Author: claimsbot

1. A valve cooling device of an internal combustion engine in which engine oil is circulated in a valve that faces a combustion chamber, wherein
the valve includes:
a valve umbrella portion that intakes air from a combustion chamber side or opens and closes an exhaust passage end; and
a valve stem that extends from the valve umbrella portion to a valve operating chamber side,
an inside of the valve stem is formed with
an oil introduction channel which extends so as to be parallel to the valve stem and in which one end is opened in an extended direction of the valve stem and other end reaches an inner portion of the valve umbrella portion; and
an oil lead-out channel which similarly extends so as to be parallel to the valve stem and in which one end communicates with the other end of the oil introduction channel in the valve umbrella portion and other end is opened to an inner portion of the valve operating chamber,
a jet portion that includes a jet oil passage coaxially disposed with the oil introduction channel is provided in the extended direction of the valve stem, and
the engine oil is injected from an orifice provided on a tip portion of the jet oil passage to an inner portion of the oil introduction channel, the tip portion of the jet oil passage being apart from the oil introduction channel.
2. The valve cooling device of an internal combustion engine according to claim 1, wherein
the valve stem includes a hollow stem main body that forms an outer circumferential shape and an inner pipe that is coaxially inserted into the hollow stem main body, and
the oil introduction channel is formed on an inner circumference of the inner pipe, and the cylindrical oil lead-out channel is formed on an outer circumference of the inner pipe and an outer circumference of the hollow stem main body.
3. The valve cooling device of an internal combustion engine according to claim 2,
wherein a sum of concentricity between the inner pipe and the orifice and a diameter of the orifice is smaller than a diameter of an oil introduction port of the oil introduction channel.
4. The valve cooling device of an internal combustion engine according to claim 3,
wherein a diffusion angle \u03b8j of an oil jet stream that is injected from the orifice is expressed by Equation A below when an inner diameter of the inner pipe is dpi, a diameter of the orifice is dj, a distance from the orifice to an inner bottom surface of the valve umbrella portion is H, and a valve maximum lift amount is L,
\u03b8j=tan\u22121{(dpi\u2212dj)2(H+L)}.\u2003\u2003Equation A
5. The valve cooling device of an internal combustion engine according to claim 2,
wherein a diffusion angle \u03b8j of an oil jet stream that is injected from the orifice is expressed by Equation A below when an inner diameter of the inner pipe is dpi, a diameter of the orifice is dj, a distance from the orifice to an inner bottom surface of the valve umbrella portion is H, and a valve maximum lift amount is L,
\u03b8j=tan\u22121{(dpi\u2212dj)2(H+L)}.\u2003\u2003Equation A
6. The valve cooling device of an internal combustion engine according to any one of claims 1 to 5,
wherein a flow channel area of the oil lead-out channel is larger than a flow channel area of the oil introduction channel.
7. The valve cooling device of an internal combustion engine according to any one of claims 1 to 5,
wherein an oil jacket that has an outer diameter larger than an outer diameter of the stem when viewed from an axial direction of the valve stem is formed in the valve umbrella portion.
8. The valve cooling device of an internal combustion engine according to any one of claims 1 to 5,
wherein a gallery for jet is provided between an exhaust cam shaft and an intake cam shaft, and the jet portion is connected to the gallery for jet.
9. The valve cooling device of an internal combustion engine according to any one of claims 1 to 5, wherein a diameter of the jet oil passage is smaller than a diameter of the oil introduction channel.
10. A valve cooling device of an internal combustion engine in which engine oil is circulated in a valve that faces a combustion chamber, wherein
the valve includes:
a valve umbrella portion that intakes air from a combustion chamber side or opens and closes an exhaust passage end; and
a valve stem that extends from the valve umbrella portion to a valve operating chamber side,
an inside of the valve stem is formed with
an oil introduction channel which extends so as to be parallel to the valve stem and in which one end is opened in an extended direction of the valve stem and other end reaches an inner portion of the valve umbrella portion; and
an oil lead-out channel which similarly extends so as to be parallel to the valve stem and in which one end communicates with the other end of the oil introduction channel in the valve umbrella portion and other end is opened to an inner portion of the valve operating chamber,
a jet portion that includes a jet oil passage coaxially disposed with the oil introduction channel is provided in the extended direction of the valve stem, and
the engine oil is injected from an orifice provided on a tip portion of the jet oil passage to an inner portion of the oil introduction channel,
wherein the valve stem includes a hollow stem main body that forms an outer circumferential shape and an inner pipe that is coaxially inserted into the hollow stem main body, and
the oil introduction channel is formed on an inner circumference of the inner pipe, and the cylindrical oil lead-out channel is formed on an outer circumference of the inner pipe and an outer circumference of the hollow stem main body; and
wherein a sum of concentricity between the inner pipe and the orifice and a diameter of the orifice is smaller than a diameter of an oil introduction port of the oil introduction channel.
