Author: claimsbot

1. A mobile communication network comprising a first, a second and a third mobile terminals, a server for storing communication charge information for each user of said mobile terminals, and a first mobile communication network for relaying communication signals between mobile terminals, wherein:
each of said first, second and third mobile terminals has a first wireless interface for exchanging communication signals with said first mobile communication network,
each of said first and second mobile terminals has a second wireless interface for exchanging communication signals with each other through a second mobile communication network different in communication protocol from said first mobile communication network, and
wherein said second mobile terminal operates as a relay for relaying communication signals between said first and third mobile terminals when the first mobile terminal cannot directly communicate with said first mobile communication network and the second mobile terminal is able to communicate with both the first mobile terminal and said first mobile communication network, and
said server includes a memory configured to store, in association with a user identifier of a user of said second mobile terminal, communications charges to be charged to the user and a credit value accumulated arising from use of the second mobile terminal as a relay, and adds to the stored credit value a service point which is awarded to the second mobile terminal for relaying the communication signals between said first and third mobile terminals and calculated based on a predetermined criterion.
2. The mobile communication network according to the claim 1, wherein said credit value accumulated in said memory by said server is usable to offset against said communication charges or to increase network access from said second mobile terminal to said first mobile communication network.
3. The mobile communication network according to claim 1, wherein said server has a timer for measuring the use time of a mobile terminal as a relay,
the server starts the timer when said third mobile terminal acknowledged a communication request having been transmitted from said first mobile terminal and forwarded to the third mobile terminal through said second mobile terminal and said first mobile communication network, and
the server stops the timer when the communication between said first and third mobile terminals was terminated, thereby to calculate said service point to be awarded to said second mobile terminal in accordance with the use time measured with the timer.
4. The mobile communication network according to claim 3, wherein said sever stops said timer when a communication end notification issued by one of said first and second mobile terminals was received or a communication end notification issued by said first mobile terminal and relayed by said second mobile terminal was received.
5. The mobile communication network according to claim 1, wherein said second mobile terminal transmits contribution information relating to its use as a relay to said server when the communication between said first and second mobile terminals is terminated, and
said server calculates said service point to be awarded to said second mobile terminal in accordance with the contribution information.
6. The mobile communication network according to claim 5, wherein said contribution information transmitted from said second mobile terminal includes at least one of the length of time the terminal was used as a relay, a number of packets relayed by the terminal, a number of times the terminal was used as a relay, and the amount of power consumed in the relay operation.
7. The mobile communication network according to claim 5, wherein said second mobile terminal transmits said contribution information to said server, in time of forwarding a communication end notification issued by said first mobile terminal to said server, responding to a communication end notification received from said server, or issuing a communication end notification for terminating operation as a relay by itself.

The claims below are in addition to those above.
All refrences to claim(s) which appear below refer to the numbering after this setence.

What is claimed is:

1. A paving vehicle for spreading paving material onto a road bed, the paving vehicle comprising:
a frame having a front end and a rear end;
a screed for leveling the paving material, the screed being connected with the frame so as to be pulled from the rear end of the frame;
an auger positioned near the screed to spread the paving material along the screed; and
an anti-segregation device positioned near the auger for preventing segregation of the paving material that is positioned on the road bed in front of the screed.
2. The paving vehicle of claim 1 further comprising a hopper for holding a supply of paving material, the hopper being mounted on the frame.
3. The paving vehicle of claim 2 wherein the hopper is mounted on the front end of the frame.
4. The paving vehicle of claim 3 further comprising a conveyor which extends longitudinally on the frame and transports the paving material from the hopper to the rear end of the frame where the paving material falls off the rear end of the frame onto the road bed in front of the screed.
5. The paving vehicle of claim 1 wherein the anti-segregation device includes a first end that is secured to the frame of the paving vehicle and a second end that is proximal to the road bed.
6. The paving vehicle of claim 5 wherein the second end of the anti-segregation device engages the road bed.
7. The paving vehicle of claim 1 wherein the anti-segregation device is configured to contain the paving material between the anti-segregation device and the screed.
8. The paving vehicle of claim 1 wherein the anti-segregation device extends laterally across substantially an entire width of the screed.
9. The paving vehicle of claim 1 wherein the anti-segregation device is a flexible curtain.
10. The paving vehicle of claim 9 wherein the flexible curtain includes an elongated mounting bar coupled to the frame and a plurality of chains spaced across along the length of the mounting bar.
