Author: claimsbot

1. A liquid crystal display unit comprising:
a liquid crystal layer sandwiched between first and second substrates,
the first substrate including a reflector for reflecting incident light guided through the second substrate and the liquid crystal layer,
the reflector having a plurality of protuberances and recesses in each pixel region,
the distances between the respective peaks of each two adjacent protuberances in the pixel region being distributed in the range from 5 \u03bcm to 15 \u03bcm, with the incidence of peak distances within the range of \xb10.5 \u03bcm from the most frequent peak distance ranging from 40% to 80%,
the area of regular reflection surfaces of the reflector tilted at angles of 4.5\xb0 or less to the principal surface of the first substrate in the pixel region accounting for 35% or less of the area of the pixel region.
2. A liquid crystal display unit according to claim 1, wherein said reflector includes a plurality of pixel electrodes formed of a reflective metallic material.
3. A liquid crystal display unit according to claim 1, wherein said first substrate has an insulating film as the ground of the reflector.
4. A liquid crystal display unit according to claim 3, wherein said insulating film includes an organic insulating film.
5. A liquid crystal display unit according to claim 4, wherein said organic insulating film is formed of a photosensitive resin.
6. A liquid crystal display unit according to claim 1, wherein said first substrate has a reflective region having a reflector scattering incident light guided through the second substrate and the liquid crystal layer and a light transmitting region transmitting incident light guided through the first substrate.
7. A liquid crystal display unit according to claim 1, wherein the average height from the bottom of the each recess to the peak of each protuberance thereof is 1.2 \u03bcm or less.
8. A liquid crystal display unit according to claim 7, wherein said average height of protuberances and recesses is 0.1 \u03bcm or more.
9. A liquid crystal display unit according to claim 1, wherein the peak distances between the protuberances in the peak distance distribution range from 7.5 \u03bcm to 12.5 \u03bcm.
10. A liquid crystal display unit comprising:
a liquid crystal layer sandwiched between first and second substrates,
the first substrate including a reflector for reflecting incident light guided through the second substrate and the liquid crystal layer,
the reflector having a plurality of protuberances and recesses in each pixel region,
the distances between the respective peaks of each two adjacent protuberances in the pixel region being distributed in the range from 5 \u03bcm to 15 \u03bcm, with the incidence of peak distances within the range of \xb10.5 \u03bcm from the most frequent peak distance ranging from 40% to 80%,
the average height from the bottom of the each recess to the peak of each protuberance thereof ranging from 0.1 \u03bcm to 1.2 \u03bcm.

The claims below are in addition to those above.
All refrences to claim(s) which appear below refer to the numbering after this setence.

1. A method of treating a viscose process stream comprising oxidizing a reduced sulfur compound in the viscose process stream to produce a treated alkali metal sulfate liquid stream.
2. The method of claim 1, wherein the alkali metal is sodium.
3. The method of claim 1, wherein the step of oxidizing is performed at a pressure above atmospheric pressure and at a temperature of at least about 130\xb0 C. until the treated alkali metal sulfate liquid stream has a pH of less than about 10.
4. The method of claim 1, wherein the reduced sulfur compound comprises at least one of carbon disulfide, alkali metal salts of sulfide, thiocarbonate, thiosulfate and sulfite.
5. The method of claim 1, further comprising a step of adding a spent caustic solution to the viscose process stream prior to oxidizing the reduced sulfur compound.
6. The method of claim 1, wherein the step of oxidizing comprises providing an oxidant selected from the group consisting of air, oxygen-enriched air, and essentially pure oxygen.
7. The method of claim 6, wherein the oxidant comprises air and wherein an oxygen content in the range 2% to 18% is maintained in an off-gas.
8. The method of claim 7, wherein the oxygen content ranges from about 5% to about 9%.
9. The method of claim 1, wherein the oxidizing step is performed at a temperature of about 130\xb0 C. to about 260\xb0 C.
