Author: claimsbot

1. A batch-melted borosilicate glass essentially free of metallic silver (Ag0), made by melting a batch comprising, in cation percent, 15-60 SiO2 10-30 Al2O3, 10-45 B2O3, and 8-25 Ag2O.
2. The batch-melted glass according to claim 1 wherein the concentration of monovalent ions other than silver does not exceed 2 cation percent.
3. The batch-melted glass according to claim 1, comprising high field strength ions.
4. The batch-melted, glass according to claim 3, wherein the high field strength ions are selected from the group consisting of aluminum, zirconium and tantalum.
5. The batch-melted, glass according to claim 4, wherein the high field strength ions comprise aluminum.
6. The batch-melted glass according to claim 3, characterized in that the ratio of high field strength ions to monovalent ions is at least 1.
7. The borosilicate glass of claim 1, further characterized by being essentially colorless.
8. The borosilicate glass according to claim 1, wherein the cation concentration of Ag is between 12.5 cation percent and 25 cation percent.
9. The borosilicate glass according to claim 8 wherein the cation concentration of Ag is less than or equal to the concentration of Al.
10. The borosilicate glass according to claim 1, wherein the SiO2 concentration is between 20 cation percent and 45 cation percent.
11. The borosilicate glass according to claim 1, wherein the concentration of B2O3 is between 15 cation percent and 30 cation percent.
12. The borosilicate glass according to claim 1, wherein the cation concentration of Ag is in the range of 12.5 to 25 cation %, the cation concentration of Al is equal to the cation concentration of Ag, and the concentration of SiO2 is in the range of 20 to 40 cation %.
13. The borosilicate glass according to claim 1, characterized in that the Ag ions can be replaced by less polarizable monovalent ions by the process of ion exchange.
14. A batch-melted borosilicate glass comprising aluminum, zirconium andor tantalum but essentially free of metallic silver (Ag0), made by melting a batch containing at least 2 cation percent silver.
15. The batch-melted, glass according to claim 11, characterized in that the ratio of aluminum to zirconium is at least 3:1.
16. The melt-formed glass according to claim 14, characterized in that the ratio of tantalum to aluminum does not exceed 1:2.
17. A lens comprising a batch-melted borosilicate glass essentially free of metallic silver (Ag0), made by melting a batch containing at least 2 cation percent silver.
18. The lens of claim 17, wherein the borosilicate glass comprises, in cation percent, 15-60 SiO2, 10-30 Al2O3, 10-45 B2O3, and 8-25 Ag2O.
19. The lens of claim 17, wherein the borosilicate glass is further characterized by being essentially colorless.
20. The lens of claim 17, wherein the borosilicate glass comprises between 12.5 cation percent and 25 cation percent of silver.
21. The lens of claim 18, wherein in the borosilicate glass, the cation concentration of Ag is less than or equal to the concentration of Al.
22. The lens of claim 18, wherein the borosilicate glass comprises SiO2 between 20 cation percent and 45 cation percent.
23. The lens of claim 18, wherein the concentration of B2O3 in the borosilicate glass is between 15 cation percent and 30 cation percent.
24. The lens of claim 18, wherein the borosilicate glass the cation concentration of Ag is in the range of 12.5 to 25 cation %, the cation concentration of Al is equal to the cation concentration of Ag, and the concentration of SiO2 is in the range of 20 to 40 cation %.
25. The lens of claim 17, wherein the borosilicate glass further comprises aluminum, zirconium andor tantalum.
26. The lens of claim 25, wherein in the borosilicate glass the ratio of aluminum to zirconium is at least 3:1.
27. The lens of claim 25, wherein in the borosilicate glass the ratio of tantalum to aluminum does not exceed 1:2.
28. A gradient index lens formed by subjecting a batch-melted borosilicate glass essentially free of metallic silver (Ag0) to an ion-exchange process, said glass being made by melting a batch containing at least 2 carbon percent silver.
29. The lens of claim 28, wherein the borosilicate glass comprises, in cation percent, 15-60 SiO2, 10-30 Al2O3, 10-45 B2O3, and 8-25 Ag2O.
