl, wherein the CO2C1-6alkyl is linear or branched;

and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof and individual diastereomers thereof.
18. The pharmaceutical composition according to claim 1, wherein the DPP-IV inhibitor is (2S)-1-{2-(5-Methyl-2-phenyl-oxazol-4-yl)-ethylamino-acetyl}-pyrrolidine-2-carbonitrile, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
19. The pharmaceutical composition according to claim 1, wherein the DPP-IV inhibitor is (2S)-1-{1,1-Dimethyl-3-(4-pyridin-3-yl-imidazol-1-yl)-propylamino-acetyl}-pyrrolidine-2-carbonitrile, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
20. The pharmaceutical composition according to claim 1, wherein the DPP-IV inhibitor is (S)-1-((2S,3S,11bS)-2-Amino-9,10-dimethoxy-1,3,4,6,7,11b-hexahydro-2H-pyrido2,1-aisoquinolin-3-yl)-4-fluoromethyl-pyrrolidin-2-one, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
21. The pharmaceutical composition according to claim 1, wherein the DPP-IV inhibitor is (S,S,S,S)-1-(2-Amino-9,10-dimethoxy-1,3,4,6,7,11b-hexahydro-2H-pyrido2,1-aisoquinolin-3-yl)-4-methyl-pyrrolidin-2-one, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
22. The pharmaceutical composition according to claim 1, wherein the DPP-IV inhibitor is (S)-1-2-((5S,7S)-3-Hydroxy-adamantan-1-ylamino)-acetyl-pyrrolidine-2-carbonitrile, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
23. The pharmaceutical composition according to claim 1, wherein the DPP-IV inhibitor is (1S,3S,5S)-2-(S)-2-Amino-2-(3-hydroxy-adamantan-1-yl)-acetyl-2-aza-bicyclo3.1.0hexane-3-carbonitrile, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
24. The pharmaceutical composition according to claim 1, wherein the DPP-IV inhibitor is (R)-3-Amino-1-(3-trifluoromethyl-5,6-dihydro-8H-1,2,4triazolo4,3-apyrazin-7-yl)-4-(2,4,5-trifluoro-phenyl)-butan-1-one, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.
25. The pharmaceutical composition according to claim 1, additionally comprising a DPP-IV inhibitor which is released in the stomach or upper gut.
26. The pharmaceutical composition according to claim 25, wherein 40 to 60% of the DPP-IV inhibitor is released in the stomach or upper gut and 40 to 60% of the DPP-IV inhibitor is released in the lower gastrointestinal tract.
27. The pharmaceutical composition according to claim 26, wherein the DPP-IV inhibitor is not released in the duodenum.
28. The pharmaceutical composition according to claim 25, wherein said pharmaceutical composition is a two layer tablet.
29. A method for the treatment of diseases associated with elevated blood glucose levels, comprising the step of administering a therapeutically effective amount of a pharmaceutical composition according to claim 1 to a human being or animal in need thereof.
30. The method according to claim 29, wherein said disease is type I diabetes mellitus, type II diabetes mellitus, diabetes secondary to pancreatic disease, diabetes related to steroid use, type III diabetes mellitus, hyperglycaemia, diabetic complications or insulin resistance.