11. The valve cooling device of an internal combustion engine according to claim 10,
wherein a diffusion angle \u03b8j of an oil jet stream that is injected from the orifice is expressed by Equation A below when an inner diameter of the inner pipe is dpi, a diameter of the orifice is dj, a distance from the orifice to an inner bottom surface of the valve umbrella portion is H, and a valve maximum lift amount is L,
\u03b8j=tan\u22121{(dpi\u2212dj)2(H+L)}.\u2003\u2003Equation A
12. A valve cooling device of an internal combustion engine in which engine oil is circulated in a valve that faces a combustion chamber, wherein
the valve includes:
a valve umbrella portion that intakes air from a combustion chamber side or opens and closes an exhaust passage end; and
a valve stem that extends from the valve umbrella portion to a valve operating chamber side,
an inside of the valve stem is formed with
an oil introduction channel which extends so as to be parallel to the valve stem and in which one end is opened in an extended direction of the valve stem and other end reaches an inner portion of the valve umbrella portion; and
an oil lead-out channel which similarly extends so as to be parallel to the valve stem and in which one end communicates with the other end of the oil introduction channel in the valve umbrella portion and other end is opened to an inner portion of the valve operating chamber,
a jet portion that includes a jet oil passage coaxially disposed with the oil introduction channel is provided in the extended direction of the valve stem, and
the engine oil is injected from an orifice provided on a tip portion of the jet oil passage to an inner portion of the oil introduction channel,
wherein the valve stem includes a hollow stem main body that forms an outer circumferential shape and an inner pipe that is coaxially inserted into the hollow stem main body, and
the oil introduction channel is formed on an inner circumference of the inner pipe, and the cylindrical oil lead-out channel is formed on an outer circumference of the inner pipe and an outer circumference of the hollow stem main body,
wherein a diffusion angle \u03b8j of an oil jet stream that is injected from the orifice is expressed by Equation A below when an inner diameter of the inner pipe is dpi, a diameter of the orifice is dj, a distance from the orifice to an inner bottom surface of the valve umbrella portion is H, and a valve maximum lift amount is L,
\u03b8j=tan\u22121{(dpi\u2212dj)2(H+L)}.\u2003\u2003Equation A

The claims below are in addition to those above.
All refrences to claim(s) which appear below refer to the numbering after this setence.

1. An insert earphone comprising:
a housing;
a receiver located in the housing and having an output port, the receiver for electrically coupling with an audio signal source;
a flexible eartip for acoustic sealing with an ear canal of a user; and
a tube nipple providing an acoustic pathway through at least one wall of the housing and having a first end and a second end, the first end being located within the housing and being acoustically coupled to the output port of the receiver and the second end being located externally to the housing and being acoustically coupled to the flexible eartip, the tube nipple and housing being configured and arranged to form an obtuse angle between a longitudinal axis of the tube nipple and a vertical axis of the housing where the tube nipple meets the housing, wherein the housing hangs approximately vertically along the side of a user’s head when worn; and
wherein the insert earphone is inserted at least partially into the ear canal and is supported entirely by the ear canal when worn by the user.
2. The insert earphone of claim 1 wherein the angle is approximately 118 degrees.
3. The insert earphone of claim 1 further comprising a flexible channel located between the output port of the receiver and the first end of the tube nipple.
4. The insert earphone of claim 3 wherein the flexible channel has a first end and a second end, and wherein the first end of the flexible channel is coupled to output port of the receiver and the second end of the flexible channel is coupled to the first end of the tube nipple.