30. The lens of claim 28, wherein the borosilicate glass is further characterized by being essentially colorless.
31. The lens of claim 28, wherein the borosilicate glass comprises between 12.5 cation percent and 25 cation percent of silver.
32. The lens of claim 29 wherein in the borosilicate glass, the cation concentration of Ag is less than or equal to the concentration of Al.
33. The lens of claim 29, wherein borosilicate glass comprises SiO2 between 20 cation percent and 45 cation percent.
34. The lens of claim 29, wherein the borosilicate glass the concentration of B2O3 is between 15 cation percent and 30 cation percent.
35. The lens of claim 29, wherein in the borosilicate glass the cation concentration of Ag is in the range of 12.5 to 25 cation %, the cation concentration of Al is equal to the cation concentration of Ag, and the concentration of SiO2 is in the range of 20 to 40 cation %.
36. The lens of claim 28, wherein the borosilicate glass further comprises aluminum, zirconium andor tantalum.
37. The lens of claim 36, wherein in the borosilicate glass the ratio of aluminum to zirconium is at least 3:1.
38. The lens of claim 36, wherein in the borosilicate glass the ratio of tantalum to aluminum does not exceed 1:2.
39. A batch-melted borosilicate glass produced by melting a batch containing a high concentration of silver of at least 2 cation percent, said glass being essentially free of metallic silver (Ag0), and part of the Ag ions (Ag+) has been replaced by less polarizable monovalent ions by the process of ion exchange.
40. The borosilicate glass according to claim 39, wherein the batch comprises, in cation percent, 15-60 SiO2, 10-30 Al2O3, 10-45 B2O3, and 8-25 Ag2O.
41. The borosilicate glass of claim 39, further characterized by being essentially colorless and transparent.
42. The borosilicate glass according to claim 39, wherein the glass comprises Ag between 12.5 cation percent and 25 cation percent.
43. The borosilicate glass according to claim 42 further comprising aluminum and having a cation concentration of Ag less than or equal to the concentration of Al.
44. The borosilicate glass according to claim 39, wherein the glass comprises SiO2 between 20 cation percent and 45 cation percent.
45. The borosilicate glass according to claim 39, wherein the glass comprises B2O3 between 15 cation percent and 30 cation percent.
46. The borosilicate glass according to claim 39, wherein the glass comprises Ag ion concentration in the range of 12.5 to 25 cation %, an Al cation concentration equal to the cation concentration of Ag, and a SiO2 concentration in the range of 20 to 40 cation %.
47. The borosilicate glass according to claim 39 further comprising aluminum, zirconium andor tantalum.
48. The glass of claim 47, wherein the ratio of aluminum to zirconium is at least 3:1.
49. The glass of claim 47, wherein the ratio of tantalum to aluminum does not exceed 1:2.

The claims below are in addition to those above.
All refrences to claim(s) which appear below refer to the numbering after this setence.

1. A liquid droplet ejection head comprising:
a piezoelectric actuator using a piezoelectric ceramic composition represented by the following formula:
(1\u2212y\u2212z\u2212w)(KxNa1-x)NbO3+yLiNbO3+zSrTiO3+wBiFeO3,
provided that 0.4<x<0.6, 0<y\u22660.1, 0<z<0.1, 0<w<0.09, and 0.03<y+z+w\u22660.12,
wherein (KxNa1-x)NbO3 represents potassium sodium niobate, LiNbO3 represents lithium niobate, SrTiO3 represents strontium titanate and BiFeO3 represents bismuth iron oxide, and
the piezoelectric ceramic composition has a piezoelectric d33 constant of 120 (pCN) or more.
2. The liquid droplet ejection head of claim 1,
wherein the piezoelectric actuator is a shear mode piezoelectric actuator utilizing a piezoelectric d15 constant.
3. The liquid droplet ejection head of claim 1,
wherein the piezoelectric actuator is a deflection piezoelectric actuator utilizing a piezoelectric d31 constant.
4. The liquid droplet ejection head of claim 1,
wherein the piezoelectric actuator is a push piezoelectric actuator utilizing a piezoelectric d31 constant.
5. The liquid droplet election head of claim 1,
wherein the piezoelectric actuator is a push piezoelectric actuator utilizing a piezoelectric d33 constant.