11. The paving vehicle of claim 10 wherein the mounting bar extends laterally across the frame of the paving vehicle.
12. The paving vehicle of claim 10 wherein the mounting bar is permanently affixed to the frame of the paving vehicle.
13. The paving vehicle of claim 12 wherein the mounting bar is affixed to the frame of the paving vehicle by welding.
14. The paving vehicle of claim 10 wherein each chain includes one end attached to the mounting bar and an opposing free end.
15. The paving vehicle of claim 14 wherein the chains are spaced close together along the bar so as to provide a continuous retentive surface for the paving material.
16. The paving vehicle of claim 10 wherein each chain includes a plurality of links.
17. The paving vehicle of claim 1 wherein the anti-segregation device includes a plurality of chains attached to the frame of the paving vehicle.
18. The paving vehicle of claim 17 wherein each of the chains includes a lower end that is disposed upon the road bed.
19. The paving vehicle of claim 18 wherein the lower ends of the chains remain in contact with the road bed as the paving vehicle moves upwardly over an obstruction.
20. The paving vehicle of claim 18 wherein the chains are adapted to flex against the road bed without being damaged.
21. The paving vehicle of claim 17 wherein each chain includes a plurality of links.
22. The paving vehicle of claim 1 wherein the anti-segregation device includes a plurality of separate curtain sections, each of the curtain sections being mounted to the frame by a separate mounting bar.
23. The paving vehicle of claim 22 wherein the plurality of curtain sections extend across substantially an entire width of the screed.
24. The paving vehicle of claim 1 wherein the auger is a telescoping auger that includes a main section and at least one extension section, and the anti-segregation device includes a portion for each of the sections in the auger such that the anti-segregation device is positioned along the entire auger.
25. A paving vehicle for spreading paving material onto a road bed, the paving vehicle comprising:
a frame having a front end and a rear end;
a hopper for holding a supply of paving material, the hopper being mounted on the front end of the frame;
a conveyor which extends longitudinally on the frame and transports the paving material from the hopper to the rear end of the frame where the paving material falls off the rear end of the frame onto the road bed;
a screed for leveling paving material, the screed being connected with the frame so as to be pulled from the rear end of the frame; and
an anti-segregation device positioned near the screed for preventing segregation of the paving material that is positioned on the road bed in front of the screed, the anti-segregation device including a flexible curtain having a first end that is secured to the frame of the paving vehicle and a second end that is proximal to the road bed, the flexible curtain including an elongated mounting bar that extends laterally across the frame and a plurality of chains spaced close together across along the length of the mounting bar to provide a continuous retentive surface for the paving material.

1. A tray destacking device for destacking an individual tray from a stack of at least partially nested trays, each of the trays having a first engaging portion and a second engaging portion, said tray destacking device comprising:
a tray supporting device for supporting a stack of at least two at least partially nested trays, said tray supporting device being inclined and supporting the stack of trays along an inclined support surface; and
a tray separating device operable to separate and discharge individual trays from the stack of trays, said tray separating device being movable between an engaging position for engaging the first engaging portion of an individual tray of the stack of trays and a disengaging position remote from the first engaging portion of the trays supported by said tray supporting device, said separating device being biased toward said engaging position by a first biasing member and movable to said engaging position when generally aligned with the first engaging portion of said individual tray in response to said first biasing member, wherein said tray separating device is operable to engage the first engaging portion of said individual tray and exert a force at the first engaging portion generally in a separating direction along the stack of trays.
2. The tray destacking device of claim 1 including a tray retaining device for retaining the stack of trays on said tray supporting device while said tray separating device separates the individual tray from the stack of trays.
3. The tray destacking device of claim 2, wherein said tray supporting device comprises a conveyor which is operable to move the stack of trays to an aligned position along said tray supporting device with respect to at least one of said tray separating device and said tray retaining device.
4. The tray destacking device of claim 2, wherein said tray retaining device is movable between a retaining position where said tray retaining device engages the second engaging portion of a tray of the stack of trays and a released position where said tray retaining device is remote from the second engaging portion of the trays supported by said tray supporting device.
