1. A pharmaceutical intermediate comprising the structure of formula I:
wherein:
R1-R4, R6-R8, and R10-R14 are each independently selected from the group consisting of H; OH; and an alkyl, cycloalkyl, polycycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, alkaryl, aralkyl, alkoxy, alkanoyl, aroyl, alkenyl, andor alkyl-alkenyl group containing approximately 1 to approximately 25 carbon atom(s);
R5 is selected from the group consisting of an alkyl, allyl, phenylallyl, cinnamyl, alkenyl, andor alkyl-alkenyl group containing approximately 1 to approximately 25 carbon atom(s);
R9 is selected from the group consisting of H; OH; and an alcohol, ether, ester, amide, hydrazide, cyanide, andor ketone group containing approximately 1 to approximately 25 carbon atom(s); and
X1-X2 are each independently selected from the group consisting of N, O, and S.
2. The pharmaceutical intermediate according to claim 1, comprising the structure of formula II:
wherein:
R1 is selected from the group consisting of an alkyl, allyl, phenylallyl, cinnamyl, alkenyl, andor alkyl-alkenyl group containing approximately 1 to approximately 25 carbon atom(s);
R2 is selected from the group consisting of H; OH; and an alcohol, ether, ester, amide, hydrazide, cyanide, andor ketone group containing approximately 1 to approximately 25 carbon atom(s); and
R3 is selected from the group consisting of H; OH; and an alkyl, cycloalkyl, polycycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, alkaryl, aralkyl, alkoxy, alkanoyl, aroyl, alkenyl, andor alkyl-alkenyl group containing approximately 1 to approximately 25 carbon atom(s).
3. The pharmaceutical intermediate according to claim 1, comprising the structure of formula III:
wherein:
wherein R1 is selected from the group consisting of an alkyl, allyl, phenylallyl, cinnamyl, alkenyl, andor alkyl-alkenyl group containing approximately 1 to approximately 25 carbon atom(s).
4. The pharmaceutical intermediate according to claim 1, comprising the structure of formula IV:
wherein:
R1-R3 are each independently selected from the group consisting of H, CH3, and C6H5.
5. The pharmaceutical intermediate according to claim 1, comprising methyl 3-allyl-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexahydroazepino4,5-bindole-5-carboxylate.
6. The pharmaceutical intermediate according to claim 1, comprising methyl 3 cinnamyl-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexahydroazepino4,5-bindole-5-carboxylate.
7. The pharmaceutical intermediate according to claim 1, comprising methyl 3-(2-phenylallyl)-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexahydroazepino4,5-bindole-5-carboxylate.
8. The pharmaceutical intermediate according to claim 1, comprising methyl 3-(3-methylbut-2-en-1-yl)-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexahydroazepino4,5-bindole-5-carboxylate.
9. A pharmaceutical intermediate comprising the structure of formula V:
wherein:
R1 is selected from the group consisting of an alkyl, allyl, phenylallyl, cinnamyl, alkenyl, andor alkyl-alkenyl group containing approximately 1 to approximately 25 carbon atom(s);
R2-R4 and R6 are each independently selected from the group consisting of H; OH; and an alkyl, cycloalkyl, polycycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, alkaryl, aralkyl, alkoxy, alkanoyl, aroyl, alkenyl, andor alkyl-alkenyl group containing approximately 1 to approximately 25 carbon atom(s); and
R5 is selected from the group consisting of H; OH; and an alcohol, ether, ester, amide, hydrazide, cyanide, andor ketone group containing approximately 1 to approximately 25 carbon atom(s).
10. The pharmaceutical intermediate according to claim 9, comprising the structure of formula VI:
wherein:
R1-R3 are each independently selected from the group consisting of H, CH3, and C6H5;
R4 is selected from the group consisting of an alkyl, cycloalkyl, polycycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, alkaryl, aralkyl, alkoxy, alkanoyl, aroyl, alkenyl, andor alkyl-alkenyl group containing approximately 1 to approximately 25 carbon atom(s); and
n is an integer ranging from approximately 2 to approximately 5.
