Author: claimsbot

1. A low noise pneumatic tire, wherein a band-shaped sound absorbing material formed of a porous material whose apparent density defined in JIS K6400 is in a range of 10 to 70 kgm3 is attached to the inner surface of a tread by use of an elastic fixing band,
wherein the elastic fixing band is arranged in an annular form along an inner peripheral surface of the band-shaped sound absorbing material and is retained on the inner surface of the tread under pressure through the elastic force of the elastic fixing band.
2. The low noise pneumatic tire according to claim 1, wherein the band-shaped sound absorbing material is fixed all around the entire circumference on the inner surface of the tread by use of the elastic fixing band.
3. The low noise pneumatic tire according to claim 1, wherein an irregular surface having step heights of 20 mm or less is formed on the inner peripheral surface of the band-shaped sound absorbing material.
4. The low noise pneumatic tire according to claim 1, wherein a second porous material whose sound absorption coefficient defined in JIS A1405 at a frequency of 200 Hz is 10% or more, is layered on a cavity-facing surface of the band-shaped sound absorbing material.
5. The low noise pneumatic tire according to claim 4, wherein the band-shaped sound absorbing material has a thickness in a range of 5 to 45 mm, and the second porous material has a flat surface and has a thickness in a range of 5 to 45 mm.
6. The low noise pneumatic tire according to claim 4, wherein an irregularity having step heights of 20 mm or less is formed on a surface of the second porous material.
7. The low noise pneumatic tire according to claim 6, wherein the band-shaped sound absorbing material has a thickness in a range of 5 to 45 mm, and the second porous material has a thickness in a range of 5 to 45 mm.
8. The low noise pneumatic tire according to claim 1, wherein a porous material whose sound absorption coefficient defined in JIS A1405 at a frequency of 200 Hz is 10% or more, is layered on both inner and outer surfaces of the band-shaped sound absorbing material.
9. A low noise pneumatic tire, wherein a band-shaped sound absorbing material formed of a porous material whose apparent density defined in JIS K6400 is in a range of 10 to 70 kgm3 is attached to the inner surface of a tread by use of an elastic fixing band,
wherein the elastic fixing band has a stretching mechanism, which automatically adjusts a circumferential length of the elastic fixing band, in at least one location on the circumference of the elastic fixing band.
10. The low noise pneumatic tire according to claim 9, wherein the stretching mechanism is formed of an elastic spring mechanism.
11. The low noise pneumatic tire according to claim 9, wherein the stretching mechanism is formed by coupling both ends of the elastic fixing band with each other in a manner that the elastic fixing band can slide.
12. A low noise pneumatic tire, wherein a band-shaped sound absorbing material formed of a porous material whose apparent density defined in JIS K6400 is in a range of 10 to 70 kgm3 is attached to the inner surface of a tread by use of an elastic fixing band,
wherein the elastic fixing band is fixed by a bond along an outer peripheral surface of the band-shaped sound absorbing material and is retained on the inner surface of the tread under pressure through the elastic force of the elastic fixing band.
13. The low noise pneumatic tire according to claim 12, wherein the band-shaped sound absorbing material is fixed all around the entire circumference on the inner surface of the tread by use of the elastic fixing band.
14. The low noise pneumatic tire according to claim 12, wherein an irregular surface having step heights of 20 mm or less is formed on the inner peripheral surface of the band-shaped sound absorbing material.
15. The low noise pneumatic tire according to claim 12, wherein a second porous material whose sound absorption coefficient defined in JIS A1405 at a frequency of 200 Hz is 10% or more, is layered on a cavity-facing surface of the band-shaped sound absorbing material.
16. The low noise pneumatic tire according to claim 15, wherein the band-shaped sound absorbing material has a thickness in a range of 5 to 45 mm, and the second porous material has a flat surface and has a thickness in a range of 5 to 45 mm.
17. The low noise pneumatic tire according to claim 15, wherein an irregularity having step heights of 20 mm or less is formed on a surface of the second porous material.
18. The low noise pneumatic tire according to claim 17, wherein the band-shaped sound absorbing material has a thickness in a range of 5 to 45 mm, and the second porous material has a thickness in a range of 5 to 45 mm.
19. The low noise pneumatic tire according to claim 12, wherein a porous material whose sound absorption coefficient defined in JIS A1405 at a frequency of 200 Hz is 10% or more, is layered on both inner and outer surfaces of the band-shaped sound absorbing material.

The claims below are in addition to those above.
All refrences to claim(s) which appear below refer to the numbering after this setence.