5. The insert earphone of claim 1 wherein the flexible eartip comprises a flexible tube portion and a foam eartip portion, and wherein at least a portion of the flexible tube portion extends through the foam eartip portion.
6. The insert earphone of claim 5 wherein the tube nipple is rigid and wherein the second end of the tube nipple is positioned within the flexible tube portion of the flexible eartip.
7. The insert earphone of claim 1 further comprising an acoustic damper located in the tube nipple proximate the first end of the tube nipple.
8. An insert earphone comprising:
a housing;
a receiver located in the housing and having an output port, the receiver for electrically coupling with an audio signal source;
a flexible eartip for acoustic sealing with an ear canal of a user, the flexible eartip having a foam eartip portion and a flexible tube portion;
a rigid tube nipple providing an acoustic pathway through at least one wall of the housing and having a first end and a second end, the first end of the rigid tube nipple being located within the housing and being acoustically coupled to the output port of the receiver and the second end of the rigid tube nipple being located externally to the housing and being acoustically coupled to flexible tube portion of the flexible eartip; and
a flexible channel located between the output port of the receiver and the first end of the rigid tube nipple; and
wherein the insert earphone is inserted at least partially into the ear canal and is supported entirely by the ear canal when worn by the user.
9. The insert earphone of claim 8 wherein the flexible channel has a first end and a second end, and wherein the first end of the flexible channel is coupled to the output port of the receiver and the second end of the flexible channel is coupled to the first end of the rigid tube nipple.
10. An insert earphone comprising:
a housing;
a receiver located in the housing and having an output port, the receiver for electrically coupling with an audio signal source;
a flexible eartip for acoustic sealing with an ear canal of a user; and
a tube nipple providing an acoustic pathway through at least one wall of the housing and having a first end and a second end, the first end being located within the housing and being acoustically coupled to the output port of the receiver and the second end being located externally to the housing and being acoustically coupled to the flexible eartip, the tube nipple and housing being configured and arranged to form an obtuse angle of approximately 118 degrees between a longitudinal axis of the tube nipple and a vertical axis of the housing, wherein the housing hangs approximately vertically along the side of a user’s head when worn.
11. The insert earphone of claim 10 further comprising a flexible channel located between the output port of the receiver and the first end of the tube nipple.
12. The insert earphone of claim 11 wherein the flexible channel has a first end and a second end, and wherein the first end of the flexible channel is coupled to output port of the receiver and the second end of the flexible channel is coupled to the first end of the tube nipple.
13. The insert earphone of claim 10 wherein the flexible eartip comprises a flexible tube portion and a foam eartip portion, and wherein at least a portion of the flexible tube portion extends through the foam eartip portion.
14. The insert earphone of claim 13 wherein the tube nipple is rigid and wherein the second end of the tube nipple is positioned within the flexible tube portion of the flexible eartip.
15. The insert earphone of claim 10 further comprising an acoustic damper located in the tube nipple proximate the first end of the tube nipple.
16. An insert earphone comprising:
a housing;
a receiver located in the housing and having an output port, the receiver for electrically coupling with an audio signal source;
a flexible eartip for acoustic sealing with ear canal of a user;
a tube nipple having a first end and a second end, the first end located within the housing and acoustically coupled to the output port of the receiver and the second end located externally to the housing and acoustically coupled to the flexible eartip, the tube nipple and the housing being configured and arranged to form an obtuse angle of approximately 118 degrees between a longitudinal axis of the tube nipple and a vertical axis of the housing, wherein the housing hangs approximately vertically along the side of a user’s head when worn; and
an acoustic damper located in the tube nipple proximate the first end of the tube nipple.
17. The insert earphone of claim 16 wherein the flexible eartip comprises a flexible tube portion and a foam eartip portion, and wherein at least a portion of the flexible tube portion extends through the foam eartip portion.
18. The insert earphone of claim 17 wherein the tube nipple is rigid and wherein the second end of the tube nipple is positioned within the flexible tube portion of the flexible eartip.
19. The insert earphone of claim 16 further comprising a flexible channel located between the output port of the receiver and the first end of the tube nipple.
20. The insert earphone of claim 19 wherein the flexible channel has a first end and a second end, and wherein the first end of the flexible channel is coupled to the output port of the receiver and the second end of the flexible channel is coupled to the first end of the tube nipple.