5. The tray destacking device of claim 4, wherein said tray retaining device is biased toward said retaining position by a second biasing member, said tray retaining device being movable to said retaining position in response to said second biasing member to engage the second engaging portion of a next tray adjacent to said individual tray when said tray separating device moves said individual tray in said separating direction.
6. The tray destacking device of claim 1, wherein said tray separating device comprises at least one engaging member which is pivotable between said engaging position and said disengaging position.
7. The tray destacking device of claim 6, wherein said at least one engaging member of said tray separating device is movable along said tray separating device between said discharge end of said tray supporting device and a discharge end of said tray separating device.
8. The tray destacking device of claim 7, wherein said at least one engaging member comprises a camming surface for engaging an upper edge of the stack of trays to pivot said at least one engaging member to said disengaging position as said at least one engaging member moves toward a position generally aligned with said first engaging portion of said individual tray.
9. The tray destacking device of claim 8, wherein said at least one engaging member of said tray separating device comprises an engaging surface, said first biasing member pivoting said at least one engaging member to pivot said engaging surface into engagement with said first engaging portion in response to said at least one engaging member arriving at said generally aligned position.
10. The tray destacking device of claim 7 including a tray retaining device for retaining the stack of trays on said tray supporting device while said tray separating device separates the individual tray from the stack of trays, said tray retaining device being pivotally mounted at a discharge end of said tray supporting device.
11. The tray destacking device of claim 10, wherein said tray retaining device is pivotable between a retaining position where said tray retaining device engages the second engaging portion of a tray of the stack of trays and a released position where said tray retaining device is remote from the second engaging portion of the trays supported by said tray supporting device.
12. The tray destacking device of claim 11, wherein said tray separating device comprises a releasing member which is adapted to engage and pivot said tray retaining device toward said released position as said at least one engaging member moves toward said generally aligned position.
13. The tray destacking device of claim 12, wherein said tray retaining device includes a second biasing member which biases said tray retaining device toward said retaining position.
14. The tray destacking device of claim 13, wherein said second biasing member pivots said tray retaining device to said retaining position in response to said releasing member moving in said separating direction and disengaging from said tray retaining device.
15. A tray destacking device for destacking an individual tray from a stack of at least partially nested trays, each of the trays having a first engaging portion and a second engaging portion, said tray destacking device comprising:
a tray supporting device for supporting a stack of at least two at least partially nested trays;
a tray separating device operable to separate and discharge individual trays from the stack of trays, said tray separating device being movable between an engaging position for engaging the first engaging portion of an individual tray of the stack of trays and a disengaging position remote from the first engaging portion of the trays supported by said tray supporting device, said separating device being biased toward said engaging position by a first biasing member and movable to said engaging position when generally aligned with the first engaging portion of said individual tray in response to said first biasing member, wherein said tray separating device is operable to engage the first engaging portion of said individual tray and exert a force at the first engaging portion generally in a separating direction along the stack of trays; and
a tilt mechanism positioned adjacent said tray supporting device, said tilt mechanism being operable to tilt a vertically oriented stack of trays onto said tray supporting device.
16. The tray destacking device of claim 15, wherein said tray supporting device is inclined and operable to move the stack of trays upward along the incline to a destacking position.
17. The tray destacking device of claim 16, wherein said separating direction defines a first angle with respect to horizontal and said tray supporting device defines a second angle with respect to horizontal, said first angle being greater than said second angle.
18. The tray destacking device of claim 17, wherein said tray separating device moves said individual tray from said tray supporting device, said tray separating device pivoting said individual tray to a generally upright orientation after said individual tray has been removed from said tray supporting device.
19. The tray destacking device of claim 1, wherein said tray separating device moves to said disengaging position to release said individual tray at a discharge end of said tray separating device.
20. A tray destacking device for destacking an individual tray from a stack of at least partially nested trays, the stack of trays defining a stack direction, each of the trays having a first engaging portion and a second engaging portion which are generally within respective planes that are generally normal to said stack direction, said tray destacking device comprising:
a tray supporting device for supporting a stack of at least two at least partially nested trays, said tray supporting device being inclined and supporting the stack of trays along an inclined support surface; and
a tray separating device operable to separate and discharge individual trays from the stack of trays, said tray separating device being operable to engage the first engaging portion of an individual tray and to exert a separating force at the first engaging portion generally in said stack direction to remove the individual tray from the stack of trays.
