1. A suspension system for a vehicle, said suspension system comprising:
a hydraulic system including:
a plurality of hydraulic actuators;
a plurality of control valves associated with said hydraulic actuators;
a hydraulic pump;
a hydraulic accumulator;
a reservoir; and
a compressible hydraulic fluid in hydraulic communication with said plurality of hydraulic actuators, said plurality of control valves, said hydraulic pump, and said reservoir; and
a controller adapted to process data received from one or more switches or sensors and provide control signals to said control valves according to an algorithm embodied in said controller;
wherein said hydraulic actuators, said hydraulic pump, and said hydraulic accumulator operate at static hydraulic pressures of at least about 5750 psi;
wherein said reservoir operates at a pressure lower than the operating pressure of said hydraulic actuators, said hydraulic pump, and said hydraulic accumulator;
wherein said hydraulic actuators are selectively charged with hydraulic fluid drawn from said reservoir; and
wherein said actuators selectively discharge said hydraulic fluid to said reservoir.
2. The suspension system of claim 1 wherein said one or more switches or sensors comprises one or more of:
an actuator position sensor operably associated with a corresponding one of said plurality of hydraulic actuators;
a wheel position sensor operably associated with a corresponding one of said plurality of hydraulic actuators;
an accumulator pressure sensor associated with said hydraulic accumulator;
a steering position sensor;
a three-axis accelerometer; and
a selector switch.
3. The suspension system of claim 1 wherein said hydraulic system operates at static hydraulic pressures of at least about 6250 psi.
4. The suspension system of claim 1 wherein said hydraulic system operates at static hydraulic pressures of at least about 6500 psi.
5. The suspension system of claim 1 wherein said hydraulic system operates at static hydraulic pressures of at least about 7000 psi.
6. The suspension system of claim 1 wherein said hydraulic system operates at static hydraulic pressures of at least about 8000 psi.
7. The suspension system of claim 1 wherein said hydraulic system operates at static hydraulic pressures of at least about 10,000 psi.
8. The suspension system of claim 1 wherein said hydraulic actuators operate at static hydraulic pressures of at least about 5750 psi.
9. The suspension system of claim 1 wherein said hydraulic actuators operate at static hydraulic pressures of at least about 6250 psi.
10. The suspension system of claim 1 wherein said hydraulic actuators operate at static hydraulic pressures of at least about 6500 psi.
11. The suspension system of claim 1 wherein said hydraulic actuators operate at static hydraulic pressures of at least about 7000 psi.
12. The suspension system of claim 1 wherein said hydraulic actuators operate at static hydraulic pressures of at least about 8000 psi.
13. The suspension system of claim 1 wherein said hydraulic accumulator operates at static hydraulic pressures of at least about 8000 psi.
14. The suspension system of claim 1 wherein said hydraulic accumulator operates at static hydraulic pressures of at least about 9000 psi.
15. The suspension system of claim 1 wherein said hydraulic pump operates at static hydraulic pressures of at least about 9000 psi.
16. The suspension system of claim 1 wherein said controller determines a desired hydraulic pressure at a given time for each of said hydraulic actuators based on said data and said algorithm and wherein said control signals cause said control valves to open andor close to adjust the pressure in each of said hydraulic actuators toward the respective desired pressure.
17. The suspension system of claim 16 wherein said desired pressures are selected to enable said suspension system to substantially maintain a predetermined average ride height.
18. The suspension system of claim 16 wherein said desired pressures are selected to enable said suspension system to mitigate pitch of said vehicle when said vehicle is braking.
19. The suspension system of claim 16 wherein said desired pressures are selected to enable said suspension system to mitigate roll of said vehicle when said vehicle is turning.
20. The suspension system of claim 16 wherein said desired pressures are selected to enable said suspension system to level the body of said vehicle with respect to gravity.
The claims below are in addition to those above.
All refrences to claim(s) which appear below refer to the numbering after this setence.
1. A piezoelectric vibrating reed, comprising:
a piezoelectric plate having a pair of vibrating arms extending parallel to each other, a base portion integrally fixing the pair of vibrating arms thereto at a base end side thereof, and groove portions on principal surfaces of the pair of vibrating arms, the groove portions having the same length from base end portions toward tip end portions of the vibrating arms; and
an electrode film comprising a base metal layer and a finishing metal layer, the electrode film laminated on outer surfaces of the piezoelectric plate and configured to vibrate the pair of vibrating arms when a predetermined voltage is applied thereon,
wherein the finishing metal layer of the electrode film is at least partially discontinuous such that the base metal layer is exposed in regions of the vibrating arms between the base end portions and the tip end portions.
2. The piezoelectric vibrating reed according to claim 1, wherein:
the finishing metal layer of the electrode film is at least partially discontinuous from the base end portions to positions spaced by at least the length of the groove portions.
3. The piezoelectric vibrating reed according to claim 2, wherein:
the finishing metal layer of the electrode film is discontinuous on the principal surfaces and in the groove portions of the piezoelectric plate.
4. The piezoelectric vibrating reed according to claim 1, wherein:
the base metal layer comprises chromium; and
the finishing metal layer comprises gold.
5. A piezoelectric vibrator, comprising the piezoelectric vibrating reed set forth in claim 1.
6. An oscillator, comprising:
the piezoelectric vibrator set forth in claim 5,
wherein the piezoelectric vibrator is electrically connected to an integrated circuit as a resonator.
7. An electronic device, comprising:
the piezoelectric vibrator set forth in claim 5,
wherein the piezoelectric vibrator is electrically connected to a clock portion.
8. A wave clock, comprising:
the piezoelectric vibrator set forth in claim 5,
wherein the piezoelectric vibrator is electrically connected to a filter portion.
9. A piezoelectric vibrating reed having a serial resonance resistance value that is substantially independent of relative structural dimensions, the vibrating reed comprising:
a piezoelectric plate having a pair of vibrating arms extending parallel to each other, a base portion integrally fixing the pair of vibrating arms thereto at a base end side thereof, and groove portions on principal surfaces of the pair of vibrating arms, the groove portions having the same length from base end portions toward tip end portions of the vibrating arms; and
an electrode film comprising a base metal layer and a finishing metal layer, the electrode film laminated on outer surfaces of the piezoelectric plate in an electrode pattern configured to vibrate the pair of vibrating arms when a predetermined voltage is applied thereon,
wherein the electrode film comprises a single layer of base metal in the groove portions and regions of the vibrating arms in immediate proximity to the groove portions.