21. An insert earphone comprising:
a housing;
a receiver located in the housing and having an output port, the receiver for electrically coupling with an audio signal source;
a flexible eartip for acoustic sealing with an ear canal of a user, the flexible eartip having a foam eartip portion and a flexible tube portion; and
a tube nipple providing an acoustic pathway through at least one wall of the housing and having a first end and a second end, the first end of the tube nipple being located within the housing and being acoustically coupled to the output port of the receiver and the second end of the tube nipple being located externally to the housing and being acoustically coupled to the flexible tube portion of the flexible eartip;
the tube nipple and the housing being configured and arranged to form an obtuse angle between a longitudinal axis of the tube nipple and a vertical axis of the housing, wherein the housing hangs approximately vertically along the side of a user’s head when worn;
wherein the earphone providing a response that is approximately 0 dB relative to a response of the TDH-39 standard at at least one of 6 and 8 khz, and wherein the second end of the tube nipple is positioned within the flexible tube portion of the flexible eartip.
22. The insert earphone of claim 21, wherein the angle is approximately 118 degrees.
23. The insert earphone of claim 21, further comprising a flexible channel located between the output port of the receiver and the first end of the tube nipple.
24. The insert earphone of claim 23, wherein the flexible channel has a first end and a second end, and wherein the first end of the flexible channel is coupled to the output port of the receiver and the second end of the flexible channel is coupled to the first end of the tube nipple.
25. The insert earphone of claim 21, further comprising an acoustic damper located in the tube nipple proximate the first end of the tube nipple.
26. An insert earphone comprising:
a housing;
a receiver located in the housing and having an output port, the receiver for electrically coupling with an audio signal source;
a flexible eartip for acoustic sealing with ear canal of a user;
a tube nipple having a first end and a second end, the first end located within the housing and acoustically coupled to the output port of the receiver and the second end located externally to the housing and acoustically coupled to the flexible eartip;
an acoustic damper located in the tube nipple proximate the first end of the tube nipple,
wherein the insert earphone is inserted at least partially into the ear canal and is supported entirely by the ear canal when worn by the user, and wherein the tube nipple and the housing being configured and arranged to form an obtuse angle between a longitudinal axis of the tube nipple and a vertical axis of the housing where the tube nipple meets the housing.
27. The insert earphone of claim 26, wherein the angle is approximately 118 degrees.
28. The insert earphone of claim 26, wherein the flexible eartip comprises a flexible tube portion and a foam eartip portion, and wherein at least a portion of the flexible tube portion extends through the foam eartip portion.
29. The insert earphone of claim 28, wherein the tube nipple is rigid and wherein the second end of the tube nipple is positioned within the flexible tube portion of the flexible eartip.
30. The insert earphone of claim 26, further comprising a flexible channel located between the output port of the receiver and the first end of the tube nipple.
31. The insert earphone of claim 30, wherein the flexible channel has a first end and a second end, and wherein the first end of the flexible channel is coupled to the output port of the receiver and the second end of the flexible channel is coupled to the first end of the tube nipple.

1. A method for fabricating a diffraction-type 3D display element, comprising:
cleaning a substrate;
undertaking a first etching process, wherein the first etching process employs a first mask which includes a plurality of first light-shielding zones and a plurality of first light-transparent zones interlaced with the plurality of first light-shielding zones to form a plurality of first flattened areas and a plurality of first recessed areas interlaced with the plurality of first flattened areas on the substrate;
aligning a second mask which includes a plurality of second light-shielding zones and a plurality of second light-transparent zones interlaced with the plurality of second light-shielding zones, wherein the second mask is aligned to borders of the first flattened areas and the first recessed areas to make each of the first flattened areas correspond to a combination of the second light-transparent zone and the second light-shielding zone, and to make each of the first recessed areas correspond to another combination of the second light-transparent zone and the second light-shielding zone; and
undertaking a second etching process, wherein the second etching process employs the second mask to form second recessed areas on part of each first flattened area and part of each first recessed area that correspond to the second light-transparent zones, and wherein each second recessed area is formed at a depth smaller than that of the first recessed area to form a four-step structure.
2. The method for fabricating a diffraction-type 3D display element according to claim 1, wherein the depth of the second recessed area is half the depth of the first recessed area.