21. The tray destacking device of claim 20 including a tray retaining device operable to engage the second engaging portion of a tray, said tray retaining device engaging the second engaging portion of a next tray adjacent to said individual tray to retain the remaining trays of the stack of trays when said tray separating device moves said individual tray generally in said stack direction.
22. The tray destacking device of claim 21, wherein said tray supporting device comprises a conveyor which is operable to move the stack of trays to a destacking position along said tray supporting device with respect to at least one of said tray separating device and said tray retaining device.
23. A tray destacking device for destacking an individual tray from a stack of at least partially nested trays, the stack of trays defining a stack direction, each of the trays having a first engaging portion and a second engaging portion which are generally within respective planes that are generally normal to said stack direction, said tray destacking device comprising:
a tray supporting device for supporting a stack of at least two at least partially nested trays;
a tray separating device operable to separate and discharge individual trays from the stack of trays, said tray separating device being operable to engage the first engaging portion of an individual tray and to exert a separating force at the first engaging portion generally in said stack direction to remove the individual tray from the stack of trays; and
a tilt mechanism positioned adjacent to said tray supporting device, said tilt mechanism being operable to tilt a vertically oriented stack of trays onto said tray supporting device.
24. The tray destacking device of claim 23, wherein said tray supporting device is inclined and operable to move the stack of trays upward along the incline to said destacking position.
25. The tray destacking device of claim 20, wherein said tray separating device moves to disengage from the first engaging portion of said individual tray to release said individual tray at a discharge end of said tray separating device.
26. The tray destacking device of claim 20, wherein said tray separating device comprises at least one engaging member which is pivotable between said engaging position and said disengaging position.
27. The tray destacking device of claim 26, wherein said at least one engaging member moves along said tray separating device between said discharge end of said tray supporting device and a discharge end of said tray separating device.
28. The tray destacking device of claim 27, wherein said at least one engaging member comprises a camming surface for engaging an upper edge of the stack of trays to pivot said at least one engaging member to said disengaging position as said at least one engaging member moves toward a position generally aligned with said first engaging portion of said individual tray.
29. The tray destacking device of claim 28, wherein said at least one engaging member comprises an engaging surface, said at least one engaging member being biased to pivot said engaging surface into engagement with said first engaging portion by a first biasing member in response to said at least one engaging member arriving at said generally aligned position.
30. The tray destacking device of claim 29 including at least one retaining arm operable to retain the stack of trays on said tray supporting device as said at least one engaging member separates and removes said individual tray from the stack of trays.
31. The tray destacking device of claim 30, wherein said at least one retaining arm is pivotable between a retaining position wherein said at least one retaining arm engages and retains the stack of trays on said tray supporting device and a released position where said at least one retaining arm is disengaged from the stack of trays on said tray supporting device.
32. The tray destacking device of claim 31, wherein said at least one engaging member comprises a release member which is adapted to engage and pivot said at least one retaining arm toward said released position in response to said at least one engaging member moving toward said generally aligned position.
33. The tray destacking device of claim 32, wherein said at least one retaining arm is biased toward said retaining position by a second biasing member.
34. The tray destacking device of claim 33, wherein said second biasing member pivots said at least one retaining arm to said retaining position in response to said at least one engaging member and maid release member moving generally in said stack direction away from said at least one retaining arm.
35. A tray destacking device for destacking an individual tray from a stack of at least partially nested trays, each of the trays having a first engaging portion and a second engaging portion, said tray destacking device comprising:
a tray supporting device for supporting a stack of at least two at least partially nested trays;
a tray retaining device pivotable between a retaining position where said tray retaining device engages the first engaging portion of a tray of the stack of trays and a released position where said tray retaining device is remote from the first engaging portion of the trays supported by said tray supporting device; and
a tray separating device operable to separate and discharge individual trays from the stack of trays, said tray separating device comprising at least one separating member which is pivotable between an engaging position for engaging the second engaging portion of an individual tray of the stack of trays and a disengaging position remote from the second engaging portion of the trays supported by said tray supporting device, said at least one separating member being operable to engage the second engaging portion of said individual tray and exert a force at the second engaging portion generally in a separating direction along the stack of trays, said tray retaining device pivoting to said retaining position to engage the first engaging portion of a next tray adjacent to said individual tray as said at least one separating member moves relative to and away from said tray retaining device in said separating direction, wherein said tray retaining device is pivotally mounted at said tray supporting device and said at least one separating member is movable along said tray separating device between said discharge end of said tray supporting device and a discharge end of said tray separating device.