10. The method of claim 9, wherein the temperature is about 200\xb0 C. to about 220\xb0 C.
11. The method of claim 1, wherein the oxidizing step is performed for at least about 15 minutes.
12. The method of claim 1, wherein the treated liquid stream has a pH of about 2 to about 10.
13. The method of claim 12, wherein the pH ranges from about 2 to about 7.
14. The method of claim 1, further comprising a step of recovering alkali metal sulfate from the treated liquid stream.
15. The method of claim 14, wherein the recovering step comprises crystallizing alkali metal sulfate.
16. The method of claim 15, further comprising a step of introducing at least a portion of the recovered, crystallized alkali metal sulfate into the viscose process.
17. The method of claim 1, wherein the oxidizing step comprises injecting steam into the viscose process stream comprising the reduced sulfur compound.
18. A method of treating reduced sulfur compounds in a viscose process stream comprising steps of;
forming an alkaline solution of sodium cellulose xanthate;
treating the sodium cellulose xanthate solution to produce a regenerated cellulose material and at least one stream comprising reduced sulfur compounds;
oxidizing in the liquid phase the at least one stream comprising reduced sulfur compounds with air while maintaining about 5% to about 9% oxygen concentration in the off-gas, at an elevated temperature in the range of about 200\xb0 C. to about 220\xb0 C. and superatmospheric pressure for a duration of at least about 15 minutes, to produce a treated liquid stream having a pH in the range of about 2 to about 7, the treated liquid stream comprising sodium sulfate;
crystallizing sodium sulfate from the treated liquid stream; and
introducing at least a portion of the crystallized sodium sulfate to the viscose process.
19. A system for treating a stream from a viscose process mother liquor comprising:
a reduced sulfur species outlet from the viscose process mother liquor;
an oxidant source fluidly connected to the reduced sulfur species outlet;
a reactor fluidly connected downstream of the oxidant source and the reduced sulfur species outlet, the reactor comprising a sodium sulfate stream outlet; and
a separator fluidly connected to the sodium sulfate stream outlet and having a liquid phase outlet and a gaseous phase outlet.
20. The system of claim 19, further comprising a spent caustic species outlet from the viscose process, the spent caustic species outlet fluidly connected upstream of the reactor.
21. The system of claim 19, wherein the reduced sulfur species outlet is fluidly connected to the liquid-phase outlet.
22. The system of claim 19, further comprising a steam source fluidly connected upstream of the reactor.
23. The system of claim 19, wherein an oxidant from the oxidant source comprises at least one oxidant selected from the group consisting of air, oxygen-enriched air, and oxygen.
24. The system of claim 19, wherein the reactor has an internal pressure above atmospheric pressure.
25. The system of claim 19, wherein the reactor has an operating temperature of at least about 130\xb0 C.
26. The system of claim 19, wherein a reduced sulfur species from the reduced sulfur species source comprises at least one species selected from the group consisting of carbon disulfide, hydrogen sulfide, sodium thiocarbonate, sodium thiosulfate, and sodium sulfite.
27. The system of claim 19, further comprising an sodium sulfate recovery system fluidly connected to the liquid-phase outlet.
28. The system of claim 27, further comprising a conduit fluidly connecting the sodium sulfate recovery system and the viscose process.
29. A method of wet oxidation of a viscose process mother liquor comprising:
retrieving the viscose process mother liquor comprising at least one reduced sulfur species selected from the group consisting of carbon disulfide, hydrogen sulfide, sodium thiocarbonate, sodium thiosulfate, and sodium sulfite; and
oxidizing at least a portion of the reduced sulfur species at a pressure and temperature sufficient to produce an alkali sulfate stream having a pH of less than about 10.
30. The method of claim 29, further comprising adding a viscose process spent caustic solution to the viscose process mother liquor prior to performing the oxidizing step.
31. The method of claim 30, wherein the temperature is between about 130\xb0 C. to about 260\xb0 C.
32. The method of claim 31, wherein the temperature is between about 200\xb0 C. to about 220\xb0 C.
33. The method of claim 32, further comprising injecting steam into the viscose process mother liquor.
34. The method of claim 32, further comprising crystallizing alkali sulfate species from the alkali sulfate stream.
35. The method of claim 34, further comprising introducing the alkali sulfate into a viscose process system.
36. The method of claim 35, wherein the pressure is above atmospheric pressure.
37. The method of claim 36, wherein the pH is less than about 5.
38. The method of claim 37, wherein the alkali sulfate stream comprises sodium sulfate.

1. A curable composition comprising:
A) a benzoxazine component,
B) a combination of two adducts a first adduct of which is prepared from hydroxy-containing compounds, isocyanate-containing compounds, and an amino phenolic compound, wherein the first adduct has a molecular weight in the range of 55,000 to 90,000 Mn, and a second adduct of which is prepared from the first adduct, an epoxy-containing compound and a phenolic compound,
C) an epoxy resin component, and
D) one or more tougheners in addition to the combination of adducts of B).