11. The pharmaceutical intermediate according to claim 9, comprising the structure of formula VII:
12. The pharmaceutical intermediate according to claim 9, comprising the structure of formula VIII:
13. A pharmaceutical intermediate comprising the structure of formula IX:
wherein:
R1 is selected from the group consisting of an alkyl, allyl, phenylallyl, cinnamyl, alkenyl, andor alkyl-alkenyl group containing approximately 1 to approximately 25 carbon atom(s);
R2-R4 and R6 are each independently selected from the group consisting of H; OH; and an alkyl, cycloalkyl, polycycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, alkaryl, aralkyl, alkoxy, alkanoyl, aroyl, alkenyl, andor alkyl-alkenyl group containing approximately 1 to approximately 25 carbon atom(s); and
R5 is selected from the group consisting of H; OH; and an alcohol, ether, ester, amide, hydrazide, cyanide, andor ketone group containing approximately 1 to approximately 25 carbon atom(s).
14. The pharmaceutical intermediate according to claim 13, comprising the structure of formula X:
wherein:
R1-R3 are each independently selected from the group consisting of H, CH3, and O6H5;
R4 is selected from the group consisting of an alkyl, cycloalkyl, polycycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, alkaryl, aralkyl, alkoxy, alkanoyl, aroyl, alkenyl, andor alkyl-alkenyl group containing approximately 1 to approximately 25 carbon atom(s); and
n is an integer ranging from approximately 2 to approximately 5.
15. The pharmaceutical intermediate according to claim 13, comprising the structure of formula XI:
16. The pharmaceutical intermediate according to claim 13, comprising the structure of formula XII:
17. A pharmaceutical intermediate comprising at least one of the structures of formulae II, V, IX, and combinations thereof:
wherein:
R1 is selected from the group consisting of an alkyl, allyl, phenylallyl, cinnamyl, alkenyl, andor alkyl-alkenyl group containing approximately 1 to approximately 25 carbon atom(s);
R2 of formulae (V) and (IX), R3, R4, and R6 are each independently selected from the group consisting of H; OH; and an alkyl, cycloalkyl, polycycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, alkaryl, aralkyl, alkoxy, alkanoyl, aroyl, alkenyl, andor alkyl-alkenyl group containing approximately 1 to approximately 25 carbon atom(s); and
R2 of formula (II), and R5 are each independently selected from the group consisting of H; OH; and an alcohol, ether, ester, amide, hydrazide, cyanide, andor ketone group containing approximately 1 to approximately 25 carbon atom(s).
18. A pharmaceutical intermediate, comprising: a first indole moiety which is associated with an optionally carboxylated hexahydroazepino moiety, an optionally carboxylated azonane moiety, or a second, optionally carboxylated indole moiety, having at least one of an alkyl, allyl, phenylallyl, cinnamyl, alkenyl, and alkyl-alkenyl substituent pendant from a nitrogen atom of the same.
The claims below are in addition to those above.
All refrences to claim(s) which appear below refer to the numbering after this setence.