1. A method of compensating for gray-scale values of a display comprising:
selectively providing a gray-scale value of a current frame of the display or a compensated gray-scale value of the current frame of the display in response to a difference between the gray-scale value of the current frame of the display and a gray-scale value of a preceding frame of the display relative to a reference value.
2. The method of claim 1 wherein selectively providing comprises:
providing the compensated gray-scale value of the current frame if the difference between the gray-scale value of the current frame and the gray-scale value of the preceding frame exceeds the reference value; and
providing the gray-scale value of the current frame if the difference between the gray-scale value of the current frame and the gray-scale value of the preceding frame is less than the reference value.
3. The method of claim 2 further comprising:
determining the compensated gray-scale value by interpolating values in a look-up table.
4. The method of claim 1 further comprising:
applying to the display for the current frame, the gray-scale value or the compensated gray-scale value that is selectively provided.
5. The method of claim 1 wherein the display is a liquid crystal display.
6. A circuit that is configured to compensate for gray-scale values of a display by performing the method of claim 1.
7. A circuit that is configured to compensate for gray-scale values of a display by performing the method of claim 2.
8. A liquid crystal display comprising a circuit that is configured to compensate for gray-scale values by performing the method of claim 1.
9. A liquid crystal display comprising a circuit that is configured to compensate for gray-scale values by performing the method of claim 2.
10. A method of compensating for gray-scale values of a liquid crystal display, comprising:
setting a reference value;
comparing a difference between a gray-scale value of a current frame and a gray-scale value of a previous frame with the reference value; and
outputting the gray-scale value of the current frame or a compensated gray-scale value according to the comparison result.
11. The method of claim 10, wherein the compensated gray-scale value is generated based on data regarding at least one of a plurality of measured gray-scale values, where data regarding the measured gray-scale values is stored in a data storage circuit.
12. The method of claim 10, wherein during the setting of the reference value, the reference value is set to one of 0 to 7.
13. The method of claim 10, wherein the outputting of the gray-scale value of the current frame or the compensated gray-scale value comprises:
outputting the compensated gray-scale value when the difference is greater than the reference value, and outputting the gray-scale value of the current frame otherwise.
14. A circuit for compensating for gray-scale values, comprising:
a selection signal generation circuit configured to receive a gray-scale value of a current frame and a gray-scale value of a previous frame, to compute a difference between the received gray-scale values, and to generate a selection signal indicating a result of comparing the difference with a reference value; and
a gray-scale value selection circuit configured to output the gray-scale value of the current frame or a compensated gray-scale value in response to the selection signal.
15. The circuit of claim 14, wherein the selection signal generation circuit comprises:
a register configured to store the reference value;
an operation unit configured to receive the gray-scale values of the current and previous frames, to compute the difference between the received gray-scale values, and to output the computed difference; and
a comparator configured to receive the reference value from the register and the difference from the operation unit, to compare the reference value with the difference, and to output the selection signal indicating the comparison result.
16. The circuit of claim 14, wherein the gray-scale value selection circuit comprises:
a data storage circuit configured to store data regarding a plurality of measured gray-scale values, to receive the gray-scale values of the current and previous frames, and to output the data regarding at least one of the measured gray-scale values based on the gray-scale values of the current and previous frames;
an operation unit configured to perform an operation on the data regarding the at least one gray-scale value output from the data storage circuit, and to output the compensated gray-scale value according to the operation result; and
a selection circuit configured to receive the compensated gray-scale value from the operation unit and the gray-scale value of the current frame, and to output the gray-scale value of the current frame or the compensated gray-scale value in response to the selection signal.
17. The circuit of claim 16, wherein the data storage circuit comprises a bus line structure that provides concurrent accessing of the data regarding at least three measured gray-scale values.