2. A composition according to claim 1, wherein the benzoxazine component comprises one or more of
wherein o is 1-4, X is selected from the group consisting of a direct bond (when o is 2), alkyl (when o is 1), alkylene (when o is 2-4), carbonyl (when o is 2), thiol (when o is 1), thioether (when o is 2), sulfoxide (when o is 2), and sulfone (when o is 2), R1 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, and aryl, and R4 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, halogen, alkyl, and alkenyl, or
wherein p is 2, Y is selected from the group consisting of biphenyl (when p is 2), diphenyl methane (when p is 2), diphenyl isopropane (when p is 2), diphenyl sulfide (when p is 2), diphenyl sulfoxide (when p is 2), diphenyl sulfone (when p is 2), and diphenyl ketone (when p is 2), and R4 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, halogen, alkyl, alkenyl, and aryl.
3. A composition according to claim 2, wherein the benzoxazine component comprises one or more of
wherein X is selected from the group consisting of a direct bond, CH2, C(CH3)2, C\u2550O, S, S\u2550O and O\u2550S\u2550O, and R1, R2, and R3 are the same or different and is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, and aryl, and R4 is selected from the group consisting of a hydrogen, halogen, alkyl, alkenyl and aryl.
4. A composition according to claim 1, wherein the benzoxazine component comprises one or more of
5. A composition according to claim 1, wherein the benzoxazine component is present in an amount in the range of about 10 to about 99 percent by weight, based on the total weight of the composition.
6. A composition according to claim 1, wherein the epoxy resin component is a member selected from the group consisting of C1-C28 alkyl-, polyphenol glycidyl ethers; polyglycidyl ethers of pyrocatechol, resorcinol, hydroquinone, 4,4\u2032-dihydroxydiphenyl methane, 4,4\u2032-dihydroxy-3,3\u2032-dimethyldiphenyl methane, 4,4\u2032-dihydroxydiphenyl dimethyl methane, 4,4\u2032-dihydroxydiphenyl methyl methane, 4,4\u2032-dihydroxydiphenyl cyclohexane, 4,4\u2032-dihydroxy-3,3\u2032-dimethyldiphenyl propane, 4,4\u2032-dihydroxydiphenyl sulfone, and tris(4-hydroxyphenyl)methane; polyglycidyl ethers of transition metal complexes; chlorination and bromination products of pyrocatechol, resorcinol, hydroquinone, 4,4\u2032-dihydroxydiphenyl methane, 4,4\u2032-dihydroxy-3,3\u2032-dimethyldiphenyl methane, 4,4\u2032-dihydroxydiphenyl dimethyl methane, 4,4\u2032-dihydroxydiphenyl methyl methane, 4,4\u2032-dihydroxydiphenyl cyclohexane, 4,4\u2032-dihydroxy-3,3\u2032-dimethyldiphenyl propane, 4,4\u2032-dihydroxydiphenyl sulfone, and tris(4-hydroxyphenyl)methane; polyglycidyl ethers of novolacs; polyglycidyl ethers of diphenols obtained by esterifying ethers of diphenols obtained by esterifying salts of an aromatic hydrocarboxylic acid with a dihaloalkane or dihalogen dialkyl ether; polyglycidyl ethers of polyphenols obtained by condensing phenols and long-chain halogen paraffins containing at least two halogen atoms; phenol novolac epoxy; cresol novolac epoxy; and combinations thereof.
7. A composition according to claim 1, wherein the toughener is a member selected from the group consisting of 1,3-butadieneacrylonitrile, 1,3-butadiene(meth) acrylic acid esters, 1,3-butadienemethacrylic acid esters, a 1,3-butadieneacrylonitrilestyrene graft copolymer, a 1,3-butadienemethyl methacrylatestyrene graft copolymer, a 1,3-butadieneacrylonitrile copolymer, core shell polymers, polyether sulfones, polyamide imides, polysulfones, polyether ketones and combinations thereof.