1. A piezoelectric actuator which comprises as a drive source a piezoelectric element in which a pair of electrodes have been formed on a surface of a piezoelectric ceramic member wherein when a voltage is applied to the piezoelectric actuator to drive the piezoelectric actuator under such a condition that the driving voltage have a constant amplitude at an electric field strength of 100 Vmm or more, the piezoelectric actuator satisfies at least one of the following requirements (a) to (c):
(a) the variation width Wc % in an apparent dynamic capacity C F due to a change in temperature, which is represented by the following equation (1), should fall within \xb111% over a specific temperature range from \u221230\xb0 C. to 80\xb0 C. (wherein C F denotes the apparent dynamic capacity of the piezoelectric actuator which is calculated by dividing an amount of charge Q C, which is accumulated in a capacitor, by the voltage V V applied to the piezoelectric actuator, when the piezoelectric actuator and the capacitor are connected in series with each other and a voltage is applied to each of the piezoelectric actuator and the capacitor):
Wc(%)={2\xd7Cmax(Cmax+Cmin)}\u22121\xd7100\u2003\u2003(1)
wherein Cmax denotes the maximum value of the apparent dynamic capacity observed at the temperatures ranging from \u221230\xb0 C. to 80\xb0 C., and Cmin denotes the minimum value of the apparent dynamic capacity observed at the temperatures ranging from \u221230\xb0 C. to 80\xb0 C.;
(b) the variation width WL % in a displacement L \u03bcm due to a change in temperature, which is represented by the following equation (2), should fall within \xb114% over the specific temperature range from \u221230\xb0 C. to 80\xb0 C. (wherein L\u03bcm denotes the displacement of the piezoelectric actuator):
WL(%)={2\xd7Lmax(Lmax+Lmin)}\u22121\xd7100 \u2003\u2003(2)
wherein Lmax denotes the maximum value of the displacement observed at the temperatures ranging from \u221230\xb0 C. to 80\xb0 C., and Lmin denotes the minimum value of the displacement observed at the temperatures ranging from \u221230\xb0 C. to 80\xb0 C.; and
(c) the variation width WLC% in a quotient LC due to a change in temperature, which is represented by the following equation (3), should fall within \xb112% over the specific temperature range from \u221230\xb0 C. to 80\xb0 C. (wherein C F denotes the apparent dynamic capacity of the piezoelectric actuator, L \u03bcm denotes the displacement of the piezoelectric actuator, and C F is calculated by dividing an amount of charge Q C, which is accumulated in a capacitor, by the voltage V V applied to the piezoelectric actuator, when the piezoelectric actuator and the capacitor are connected in series with each other and a voltage is applied to each of the piezoelectric actuator and the capacitor):
WLC(%)={2\xd7(LC)max((LC)max+(LC)min)}\u22121\xd7100\u2003\u2003(3)
wherein (LC)max denotes the maximum value of the quotient LC observed at the temperatures ranging from \u221230\xb0 C. to 80\xb0 C., and (LC)min denotes the minimum value of the quotient LC observed at the temperatures ranging from \u221230\xb0 C. to 80\xb0 C.; and
wherein the piezoelectric ceramic member is formed with a polycrystalline body whose main phase is an isotropic perovskite compound represented by a general formula {Li2(K1-yNay)1-x}{Nb1-z-wTazSbw}O3 (wherein 0\u2266x\u22660.2, 0\u2266y\u22661, 0\u2266z\u22660.4, 0\u2266w\u22660.2 and x+z+w>0 are established), and is a crystal-oriented piezoelectric ceramic wherein specific crystal faces of each crystal grain constituting the polycrystalline body are oriented.
2. The piezoelectric actuator according to claim 1, wherein both the requirements (a) and (b) are satisfied.
3. The piezoelectric actuator according to claim 1 wherein all of the requirements (a) to (c) are satisfied.
4. The piezoelectric actuator according to claim 1 wherein the following requirement (d) is further satisfied:
(d) the variation width WLC0.5 in a quotient LC0.5 due to a change in temperature, which is represented by the following equation (4), should fall within \xb112% over the specific temperature range from \u221230\xb0 C. to 80\xb0 C. (wherein LC0.5 denotes the ratio of the displacement L\u03bcm of the piezoelectric actuator to the square root of the apparent dynamic capacity C F):
WLC0.5(%)={2\xd7(LC0.5)max((LC0.5)max+(LC0.5)min)}\u22121\xd7100 \u2003\u2003(4)
wherein (LC0.5)max denotes the maximum value of the quotient LC0.5 observed at the temperatures ranging from \u221230\xb0 C. to 80\xb0 C., and (LC0.5)min denotes the minimum value of the quotient LC0.5 observed at the temperatures ranging from \u221230\xb0 C. to 80\xb0 C.
