1. A removable surface covering, comprising:
a lower section including a plurality of lower parts formed from a plastic material, short legs for resting on the ground, a draining chamber having an inner space and being disposed between the legs, anchoring elements configured to anchor adjacent lower parts with a tongue and groove configuration, and a lower separation channel having an inner space and being disposed between edges of adjacent lower parts, the inner space of the lower separation channel being connected to the inner space of the draining chamber; and
an upper section including a plurality of upper parts formed from ceramic material, each upper part being connected to a lower part, and an upper separation channel having an inner space and being disposed between edges of adjacent upper parts, the inner space of the upper separation channel being connected to the inner space of the lower separation channel;
wherein the draining chamber is opened to the outside via the lower and upper separation channels.
2. A removable surface covering, according to claim 1, wherein faces of the upper and lower parts in contact have complementary tongue-and-groove elements for fastening the upper and lower parts.
3. A removable surface covering, according to claim 1, wherein an outside surface of the upper section includes a plurality of furrows with a descending inclination towards the edges of the upper section and corresponding with the upper and lower separation channels.
4. A removable surface covering, according to claim 1, wherein the lower parts include a set of passage windows and a plurality of grooves.
5. A removable surface covering, according to claim 1, further including adhesive material joining the upper and lower sections and being disposed on an area of the upper parts where a plurality of slots are disposed, the plurality of slots facing a plurality of hollows in the lower parts, such that when the upper and lower sections are pressed together for joining, the adhesive material, when soft, forms a rivet structure having a chemical connection and a mechanical connection.
6. A removable surface covering, according to claim 5, wherein the hollows of the lower parts include a plurality of passage openings, and the adhesive material has a rivet structure configured as a double mushroom, one part of the double mushroom corresponding to the slots of the upper parts and the other part of the double mushroom corresponding to a portion located in correspondence with a contact surface of the lower parts.
7. A removable surface covering, according to claim 5, wherein the hollows of the lower parts include a plurality of conical shaped openings.
8. A removable surface covering, according to claim 1, wherein the upper section has an outside surface, the outside surface of the upper section being higher in the middle of the upper section than at the edges of the upper section to facilitate the drainage and fall of water.
9. A removable surface covering, according to claim 8, wherein the outside surface of the upper section has a swelling shape.
10. A removable surface covering, according to claim 8, wherein the outside surface of the upper section includes a plurality of planes inclined downwardly toward the edge of the upper section.
11. A removable surface covering, according to claim 10, wherein the lower section comprises a staggered frame and an array of ribs disposed in a plurality of channels on an inner surface of the upper section, the frame being located so as to correspond with a peripheral notch of the inner surface of the upper section, the adhesive material being applied to the entire contact surface of the upper and lower sections with the adhesive material having a thickness that covers at least part of the thickness of the frame and ribs of the lower section.
12. A removable surface covering, according to claim 11, wherein the ribs of the lower section include an upper face having an inverted trapezoid section embedded in the adhesive material.
13. A removable surface covering, according to claim 11, wherein the short legs adjacent the ribs are joined to the ribs and shape at least two inverted tronco-conical portions embedded in the adhesive material, the at least two tronco-conical portions fitting in a plurality of complementary depressions disposed along the channels of the inner surface of the upper section.
14. A removable surface covering, according to claim 11, wherein the staggered frame includes a succession of recesses embedded in the adhesive material.
15. A removable surface covering, according to claim 11, wherein a plurality of narrow decorative profiles are fixed in a plurality of legs disposed adjacent the edges of the upper section and integral with the staggered frame so as to cover and decorate the free edges of the covering.
16. A removable surface covering, according to claim 15, wherein the narrow decorative profiles include a plurality of T-shaped extensions configured to fasten to the legs of the lower parts.
The claims below are in addition to those above.
All refrences to claim(s) which appear below refer to the numbering after this setence.