8. A composition according to claim 1, further comprising an inorganic filler component.
9. A composition according to claim 8, wherein the inorganic filler component is a silica having a particle size in the nanoscale range.
10. A prepreg comprising a layer of fibers infused with the composition of claim 1.
11. Cured reaction products of the prepreg according to claim 10.
12. A process for producing a prepreg, steps of which comprise:
A) providing a layer of fibers;
B) providing the composition according to claim 1; and
C) joining the composition and the layer of fibers to form a prepreg assembly, and exposing the resulting prepreg assembly to elevated temperature and pressure conditions sufficient to infuse the layer of fibers with the heat curable composition to form a prepreg.
13. A prepreg made by the process according to claim 12.
14. A process for producing a prepreg, steps of which comprise:
A) providing a layer of fibers;
B) providing the composition according to claim 1 in liquid form;
C) passing the layer of fibers through the liquid heat curable composition to infuse the layer of fibers with the heat curable composition; and
D) removing excess heat curable composition from the prepreg assembly.
15. A prepreg made by the process according to claim 14.
16. A towpreg comprising:
A) a bundle of fibers infused with the composition according to claim 1.
17. Cured reaction products of the towpreg according to claim 16.
18. A process for producing a towpreg, steps of which comprise:
A) providing a bundle of fibers;
B) providing the composition according to claim 1; and
C) joining the heat curable composition and the bundle of fibers to form a towpreg assembly, and exposing the resulting towpreg assembly to elevated temperature and pressure conditions sufficient to impregnate the bundle of fibers with the heat curable composition to form a towpreg.
19. A towpreg made by the process according to claim 18.
20. A process for producing a towpreg, steps of which comprise:
A) providing a bundle of fibers;
B) providing the composition according to claim 1 in liquid form;
C) passing the bundle of fibers through the liquid heat curable composition to impregnate the bundle of fibers with the heat curable composition; and
D) removing excess heat curable composition from the towpreg assembly, thereby forming a towpreg.
21. A towpreg made by the process according to claim 20.
22. An adhesive composition comprising the composition according to claim 1.
23. An adhesive composition according to claim 22, further comprising one or more of an adhesion promoter, a flame retardant, a thermoplastic additive, a reactive or unreactive diluent, and a thixotrope.
24. Cured reaction product of the adhesive composition according to claim 23.
25. An adhesive film comprising the composition according to claim 22.
26. An adhesive film according to claim 25, further comprising a support selected from the group consisting of nylon, glass, carbon, polyester, polyalkylene, quartz, polybenzimidazole, polyetheretherketone, polyphenylene sulfide, poly p-phenylene benzobisoxazole, silicon carbide, phenolformaldehyde, phthalate and napthenoate.
27. Cured reaction product of the adhesive film according to claim 26.
28. A composition according to claim 1, wherein the first adduct has a molecular weight of 65,000 to 75,000 Mn.
29. A composition according to claim 1, wherein the first adduct has a molecular weight of at least 62,000 Mn.
30. A composition according to claim 1, wherein the first adduct has a softening point below 120\xb0 C.
31. A composition according to claim 1, wherein the toughener is a polyether sulfone, which contains the structure represented below

The claims below are in addition to those above.
All refrences to claim(s) which appear below refer to the numbering after this setence.

1. A scanning apparatus having a lamp irradiating a light onto a printing medium and operating in at least one operation mode, comprising:
a central processing unit outputting a Pulse Width Modulated (PWM) signal having a variable duty ratio in accordance with the operation mode of the scanning apparatus; and
a lamp control unit varying a voltage applied to the lamp in accordance with the duty ratio of the PWM signal and outputting the varied voltage,
wherein the lamp control unit comprises:
a filter unit removing a noise from the variable signal output from the central processing unit; and
a drive unit varying the voltage applied to the lamp in accordance with the output from the filter unit and outputting the varied voltage.
2. The scanning apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the operation mode of the scanning apparatus comprises at least one among a sleep mode, a scan mode and a stand-by mode.