5. The piezoelectric actuator according to claim 1 wherein the following requirement (e) is further satisfied:
(e) the magnitude of dynamic strain calculated by dividing a strain in an electric-field applied direction of the piezoelectric actuator by the electric field strength should be equal to or larger than 250 pmV over the specific temperature range from \u221230\xb0 C. to 80\xb0 C.
6. The piezoelectric actuator according to claim 1 wherein the following requirement (f) is further satisfied:
(f) the variation width Wc % should fall within \xb135% over a specific temperature range from \u221230\xb0 C. to 160\xb0 C.
7. The piezoelectric actuator according to claim 1 wherein the following requirement (g) is further satisfied:
(g) the variation width WL % should fall within \xb114% over the specific temperature range from \u221230\xb0 C. to 160\xb0 C.
8. The piezoelectric actuator according to claim 1 wherein the following requirement (h) is further satisfied:
(h) the variation width WLC % should fall within \xb135% over the specific temperature range from \u221230\xb0 C. to 160\xb0 C.
9. The piezoelectric actuator according to claim 1 wherein the following requirement (i) is further satisfied:
(i) the variation width WLC0.5 % should fall within \xb120% over the specific temperature range from \u221230\xb0 C. to 160\xb0 C.
10. A piezoelectric actuator which comprises as a drive source a piezoelectric element in which a pair of electrodes have been formed on a surface of a piezoelectric ceramic member wherein when a voltage is applied to the piezoelectric actuator to drive the piezoelectric actuator under such a condition that the driving voltage have a constant amplitude at an electric field strength of 100 Vmm or more, the piezoelectric actuator satisfies at least one of the following requirements (j) to (l):
(j) the variation width Wc % in an apparent dynamic capacity C F due to a change in temperature, which is represented by the following equation (5), should fall within \xb130% over a specific temperature range from \u221230\xb0 C. to 160\xb0 C. (wherein C F denotes the apparent dynamic capacity of the piezoelectric actuator, and is calculated by dividing an amount of charge Q C, which is accumulated in a capacitor, by the voltage V V applied to the piezoelectric actuator, when the piezoelectric actuator and the capacitor are connected in series with each other and a voltage is applied to each of the piezoelectric actuator and the capacitor):
Wc(%)={2\xd7Cmax(Cmax+Cmin)}\u22121\xd7100\u2003\u2003(5)
wherein Cmax denotes the maximum value of the apparent dynamic capacity observed at the temperatures ranging from \u221230\xb0 C. to 160\xb0 C., and Cmin denotes the minimum value of the apparent dynamic capacity observed at the temperatures ranging from \u221230\xb0 C. to 160\xb0 C.
(k) the variation width WL % in a displacement L \u03bcm due to a change in temperature, which is represented by the following equation (6), should fall within \xb114% over the specific temperature range from \u221230\xb0 C. to 160\xb0 C. (wherein L \u03bcm the displacement of the piezoelectric actuator):
WL(%)={2\xd7Lmax(Lmax+Lmin)}\u22121\xd7100 \u2003\u2003(6)
wherein Lmax denotes the maximum value of the displacement observed at the temperatures ranging from \u221230\xb0 C. to 160\xb0 C., and Lmin denotes the minimum value of the displacement observed at the temperatures ranging from \u221230\xb0 C. to 160\xb0 C.; and
(l) the variation width WLC % in a quotient LC due to a change in temperature, which is represented by the following equation (7), should fall within \xb135% over the specific temperature range from \u221230\xb0 C. to 160\xb0 C. (wherein C F denotes the apparent dynamic capacity of the piezoelectric actuator, L \u03bcm denotes the displacement of the piezoelectric actuator, and C F is calculated by dividing an amount of charge Q C, which is accumulated in a capacitor, by the voltage V V applied to the piezoelectric actuator, when the piezoelectric actuator and the capacitor are connected in series with each other and a voltage is applied to each of the piezoelectric actuator and the capacitor):
WLC(%)={2\xd7(LC)max((LC)max+(LC)min)}\u22121\xd7100\u2003\u2003(7)
wherein LCmax denotes the maximum value of the quotient LC observed at the temperatures ranging from \u221230\xb0 C. to 160\xb0 C., and LCmin denotes the minimum value of the quotient LC observed at the temperatures ranging from \u221230\xb0 C. to 160\xb0 C.; and
wherein the piezoelectric ceramic member is formed with a polycrystalline body whose main phase is an isotropic perovskite compound represented by a general formula {Lix(K1-yNay)1-x}{Nb1-z-wTazSbw}O3 (wherein 0\u2266x\u22660.2, 0\u2266y\u22661, 0\u2266z\u22660.4, 0\u2266w\u22660.2 and x+z+w>0 are established), and is a crystal-oriented piezoelectric ceramic wherein specific crystal faces of each crystal grain constituting the polycrystalline body are oriented.