3. The method for fabricating a diffraction-type 3D display element according to claim 1 further comprising steps:
aligning a third mask, wherein the third mask is aligned to borders of the first flattened areas, the first recessed areas and the second recessed areas; and
undertaking a third etching process, wherein the third mask is used to undertake the third etching process to respectively form third recessed areas on the first flattened areas, the second recessed areas in the first flattened areas, the first recessed areas, and the second recessed areas in the first recessed areas, and wherein each third recessed area is formed at a depth smaller than that of the second recessed area to form an eight-step structure.
4. The method for fabricating a diffraction-type 3D display element according to claim 3, wherein the depth of the third recessed area is half the depth of the second recessed area.

The claims below are in addition to those above.
All refrences to claim(s) which appear below refer to the numbering after this setence.

1. A stretchable book cover for insertion of a book therein, comprising: outer panel portions for covering the front cover, back cover and spine portions of said book; a first in-folded panel portion for covering the inside of the front cover, wherein said first in-folded panel portion includes a lateral triangular panel, a top panel having four sides, and a bottom panel having four sides, wherein at least one side of said lateral triangular panel is joined to a side of said top panel, at least one side of said lateral triangular panel is joined to a side of said bottom panel, and at least one side of said top panel is joined to at least one side of said bottom panel to form a pocket, with said pocket having an elongated aperture extending substantially parallel with said book spine; and a second in-folded panel portion for covering the inside of the back cover, wherein said second in-folded panel portion includes a second lateral triangular panel, a second top panel having four sides, and a second bottom panel having four sides, wherein at least one side of said second lateral triangular panel is joined to a side of said second top panel, at least one edge side of said second lateral triangular panel is joined to a side of said second bottom panel, and at least one side of said second top panel is joined to at least one side of second said bottom panel to form a pocket, with said pocket having an elongated aperture extending substantially parallel with said book spine.
2. The stretchable book cover as specified in claim 1 wherein each of said lateral triangular panel, top panel, and bottom panel have side portions joined by fastening means selected from the group consisting of stitching, taping, gluing, ultrasonic welding, R.F welding and heat sealing.
3. The stretchable book cover as specified in claim 1 wherein said book cover comprises a fabric comprised of stretchable and elastic threads.
4. The stretchable book cover as specified in claim 1 wherein said outer panel portions have indicia in the form of a plurality of rhinestonenail head transfers forming a design on said outer panel portion.
5. A stretchable book cover for insertion of a book therein, comprising: outer panel portions for covering the front cover, back cover and spine portions of said book; a first in-folded panel portion for covering the inside of the front cover, wherein said first in-folded panel portion includes a lateral triangular panel, a top panel having four sides, and a bottom panel having four sides wherein at least one side of said lateral triangular panel is joined to a side of said top panel, at least one side of said lateral triangular panel is joined to a side of said bottom panel, and at least one side of said top panel is joined to at least one side of said bottom panel to form a first pocket; and a second in-folded panel portion for covering the inside of the back cover, wherein said second in-folded panel portion includes a second lateral triangular panel, a second top panel having four sides, and a second bottom panel having four sides, wherein at least one side of said second lateral triangular panel is joined to a side of said second top panel, at least one side of said second lateral triangular panel is joined to a side of said second bottom panel, and at least one side of said second top panel is joined to at least one side of second said bottom panel to form a second pocket, wherein each pocket has an elongated aperture extending substantially parallel with said book spine, wherein said cover comprises a unitary polygon of pliable material with extended upper and lower edges, with each edge bisected by said aperture, which is defined as a slot of predetermined width, extending at right angles to the respective upper and lower edge to permit insertion of said front and back covers of said book into the cover.
6. The stretchable book cover as specified in claim 5 wherein each of said lateral triangular panels, top panels, and bottom panels have side portions joined by fastening means selected from the group consisting of stitching, taping, gluing, ultrasonic welding, R.F welding and heat sealing.
7. The stretchable book cover as specified in claim 5 wherein said book cover comprises a fabric comprised of stretchable and elastic threads.
8. The stretchable book cover as specified in claim 5 wherein said outer panel portions have indicia in the form of a plurality of rhinestonenail head transfers forming a design on said outer panel portion.