What is claimed is:
1. A communications system, comprising:
a trunk and feeder network;
a cable television distribution network;
a headend connected to the trunk and feeder network for transmitting one or more signal over at least one downstream channel and receiving one or more signal over at least one upstream channel;
at least one downstream node connected to the trunk and feeder network for distributing communications services over the cable television distribution network to at least one subscriber premises;
at least one upstream node connected to the cable television distribution network for collecting upstream signals from at least one subscriber communications unit, converting said upstream signals to packet form and communicating said packets to the headend via a trunk and feeder network; and
a subscriber communications unit for receiving downstream channel signals and for transmitting upstream channel signals, the subscriber communications unit receiving and transmitting the upstream and downstream channel signals over a connection connecting the subscriber communications unit and the node.
2. The communications system of claim 1, further comprising a selective sampler in the upstream node for sampling upstream data and for determining whether the sampled upstream data includes a signal.
3. The communications system of claim 1, wherein the upstream node and downstream node are co-located.
4. The communications system of claim 2, wherein the sampled data is converted into a packet form and transmitted over the trunk and feeder network when the selective sampler determines a signal to be present.
5. The communications system of claim 4, wherein, to reduce the noise appearing at the headend, the data packet is transmitted when the selective sampler determines the presence of a signal in the sampled data.
6. The communications system of claim 4, wherein, to reduce the interference appearing at the headend, the data packet is transmitted when the selective sampler determines the presence of a signal in the sampled data.
7. The communications system of claim 4, wherein, to increase the efficiency of use of the upstream channel, the data packet is transmitted when the selective sampler determines the presence of a signal in the sampled data.
8. The communications system of claim 4, wherein, to enable aggregation of upstream traffic, the selective sampler determines the presence of a signal in the sampled data.
9. The communications system of claim 2, wherein the selective sampler determines the presence of a signal using features common to a plurality of signal classes.
10. The communications system of claim 2, wherein the selective sampler determines the presence of a signal using signal features present in at least one digital modulation scheme and largely absent from one or more known interference patterns.
11. The communications system of claim 2, wherein the selective sampler determines the absence of a signal by using features present in one or more known interference patterns and largely absent from signal.
12. The communications system of claim 2, wherein the selective sampler determines the presence of a signal using features unique to one class of digital modulation.
13. The communications system of claim 2, wherein the selective sampler classifies signals using features present in each class of digital modulation and largely absent from other signal classes.
14. The communications system of claim 13, wherein the selective sampler classifies signals into a last-resort category upon failure to classify into a known class.
15. The communications system of claim 13, wherein the upstream node forwards signals to a destination based on classification by the selective sampler.
16. The communications system of claim 1, wherein the upstream node is configured to deliver data in packet form to requesting devices.
17. The communications system of claim 1, wherein the upstream node is configured to deliver data in packet form to a plurality of devices.
18. The communications system of claim 16, wherein the requesting devices are located in the headend.
19. The communications system of claim 16, wherein the requesting devices are connected to the trunk and feeder network.
20. The communications system of claim 16, wherein the requesting devices are connected through the headend.
21. The communications system of claim 2, wherein the upstream node also transmits information pertinent to aiding the headend in reconstruction of the signal.
22. The communications system of claim 1, wherein the subscriber communications unit is used to mediate subscriber services.
23. An interactive communications system, comprising:
at least one set-top box at a subscriber location for mediating subscriber services;
a node arranged to serve at least one subscriber location;
a headend for sending downstream signals to, and receiving upstream signals from, the set-top box by way of the node;
a first downstream channel for carrying a first predetermined type of data from the headend to the set-top box by way of the node;
at least one second downstream channel for carrying a second predetermined type of data from the headend to the set-top box by way of the node;
an upstream channel for carrying return data from the set-top box to the node;
a two-way packet data communications channel, having an upstream and a downstream direction, for carrying packets of data from equipment in the subscriber location to the headend by way of the node, wherein the packet data communications channel is a part of a packet data communications network; and
a selective sampler for inserting data from the upstream channel into the data communications channel in the upstream direction.
