Author: claimsbot

1. A sensor comprising:
a sensor main body in which a cavity is formed by joining outer peripheral portions of a first substrate and second substrates made of an insulating material;
a first electrode and second electrode which are formed on inner surfaces of the first substrate and the second substrate which face each other through the cavity;
a first electrode extraction hole formed through the first substrate in correspondence with said second electrode; and
a first interconnection member which guides said second electrode outside the first substrate through the cavity and said first electrode extraction hole,
wherein said first interconnection member is formed by thermal spraying of metal powder into the cavity from outside said sensor main body through said first electrode extraction hole.
2. A sensor according to claim 1, wherein said first interconnection member comprises a deposition layer which is deposited around said first electrode extraction hole on an outer surface of the first substrate, a deposition layer which is deposited on an inner circumferential surface of said first electrode extraction hole and electrically conductive with the deposition layer, and a deposition layer which is deposited on a pad portion of said second electrode, crosses the cavity, and is electrically conductive with the deposition layer.
3. A sensor according to claim 1, wherein
the second substrate includes an elastically deformable diaphragm portion on a central portion thereof,
said second electrode comprises a movable electrode formed on an inner surface of the diaphragm portion, and
said first electrode comprises a stationary electrode facing said movable electrode.
4. A sensor according to claim 3, wherein
the first substrate further comprises a second electrode extraction hole communicating with the cavity and a second interconnection member which guides said first electrode outside the first substrate trough the second electrode extraction hole, and
the second interconnection member being formed by thermal spraying of metal powder from outside said sensor main body into the cavity through the second electrode extraction hole.
5. A sensor according to claim 4, further comprising a stationary electrode extraction pad portion which is formed on the inner surface of the second substrate in correspondence with the second electrode extraction hole, said pad portion and said first electrode being bridged by the second interconnection member.
6. A sensor according to claim 1, further comprising a first adhesion strengthening film which is formed on an inner circumference surface of said first electrode extraction hole and around said first electrode extraction hole on an outer surface of the first substrate,
wherein said first interconnection member is formed on said first adhesion strengthening film.
7. A sensor according to claim 4, further comprising a second adhesion strengthening film which is formed on an inner circumference surface of said second electrode extraction hole and around the second electrode extraction hole on an outer surface of the first substrate,
wherein the second interconnection member is formed on said second adhesion strengthening film.
8. An electrode extraction structure comprising:
a sensor main body in which a cavity is formed by joining outer peripheral portions of a first substrate and second substrates made of an insulating material;
an electrode extraction hole which is formed in the first substrate and communicates with the cavity;
an electrode which is formed on an inner surface of the second substrate in correspondence with said electrode extraction hole; and
an interconnection member which guides said electrode outside the first substrate through the cavity and said electrode extraction hole,
wherein said interconnection member is formed by thermal spraying of metal powder from outside said sensor main body to said electrode through said electrode extraction hole.
9. An electrode extraction method comprising the steps of:
forming a sensor main body having a cavity inside by joining an outer peripheral edge portion of a first substrate including a first electrode extraction hole, a second electrode extraction hole, and a first electrode to an outer peripheral edge portion of a second substrate including a second electrode such that the first electrode faces the second electrode; and
forming a first interconnection member by thermal spraying of metal powder from the first electrode extraction hole to a pad portion of the second electrode in the cavity, and guiding the second electrode outside the first substrate.
10. A method according to claim 9, wherein the step of forming the first interconnection member and guiding the second electrode outside the first substrate comprises the steps of: forming a deposition layer deposited around the first electrode extraction hole on an outer surface of the first substrate; forming a deposition layer deposited on an inner circumferential surface of the first electrode extraction hole; and forming a deposition layer which is deposited on the pad portion of the second electrode, crosses the cavity, and is electrically conductive with the deposition layer.

The claims below are in addition to those above.
All refrences to claim(s) which appear below refer to the numbering after this setence.

1. A variable valve apparatus of an internal combustion engine comprising:
a camshaft provided rotatably in an internal combustion engine;
a cam formed in the camshaft;
a rocking cam provided movably in the combustion engine and driven by the cam;
a intake valve or an exhaust valve driven by the rocking cam;
a control shaft which is rotatably provided side by side with the camshaft in the combustion engine, and has an oil passage inside to flow oil;
a control arm whose one end is held by the control shaft, and the other end is projected from the control shaft;
an actuator which rotates the control shaft, and displaces the control arm;
a transmission arm which is rotatably connected to the other end of the control arm, and transmits the displacement of the control arm to the rocking cam; and
a lubricant passage which is provided inside the control arm, and supplies oil in the oil passage of the control shaft to a part connecting the control arm and transmission arm.
2. The variable valve apparatus of an internal combustion engine according to claim 1, further comprising an adjustment mechanism, which adjusts a distance from the part connecting the control arm and transmission arm to the axial center of the control shaft.
3. The variable valve apparatus of an internal combustion engine according to claim 2, wherein a depression is formed in the control shaft to house a part of a connected part connecting the transmission arm and control arm.
4. The variable valve apparatus of an internal combustion engine according to claim 2,
wherein one end of the control arm is inserted into the control shaft, and
the adjustment mechanism has an adjusting screw member which is inserted movably forwardrearward in the control shaft on the side opposite to the control arm, and contacts one end of the control arm; and the part contacting one end of the control arm and adjusting screw member is positioned within the oil passage of the control shaft.
5. The variable valve apparatus of an internal combustion engine according to claim 4, wherein a depression is formed in the control shaft to house a part of a connected part connecting the transmission arm and control arm.
6. The variable valve apparatus of an internal combustion engine according to claim 4, wherein a notch to connect the oil passage of the control shaft and the lubricant passage of the control arm is formed on at least one of the end of the control arm and the end of the adjusting screw member contacting that end.
7. The variable valve apparatus of an internal combustion engine according to claim 6, wherein a depression is formed in the control shaft to house a part of a connected part connecting the transmission arm and control arm.
8. The variable valve apparatus of an internal combustion engine according to claim 1, wherein a depression is formed in the control shaft to house a part of a connected part connecting the transmission arm and control arm.