What is claimed is:

1. A direct cylinder injected, internal combustion engine comprising a cylinder body defining at least one cylinder bore in which a piston reciprocates, a cylinder head affixed to an end of said cylinder body for closing said cylinder bore and defining with said piston and said cylinder bore a combustion chamber, a fuel injector having a nozzle for spraying fuel directly into said combustion chamber for combustion therein, at least one of said cylinder body and said cylinder head being provided with a cooling jacket therein, said fuel injector being inserted into a boss formed on said cylinder head so that said nozzle of said fuel injector is exposed to said combustion chamber, a water passage being formed in said cylinder head, at least a part of said boss being placed in said cooling water passage, and said cooling jacket and said cooling water passage being connected with each other by means of a bypass.
2. A direct cylinder injected, internal combustion engine as set forth in claim 1 wherein said engine further comprises a water pump for supplying cooling water and the cooling water is primarily supplied to said cooling jacket and then supplied to said cooling water passage.
3. A direct cylinder injected, internal combustion engine as set forth in claim 2 wherein said bypass exists in the proximity of said boss.
4. A direct cylinder injected, internal combustion engine as set forth in claim 2 wherein said bypass comprises a plurality of passes being disposed around said boss.
5. A direct cylinder injected, internal combustion engine as set forth in claim 2 wherein said engine further comprises a spark plug for firing the injected fuel, said spark plug being inserted into a boss formed on said cylinder head so that a spark gap of said spark plug is exposed to said combustion chamber, said fuel injector boss and said spark plug boss are connected with each other so as to make a wall that obstructs flow of the cooling water and said bypass forms a detour for the obstructed water flow.
6. A direct cylinder injected, internal combustion engine as set forth in claim 5 wherein an inlet portion of said bypass opens to the backwater that is made at said wall.
7. A direct cylinder injected, internal combustion engine as set forth in claim 6 wherein a dam is formed at least immediately ahead of an outlet of said bypass.
8. A direct cylinder injected, internal combustion engine as set forth in claim 1 wherein a heat exchanger medium is provided between the inside wall of said boss and said fuel injector.
9. A direct cylinder injected, internal combustion engine as set forth in claim 1 wherein a cooling cavity is provided between said boss and said fuel injector and said cooling cavity is connected with one of said cooling jacket and said cooling water sage.
10. A direct cylinder injected, internal combustion engine as set forth in claim 1 wherein said cylinder body comprises a plurality of vertically spaced, horizontally extending cylinder members, each cylinder member is provided with said bypass and the cooling water is supplied primarily to the lowermost cylinder member and then goes to upper cylinder members in sequence.
11. A direct cylinder injected, internal combustion engine as set forth in claim 1 wherein said engine operates on a two cycle crankcase compression principle and said fuel injector is disposed on the side of said exhaust port.
12. A direct cylinder injected, internal combustion engine as set forth in claim 1 wherein said engine operates on a four cycle principle.

1. An eye’s optical characteristics measuring system, comprising a target projecting means for projecting a target image on a fundus of an eye under test, a photodetecting means for guiding the target image toward a photoelectric detector, a pupil diameter measuring means, a calculating means for calculating optical characteristics of the eye under test according to distribution of optical intensity obtained based on an image acquired by the photoelectric detector, and an aperture selecting means provided on each of said target projecting means and said photodetecting means, wherein said aperture selecting means is independently driven, and apertures to restrict a projecting luminous flux and a photodetecting luminous flux are selected based on a pupil diameter of the eye under test measured by said pupil diameter measuring means.
2. An eye’s optical characteristics measuring system according to claim 1, wherein said pupil diameter measuring means comprises at least said photoelectric detector and said calculating means, and the pupil diameter of the eye under test is calculated by image processing based on an image of an anterior ocular segment of the eye under test which is acquired by said photoelectric detector.
3. An eye’s optical characteristics measuring system according to claim 1, wherein there is provided an ocular refractive power measuring system to measure refraction degree of the eye under test.
4. An eye’s optical characteristics measuring system according to claim 3, wherein said ocular refractive power measuring system comprises a second photoelectric detector to acquire an image of an anterior ocular segment of the eye under test, said pupil diameter measuring means comprises at least said second photoelectric detector and said calculating means, and the pupil diameter of the eye under test is calculated by image processing based on an image of the anterior ocular segment of the eye under test acquired by said second photoelectric detector.
5. An eye’s optical characteristics measuring system according to claim 2 or 4, wherein an adequate allowable alignment value for an optical axis of the eye under test and a measurement optical axis is set based on the measured pupil diameter of the eye under test, and the apertures are selected based on the pupil diameter of the eye under test and on the allowable alignment value.
6. An eye’s optical characteristics measuring system according to claim 3, wherein the image acquired by said photoelectric detector includes two or more images at a focusing point and at positions forward and backward of the focusing point to match the refraction degree of the eye under test which is measured by said ocular refractive power measuring system, and an image at an optimal focusing position is selected from said two or more of images.
7. An eye’s optical characteristics measuring system according to claim 1, wherein said photoelectric detector comprises an assembly of pixels on a photodetection surface, and a position of each pixel on a photodetection surface and configuration of the image on the photodetection surface can be detected based on a photodetection signal.
8. An eye’s optical characteristics measuring system according to claim 1, wherein said aperture selecting means comprises an aperture diaphragm where two or more apertures with different diameters are formed and a motor for rotating said aperture diaphragm and for selecting one of said apertures.
9. An eye’s optical characteristics measuring system according to claim 5, wherein there is further provided a display unit, a relation between a diameter of a luminous flux restricted by said selected aperture and the pupil diameter of the eye under test is displayed on said display unit, and alignment can be performed by taking said relation between said apertures and the pupil diameter of the eye under test into account.