3. The scanning apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the operation mode of the scanning apparatus comprises at least one among a copy mode, a scan mode and a fax mode.
4. The scanning apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the signal is a square wave signal.
5. The scanning apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the variable signal is a Pulse Width Modulated (PWM) signal.
6. The scanning apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the lamp is preheated under a low temperature and low impedance, extending the lamp’s lifetime by varying the voltage applied to the lamp in accordance with the operation mode of the scanning apparatus, reducing power consumption.
7. The scanning apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the operation mode of the scanning apparatus is performed in accordance with a scanning resolution.
8. The scanning apparatus according to claim 7, wherein the scanning resolution varies in accordance with a text mode, a photo mode and a mixed mode.
9. The scanning apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the drive unit comprises a feedback unit detecting the voltage applied to the lamp and outputting the detected voltage as a feedback signal;
a controlling unit comparing the feedback signal output from the feedback unit with the signal output from the filter unit, and outputting a control signal for variable control; and
a lamp drive unit varying the voltage applied to the lamp in accordance with the output from the controlling unit, and outputting the varied voltage.
10. The scanning apparatus according to claim 3, wherein the controlling unit receives a first input voltage and a second input voltage, amplifies a voltage difference between the first and second input voltages, and outputs the voltage difference to the lamp drive unit.
11. The scanning apparatus according to claim 10, wherein the first input voltage is a summation of the voltage output from the feedback unit and a reference voltage output from a reference voltage source.
12. The scanning apparatus according to claim 11, wherein the reference voltage is a DC voltage.
13. The scanning apparatus according to claim 9, wherein the controlling unit includes an amplifier having an inverting terminal receiving a first input voltage and a non-inverting terminal receiving a luminous-intensity adjusting signal externally input as a second input voltage, amplifies the voltage difference of the second and first input voltages, and outputs an amplified voltage difference.
14. The scanning apparatus according to claim 13, wherein a first resistor and a first capacitor of the controlling unit are connected in series between an output terminal of the amplifier and the non-inverting of the amplifier, canceling oscillation components of the output amplified voltage difference.
15. The scanning apparatus according to claim 14, wherein a second resistor and a second capacitor of the controlling unit are connected in series between the output terminal of the amplifier and a ground terminal, rectifying a ripple voltage of the output amplified voltage difference.
16. The scanning apparatus according to claim 15, wherein a third resistor limits an amount of current rectified and output by the amplifier, and outputs the limited current to the lamp drive unit.
17. A method of controlling a scanning apparatus having a lamp irradiating a light onto a printing medium and operating in at least one operation mode, the method comprising:
outputting a Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) signal having a variable duty ratio in accordance with the operation mode of the scanning apparatus; and
varying the voltage applied to the lamp in accordance with the duty ratio of the PWM variable signal and outputting the varied voltage,
wherein the varying the voltage comprises:
filtering the variable signal and outputting a filtered signal; and
varying the voltage applied to the lamp in accordance with the filtered signal.
18. The method according to claim 17, wherein the varying the voltage comprises:
detecting the voltage applied to the lamp and outputting the detected voltage as a feedback signal;
comparing the feedback signal with the filtered signal, and outputting a control signal; and
varying the voltage applied to the lamp in accordance with the output control signal.
19. The method according to claim 17, wherein the operation mode of the scanning apparatus comprises at least one among a sleep mode, a scan mode and a standby mode.
20. The method according to claim 17, wherein the operation mode of the scanning apparatus comprises at least one among a copy mode, a scan mode and a fax mode.
21. The method according to claim 17, wherein the variable signal is a Pulse Width Modulated (PWM) signal.
22. The method according to claim 17, wherein the variable signal is a square wave signal.
23. The method according to claim 17, wherein the lamp is preheated under a low temperature and low impedance, extending the lamp’s lifetime by varying the voltage applied to the lamp in accordance with the operation mode of the scanning apparatus, reducing power consumption.
24. The method according to claim 17, wherein the operation mode of the scanning apparatus is performed in accordance with a scanning resolution.
25. The method according to claim 24, wherein the scanning resolution varies in accordance with a text mode, a photo mode and a mixed mode.