18. A display device comprising:
a liquid crystal display panel comprising a plurality of pixels, a respective one of which is located at a respective intersection of a gate line and a corresponding data line;
a gray-scale value compensation circuit configured to receive a gray-scale value of a current frame and a gray-scale value of a previous frame, to compute a difference between the received gray-scale values and to output the gray-scale value of the current frame or a compensated gray-scale value in response to a selection signal indicating a result of comparing the difference with a reference value;
a data driver configured to apply a voltage corresponding to the gray-scale value of the current frame or the compensated gray-scale value, which are received from the gray-scale value compensation circuit, to a corresponding data line of the liquid crystal display panel; and
a gate driver configured to apply a gate-on signal to a corresponding gate line of the liquid crystal display panel.
19. The display device of claim 18, wherein the gray-scale value compensation circuit comprises:
a selection signal generation circuit configured to receive the gray-scale values of the current and previous frames, to compute the difference between the received gray-scale values, and to generate the selection signal indicating the result of comparing the difference with the reference value; and
a gray-scale value selection circuit configured to output the gray-scale value of the current frame or the compensated gray-scale value in response to the selection signal.
20. The display device of claim 19, wherein the selection signal generation circuit comprises:
a register configured to store the reference value;
an operation unit configured to receive the gray-scale values of the current and previous frames, to compute the difference between the received gray-scale values, and to output the computed difference; and
a comparator configured to receive the reference value from the register and the difference from the operation unit, to compare them, and to generate the selection signal indicating the comparison result.
21. The display device of claim 19, wherein the gray-scale value selection circuit comprises:
a data storage circuit configured to store data regarding a plurality of measured gray-scale values, to receive the gray-scale values of the current and previous frames, and to output the data regarding at least one of the measured gray-scale values based on the gray-scale values of the current and previous frames;
an operation unit configured to perform an operation on the data regarding the at least one gray-scale value received from the data storage circuit, and to output the compensated gray-scale value according to the operation result; and
a selection circuit configured to receive the compensated gray-scale value from the operation unit and the gray-scale value of the current frame, and to output the gray-scale value of the current frame or the compensated gray-scale value in response to the selection signal.
22. The display device of claim 21, wherein the data storage circuit comprises a bus line structure that provides concurrent accessing of the data regarding at least three measured gray-scale values.
23. A method of driving data lines of a display device which includes a liquid crystal display panel comprising a plurality of pixels, a respective one of which is located at a respective intersection of a gate line and a corresponding data line, the method comprising:
(a) receiving a gray-scale value of a current frame and a gray-scale value of a previous frame, computing a difference between the received gray-scale values, and outputting the gray-scale value of the current frame or a compensated gray-scale value according to a result of comparing the difference with a reference value; and
(b) applying a voltage corresponding to the gray-scale value of the current frame or the compensated gray-scale value output in (a) to a corresponding data line of the liquid crystal display panel.
24. The method of claim 23, wherein (a) comprises:
receiving the gray-scale values of the current and previous frames; and
performing an operation on data regarding at least one of a plurality of measured gray-scale values based on the gray-scale values of the current and previous frames, and generating the compensated gray-scale value corresponding to the operation result.
25. A method of compensating for gray-scale values, comprising:
receiving a gray-scale value of a current frame and a gray-scale value of a previous frame;
generating a selection signal based on the gray-scale values of the current and previous frames and a reference value; and
outputting the gray-scale value of the current frame or a compensated gray-scale value in response to the selection signal,
wherein the reference value is set to determine a subset of gray voltages which is not to be compensated for.
26. A circuit for compensating for a gray-scale of a liquid crystal display, comprising;
a selection signal generation circuit configured to receive a gray-scale value of a current frame and a gray-scale value of a previous frame, and to generate a selection signal from the received gray-scale values and a reference value; and
a gray-scale value selection circuit configured to output the gray-scale value of the current frame or a compensated gray-scale value in response to the selection signal,
wherein the reference value is set to determine a subset of gray voltages which is not to be compensated for.

The claims below are in addition to those above.
All refrences to claim(s) which appear below refer to the numbering after this setence.

1.-26. (canceled)
27. An adaptive structure comprising:
at least one microstructure including a microscale beam, the microscale beam comprising:
opposing ends coupled to a surface of a structure; and
a middle portion configured to be displaced relative to the surface responsive to the adaptive structure being exposed to an external heat flux.