The claims below are in addition to those above.
All refrences to claim(s) which appear below refer to the numbering after this setence.

1. A method for forming an optical fiber array, the method comprising:
providing a substrate having a first surface and an opposing second surface, the substrate being provided with a plurality of apertures extending through the substrate from the first surface to the second surface;
providing a plurality of fibers, the fibers having fiber ends with a diameter smaller than the smallest diameter of the apertures;
inserting a first fiber in a first corresponding aperture, from the first surface side of the substrate, such that the fiber end is positioned in close proximity of the second surface;
bending the inserted first fiber in a predetermined direction such that the fiber abuts a side wall of the first aperture at a predetermined position;
after the first fiber is bent, inserting a second fiber in a second corresponding aperture, from the first surface side of the substrate, such that the fiber end is positioned in close proximity of the second surface;
bending the inserted second fiber in conformity with a shape of the first fiber, such that the fiber abuts a side wall of the second aperture at a predetermined position; and
bonding the bent fibers together using an adhesive material.
2. The method of claim 1, wherein the plurality of fibers are bent in conformity with a shape of one another, and are stacked on one another, such that the fibers together form a unitary bonded structure, comprising a first end on the substrate and a second end in a remote area, wherein the unitary bounded structure has an elongated cross-section at the first end and at the second end.
3. The method of claim 1, wherein the plurality of fibers are bent in the same direction, and are stacked on one another, such that the fibers together form a unitary bonded structure extending along a curve, wherein the unitary bonded structure has substantially uniform cross-sections on planes transverse to the curve, wherein the cross-sections have an elongated shape.
4. The method of claim 1, further comprising: applying an adhesive material onto the first fiber, prior to completion of bending the second fiber.
5. The method of claim 1, further comprising: fixating the second fiber for enabling curing of an adhesive material, upon positioning the second fiber in contact with the first fiber,
6. The method of claim 1, further comprising:
providing a bending structure at the first surface side of the substrate, wherein bending the fiber in a predetermined direction comprises bending the fiber over the bending structure.
7. The method of claim 6, wherein the bending structure is provided temporarily, and is removed after the plurality of fibers are bent.
8. The method of claim 6, wherein the bending structure is bonded together with the fibers using an adhesive material.
9. The method of claim 6, wherein the plurality of fibers are bent with a predetermined curvature in conformity with a shape of the bending structure.
10. The method of claim 1, further comprising: applying a pre-load force onto a fiber prior to inserting the fiber into an aperture.
11. The method of claim 1, wherein the plurality of fibers are bent in the same direction.
12. The method of claim 1, wherein the bent fibers are stacked in a predefined spatial arrangement.
13. The method of claim 1, wherein the method further comprises securing the fiber ends within the apertures.
14. The method of claim 13, wherein securing the fiber ends is executed after insertion of the plurality of fibers in corresponding apertures in the substrate.
15. The method of claim 13, wherein the fiber ends are secured by using an adhesive, the method further comprising, prior to inserting, applying an adhesive onto the fiber ends.
16. The method of claim 1, wherein the apertures have a cross-sectional shape consisting of a circular portion and an additional portion in the form of a groove, and wherein the fibers are bent in such direction that the predetermined position at which the fibers abut the side wall of the apertures is within the additional portion.
17. The method of claim 1, wherein bonding the bent fibers together comprises:
forming a mold around the plurality of bent fibers;
filling the mold with an adhesive material; and
curing the adhesive material.