36. The tray destacking device of claim 35, wherein said at least one separating member includes a camming surface for engaging an upper edge of the stack of trays to pivot said at least one separating member to said disengaging position as said at least one separating member moves toward a position generally aligned with said second engaging portion of said individual tray.
37. The tray destacking device of claim 36, wherein said at least one separating member includes an engaging surface, said at least one separating member being biased to pivot said engaging surface into engagement with said second engaging portion by a first biasing member in response to said at least one separating member arriving at said generally aligned position.
38. The tray destacking device of claim 37, wherein said at least one separating member includes a releasing member which is adapted to engage and pivot said tray retaining device toward said released position as said at least one separating member moves toward said generally aligned position.
39. The tray destacking device of claim 38, wherein said tray retaining device is biased toward said retaining position by a second biasing member.
40. The tray destacking device of claim 39, wherein said second biasing member pivots said tray retaining device to said retaining position in response to said at least one separating member and said releasing member moving relative to said tray retaining device in said separating direction.
41. The tray destacking device of claim 35, wherein said at least one separating member moves to engage the second engaging surface of said individual tray in a plane defined along the second engaging surface which is generally normal to said separating direction.
42. The tray destacking device of claim 41, wherein said tray retaining device moves to engage the first engaging surface of the nest adjacent tray in a second plane defined along the first engaging surface which is generally normal to said separating direction.
43. The tray destacking device of claim 35, wherein said tray supporting device comprises a conveyor which is operable to move the stack of trays to an aligned position along said tray supporting device with respect to at least one of said tray separating device and said tray retaining device.
44. A tray destacking device for destacking an individual tray from a stack of at least partially nested trays, each of the trays having a first engaging portion and a second engaging portion, said tray destacking device comprising:
a tray supporting device for supporting a stack of at least two at least partially nested trays;
a tray retaining device pivotable between a retaining position where said tray retaining device engages the first engaging portion of a tray of the stack of trays and a released position where said tray retaining device is remote from the first engaging portion of the trays supported by said tray supporting device;
a tray separating device operable to separate and discharge individual trays from the stack of trays, said tray separating device comprising at least one separating member which is pivotable between an engaging position for engaging the second engaging portion of an individual tray of the stack of trays and a disengaging position remote from the second engaging portion of the trays supported by said tray supporting device, said at least one separating member being operable to engage the second engaging portion of said individual tray and exert a force at the second engaging portion generally in a separating direction along the stack of trays, said tray retaining device being pivotable to said retaining position to engage the first engaging portion of a next tray adjacent to said individual tray in response to said at least one separating member moving relative to said tray retaining device in said separating direction, said tray supporting device comprising a conveyor which is operable to move the stack of trays to an aligned position along said tray supporting device with respect to at least one of said tray separating device and said tray retaining device; and
a tilt mechanism positioned adjacent said tray supporting device, said tilt mechanism being operable to tilt a vertically oriented stack of trays onto said tray supporting device.
45. The tray destacking device of claim 44, wherein said tray supporting device is inclined and operable to move the stack of trays upward along the incline to said aligned position.
46. The tray destacking device of claim 45, wherein said separation direction defines a first angle with respect to horizontal and said tray supporting device defines a second angle with respect to horizontal, said first angle being greater than said second angle.
47. The tray destacking device of claim 46, wherein said tray separating device moves said individual tray from said tray supporting device, said tray separating device pivoting said individual tray to a generally upright orientation after said individual tray has been removed from said tray supporting device.
48. The tray destacking device of claim 47, wherein said separating member moves along said tray separating device to said disengaging position to release said individual tray at a discharge end of said tray separating device.