1. A process for preparing methacrylic acid, comprising:
reacting a liquid reaction mixture comprising methacrylamide and water,
wherein the reacting is effected continuously in a vertically aligned tubular reactor, wherein there is a pressure difference within the tubular reactor in the flow direction of the reaction mixture, and
wherein the pressure difference is generated by hydrostatic pressure between the top and bottom of the tubular reaction.
2. The process according to claim 1, wherein the pressure difference between the inlet of the reactants and the outlet of the products from the tubular reactor is at least 1 bar.
3. The process according to claim 1, wherein the reactants are reacted at a high pressure at the start of the reaction and at a lower pressure at the end of the reaction.
4. The process according to claim 1, wherein the temperature is measured and regulated in at least two regions.
5. The process according to claim 1, wherein the reacting is effected at a temperature within the range of 90\xb0 C. to 150\xb0 C.
6. The process according to claim 5, wherein the reacting is effected at a temperature in the range of 90 to 130\xb0 C. at the start of the reaction and in the range of 110 to 150\xb0 C. at the end of the reaction.
7. The process according to claim 1, wherein the reactants are reacted at a lower pressure at the start of the reaction than at the end of the reaction.
8. The process according to claim 7, wherein the temperature at the end of the reaction is at least 5\xb0 C. higher than at the start of the reaction.
9. The process according to claim 7, wherein the temperature at the end of the reaction is at most 25\xb0 C. higher than at the start of the reaction.
10. The process according to claim 1, wherein the reaction is effected at a pressure in the range of 1.5 bar to 6 bar.
11. The process according to claim 10, wherein the reacting is effected at a pressure in the range of 2 to 6 bar at the start of the reaction and at a pressure in the range of 1.5 to 5 bar at the end of the reaction.
12. The process according to claim 1, wherein the tubular reactor is flowed through from the bottom upward.
13. The process according to claim 1, wherein the reaction is catalysed with acid.
14. The process according to claim 1, wherein the reaction mixture comprises at least one stabilizer.
15. The process according to claim 1, wherein the molar ratio of water to methacrylamide in the reaction mixture is in the range of 1:1 to 7:1.
16. The process according to claim 1, wherein a mixture is reacted which comprises
10 to 40% by weight of methacrylamide,
20 to 50% by weight of water,
30 to 65% by weight of sulphuric acid and
0 to 5% by weight of additional additives.
17. The process according to claim 1, wherein the pH during the reacting is in the range of 1 to 2.
18. The process according to claim 1, wherein the residence time in the reactor is in the range of 10 minutes to 2 hours.
19. The process according to claim 1, wherein the tubular reactor is vertically aligned with less than 5\xb0 deviation from 90\xb0.

The claims below are in addition to those above.
All refrences to claim(s) which appear below refer to the numbering after this setence.

1. A passively stabilized wheeled object comprising
an object body;
at least one primary wheel assembly comprising two wheels, spaced apart from each other and mounted to the object body to rotate about a common axis, the primary wheel assembly being defined by a first set of coordinates x, y and z, wherein x is the direction of motion, y is vertical and z is the direction along the common axis of the primary wheel assembly and a second set of coordinates x1, y1 and z1 defined relative to the earth, such that when the object is at rest, the coordinates x, y and z substantially match y1, x1 and z1, respectively, and when the object tips, an angle \u03b8 between the z and z1 axes is greater than zero; and
at least one secondary wheel assembly comprising at least two secondary wheels, disposed on opposite sides of, and spaced further apart than the wheels of the primary wheels assembly, each of the secondary wheels is further defined by a cant axis and an angle \u03c8 that is not equal to zero and represents rotation about the cant axis in a direction away from the x axis such that the secondary wheel assembly is not aligned with the direction of motion;
wherein the secondary wheel assembly restores the angle \u03b8 to zero when the object tips.
2. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein the cant axis is defined by an angle \u03be which is the angle between the coordinate axis x1 and the cant axis, and expressed in the coordinates system attached to the wheeled object as follows:
x1=cos \u03be
y1=sin \u03be
z1=0.
3. The apparatus of claim 2 wherein the angle \u03be is chosen to be about 90-\u03c6 degrees, where \u03c6 is the \u201cusual\u201d pitch angle of the wheeled object when towed by its user.
4. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the absolute value of the angle \u03c8 is in the range of about 5 degrees to about 55 degrees.
5. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the absolute value of the angle \u03c8 is in the range of about 10 degrees to 40 degrees.
6. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein the primary wheels rotate about a primary axis and the secondary wheels rotate about secondary axes, and wherein the secondary axis of each of the secondary wheels is displaced vertically from the primary axis of the primary wheels.
7. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein the primary wheels rotate about a primary axis and the secondary wheels rotate about secondary axes, and wherein the secondary axis of each of the secondary wheels is displaced laterally from the primary axis of the primary wheels.
8. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein the diameter of each of the secondary wheels is smaller than the diameter of the primary wheels.
9. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein the apparatus further comprises more than one set of secondary wheels.
10. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein the object body further comprises a luggage container.