28. The adaptive structure of claim 27, wherein the microscale beam includes a bimorph structure.
29. The adaptive structure of claim 28, wherein the bimorph structure comprises at least two materials having different thermal expansion coefficients.
30. The adaptive structure of claim 28, wherein the bimorph structure comprises at least two different metallic materials.
31. The adaptive structure of claim 27, wherein the microscale beam comprises a shape memory alloy.
32. The adaptive structure of claim 31, wherein the shape memory alloy comprises titanium and nickel.
33. The adaptive structure of claim 32, wherein the shape memory alloy comprises approximately 55% nickel by weight and approximately 45% titanium by weight.
34. The adaptive structure of claim 27, wherein the middle portion of the microscale beam is configured to be displaced away from the surface of the structure responsive to the adaptive structure being exposed to the external heat flux.
35. The adaptive structure of claim 27, wherein the surface of the structure comprises one of a skin panel of a hypersonic vehicle, a surface of a gas turbine component, a surface of a nuclear reactor component, a surface of a combustor component, a surface of a rocket engine component, and a surface positioned for cooling an electronic component.
36. A structure comprising:
a body including a surface; and
a plurality of adaptive structures coupled to the surface and configured to selectively perturb a boundary layer of a fluid adjacent the surface of the structure.
37. The structure of claim 36, wherein the plurality of adaptive structures comprise flaps.
38. The structure of claim 36, wherein the plurality of adaptive structures is configured to perturb the boundary layer of the fluid adjacent to the surface of the structure in response to an external heat flux.
39. The structure of claim 36, wherein each of the plurality of adaptive structures comprises a shape memory alloy.
40. The structure of claim 39, wherein the shape memory alloy comprises titanium and nickel.
41. The structure of claim 40, wherein the shape memory alloy comprises approximately 55% nickel by weight and approximately 45% titanium by weight.
42. The structure of claim 36, wherein each of the plurality of adaptive structures comprises a bimorph structure comprising at least two materials having different thermal expansion coefficients.
43. The structure of claim 36, wherein each of the plurality of adaptive structures comprises a bimorph structure comprising at least two different metallic materials.
44. The structure of claim 36, wherein the structure comprises an air foil and the plurality of adaptive structures is positioned on a surface of the air foil.
45. A method of thermal management, the method comprising:
flowing fluid from a source of fluid to a panel associated with a structure and through a plurality of pores opening onto a surface of the panel;
exposing the panel to an external flow field heat flux;
sensing local temperatures with a plurality of adaptive structures coupled to the panel adjacent at least some of the plurality of pores; and
altering a flow of fluid through at least one pore of the plurality of pores with at least one adaptive structure of the plurality of adaptive structures, to vary fluid flow rate through the at least one pore with a thermal load applied by the external flow field heat flux, comprising:
displacing a portion of the at least one adaptive structure of the plurality of adaptive structures laterally with respect to an opening of the at least one pore.
46. The method according to claim 45, wherein sensing local temperatures with a plurality of adaptive structures positioned on a surface of the panel further comprises sensing local temperatures with a plurality of displacement members of the adaptive structures.
47. The method according to claim 44, wherein displacing a portion of the at least one adaptive structure of the plurality of adaptive structures comprises displacing a portion of at least one displacement member of the plurality of displacement members relative to the at least one pore of the plurality of pores based on the sensed temperature.
48. The method according to claim 47, wherein displacing the portion of the at least one displacement member of the plurality of displacement members comprises displacing a portion of the at least one displacement member of the plurality of displacement members that comprises a first material and at least a second material, the at least a second material having a different coefficient of thermal expansion than the first material.
49. The method according to claim 47, wherein displacing the portion of the at least one displacement member of the plurality of displacement members comprises displacing a portion of the at least one displacement member of the plurality of displacement members that comprises at least two different metallic materials.
50. The method according to claim 47, wherein displacing the portion of the at least one displacement member of the plurality of displacement members comprises displacing a portion of the at least one displacement member of the plurality of displacement members that comprises a shape memory alloy.
51. The method according to claim 50, wherein displacing the portion of the at least one displacement member of the plurality of displacement members comprises displacing a portion of the at least one displacement member of the plurality of displacement members that comprises a shape memory alloy comprising nickel and titanium.