49. A tray destacking device for destacking an individual tray from a stack of at least partially nested trays, each of the trays having a first engaging portion and a second engaging portion, said tray destacking device comprising:
a tray supporting device for supporting a stack of at least two at least partially nested trays;
a tray retaining device pivotable between a retaining position where said tray retaining device engages the first engaging portion of a tray of the stack of trays and a released position where said tray retaining device is remote from the first engaging portion of the trays supported by said tray supporting device; and
a tray separating device operable to separate and discharge individual trays from the stack of trays, said tray separating device comprising at least one separating member which is pivotable between an engaging position for engaging the second engaging portion of an individual tray of the stack of trays and a disengaging position remote from the second engaging portion of the trays supported by said tray supporting device, said at least one separating member being operable to engage the second engaging portion of said individual tray and exert a force at the second engaging portion generally in a separating direction along the stack of trays, said tray retaining device pivoting to said retaining position to engage the first engaging portion of a next tray adjacent to said individual tray as said at least one separating member moves relative to and away from said tray retaining device in said separating direction, wherein said tray supporting device is inclined and supports the stack of trays along an inclined support surface.
50. The tray destacking device of claim 49, wherein said inclined tray supporting device comprises an inclined conveyor that is operable to convey the stack of trays toward said tray separating device.
51. The tray destacking device of claim 49, wherein said inclined support surface is an a first angle relative to horizontal and said separating direction is at a second angle relative to horizontal.
52. The tray destacking device claim 51, wherein said second angle is greater than said first angle.
53. The tray destacking device of claim 1, wherein said inclined tray supporting device comprises an inclined conveyor that is operable to convey the stack of trays toward said tray separating device.
54. The tray destacking device of claim 1, wherein said inclined support surface is an a first angle relative to horizontal and said separating direction is at a second angle relative to horizontal.
55. The tray destacking device of claim 54, wherein said second angle is greater than said first angle.
56. The tray destacking device of claim 20, wherein said inclined tray supporting device comprises an inclined conveyor that is operable to convey the stack of trays toward said tray separating device.
57. The tray destacking device of claim 20, wherein said inclined support surface is an a first angle relative to horizontal and said tray separating device moves the individual tray along a second angle relative to horizontal.
58. The tray destacking device of claim 57, wherein said second angle is greater than said first angle.

The claims below are in addition to those above.
All refrences to claim(s) which appear below refer to the numbering after this setence.

1. A non-volatile magnetic memory cell, comprising:
a switchable magnetic element; and
a word line and a bit line to energize the switchable magnetic element; wherein at least one of the word line and the bit line comprises a magnetic sidewall that is discontinuous.
2. The non-volatile magnetic memory cell of claim 1, wherein the magnetic sidewall comprises portions located at those sections that are proximate the switchable magnetic element of the at least one word line and bit line.
3. The non-volatile magnetic memory cell of claim 2, wherein the portions are rectangular.
4. The non-volatile magnetic memory cell of claim 3, wherein each portion has an aspect ratio of 1.
5. The non-volatile magnetic memory cell of claim 3, wherein each portion has a thickness that is less than 10 nm.
6. The non-volatile magnetic memory cell of claim 3, wherein each portion comprises multiple layers.
7. The non-volatile magnetic memory cell of claim 6, wherein the multiple layers comprise and inner layer, an outer layer, and a middle layer sandwiched between the inner and outer layers.
8. The non-volatile magnetic memory cell of claim 7, wherein the middle layer is magnetic.
9. The non-volatile magnetic memory cell of claim 8, wherein the inner and outer layers are nonmagnetic.
10. The non-volatile magnetic memory cell of claim 1, wherein the both the word line and the bit line comprise the magnetic sidewall.
11. The non-volatile magnetic memory cell of claim 3, wherein the switchable magnetic element comprises a Magnetic Tunnel Junction (MTJ).
12. A memory device, comprising:
an array of magnetic memory cells, each cell comprising:
a switchable magnetic element; and
a word line and a bit line to energize the switchable magnetic element; wherein at least one of the word line and the bit line comprises a magnetic sidewall that is discontinuous.
13. The memory device of claim 12, wherein the magnetic sidewall comprises portions located at those sections that are proximate the switchable magnetic element of the at least one word line and bit line.
14. The memory device of claim 13, wherein the portions are rectangular.
15. The memory device of claim 14, wherein each portion has an aspect ratio of 1.
16. The memory device of claim 15, wherein each portion has a thickness that is less than 10 nm.
17. The memory device of claim 14, wherein each portion comprises multiple layers.
18. The memory device of claim 17, wherein the multiple layers comprise and inner layer, an outer layer, and a middle layer sandwiched between the inner and outer layers.
19. The memory device claim 18, wherein the middle layer is magnetic.
20. The memory device of claim 9, wherein the inner and outer layers are non-magnetic.