24. The interactive communications system of claim 23, wherein the selective sampler packetizes the return data from a set-top box for enabling communications between a set-top box arranged for conventional two-way cable television services and a headend arranged for conventional two way cable television services over a packet data communications network.
25. The interactive communications system of claim 24, wherein for conserving upstream bandwidth, the selective sampler converts all data in the upstream channel and inserts the data into the packet data communications channel in the upstream direction only if the return data includes a signal.
26. The interactive communication system of claim 24, wherein the selective sampler fragments packets that are longer than a selected size into a plurality of smaller fragment packets and the headend reassembles the fragmented packets into full packets.
27. The interactive communications system of claim 23, wherein the node that contains the selective sampler is located in a multiple dwelling unit that is connected to the headend through optical fiber in a fiber-to-the building MDU-configuration.
28. The interactive communications system of claim 23, wherein the node that contains the selective sampler is located at a detached dwelling and is connected to the headend through optical fiber in a Fiber-to-the-Home configuration.
29. The interactive communications system of claim 23, wherein the node that contains the selective sampler is located in a curbside enclosure and is connected to the headend through optical fiber in a Fiber-to-the-Curb configuration.
30. The interactive communications system of claim 23, wherein the node that contains the selective sampler is located at a conventional optical node.
31. The interactive communications system of claim 23, further comprising a plurality of upstream channels for carrying return data from the set-top box to the headend, wherein multiple sampling receivers are provided for sampling corresponding multiple upstream channels.
32. The interactive communications system of claim 31 wherein the multiple selective sampling receivers are independent and sample each channel at a channel rate limited IF bandwidth.
33. The interactive communications system of claim 23 wherein the selective sampling receiver is configured with a predetermined IF bandwidth for enabling a plurality of upstream channels to be digitized.
34. The interactive communications system of claim 33 further comprising a bank of digital filters through which multiple upstream channels are filtered for optimizing transmission of a plurality of lower rate signals over the upstream channels.
35. The interactive communications system of claim 34 further comprising means for minimizing the number of samples taken of each upstream channel to a minimum value required to reconstruct the signal.
36. The interactive communications system of claim 23, wherein the selective sampler is configured as a system monitoring tool.
37. The interactive system of claim 23, wherein the headend comprises a switching node, LAN, depacketizer, defragmenter, demodulator and interactive system.
38. The interactive communications system of claim 23, wherein the first downstream channel is a control channel for carrying control information.
39. The interactive communications system of claim 23, wherein the second downstream channel is configured to carry audiovisual programs.
40. A method of communication in a cable television distribution network comprising the steps of:
transmitting one or more signal over at least one downstream channel and receiving one or more signal over at least one upstream channel;
distributing communications services over the cable television distribution network to at least one subscriber premises;
collecting upstream signals from at least one subscriber communications unit, converting said upstream signals to packet form and communicating said packets to a headend via a trunk and feeder network; and
receiving downstream channel signals and transmitting upstream channel signals over a connection connecting the subscriber communications unit and a node.
41. The method of claim 40, further comprising the step of packetizing the return data from the subscriber communications unit for enabling communications between the subscriber communications unit arranged for conventional two-way cable television services and a headend arranged for conventional two-way cable television services over a packet data communications network.
42. The method of claim 40, further comprising the step of converting all data in the upstream channel into packet data and inserting the packet data into a packet data communications channel in the upstream direction if the return data includes a signal.
43. The method of claim 40, further comprising the step of shifting the data packet in frequency for preempting packet collision and increasing throughput.
44. The method of claim 40, further comprising the step of shifting the data packet in time for preempting packet collision and thereby increasing throughput.
45. The method of claim 40, further comprising the step of reducing the noise appearing at the headend upon determining the return data includes a signal.
46. The method of claim 40, further comprising the step of reducing the interference appearing at the headend upon determining the return data includes a signal.
47. The method of claim 40, further comprising the step increasing the efficiency of use of the upstream channel by transmitting the data packet upon determining the return data includes a signal.
48. The method of claim 40, further comprising the step of aggregating upstream traffic upon determining the return data includes a signal.