11. The piezoelectric actuator according to claim 10, wherein both the requirements (j) and (k) are satisfied.
12. The piezoelectric actuator according to claim 10, wherein all of the requirements (j) to (l) are satisfied.
13. The piezoelectric actuator according to claim 10, wherein the following requirement (m) is further satisfied:
(m) the variation width WLC 0.5 % in a quotient LC0.5 due to a change in temperature, which is represented by the following equation (8), should fall within \xb120% over the specific temperature range from \u221230\xb0 C. to 160\xb0 C. (wherein LC0.5 denotes the ratio of the displacement L \u03bcm of the piezoelectric actuator to the square root of the apparent dynamic capacity C F):
WLC0.5(%)={2\xd7(LC0.5)max((LC0.5)max+(LC0.5)min)}\u22121\xd7100 \u2003\u2003(8)
wherein (LC0.5)max denotes the maximum value of the quotient LC0.5 observed at the temperatures ranging from \u221230\xb0 C. to 160\xb0 C., and (LC0.5)min denotes the minimum value of the quotient LC0.5 observed at temperatures ranging from \u221230\xb0 C. to 160\xb0 C.
14. The piezoelectric actuator according to claim 10, wherein the following requirement (n) is further satisfied:
(n) the magnitude of dynamic strain calculated by dividing a strain in an electric-field applied direction of the piezoelectric actuator by the electric field strength should be equal to or larger than 250 pmV over the specific temperature range from \u221230\xb0 C. to 160\xb0 C.
15. The piezoelectric actuator according to claim 10, wherein by comprising a positive temperature coefficient (PTC) resistor that exhibits a positive resistance temperature coefficient, wherein the PTC resistor and the piezoelectric ceramic member exhibiting a negative resistance temperature coefficient are electrically connected in parallel with each other, and are disposed to have a positional relationship making the temperatures of the PTC resistor and the piezoelectric ceramic member substantially equal to each other.
16. The piezoelectric actuator according to claim 15, wherein the PTC resistor is a barium titanate-system semiconductor, and exhibits a positive resistance temperature coefficient over a temperature domain of 80\xb0 C. and higher temperatures.
17. The piezoelectric actuator according to claim 1 wherein the piezoelectric actuator comprises as the piezoelectric element a laminated piezoelectric element having a plurality of piezoelectric ceramic members stacked, and is adapted to a fuel injection valve.
18. The piezoelectric actuator according to claim 1 wherein the piezoelectric ceramic member is formed with an alkali metal-containing piezoelectric ceramic that contains at least one of lithium (Li), potassium (K), and sodium (Na).
19. The piezoelectric actuator according to claim 1 wherein the piezoelectric ceramic member does not contain lead.
20. The piezoelectric actuator according to claim 1, wherein in the crystal-oriented piezoelectric ceramic, x, y, and z included in the general formula {Lix(K1-yNay)1-x}{Nb1-z-wTazSbw}O3 satisfy the relationships represented by the following equations (9) and (10):
9x\u22125z\u221217w\u2267\u2212318\u2003\u2003(9)
\u221218.9x\u22123.9z\u22125.8w\u2267\u2212130\u2003\u2003(10)
21. The piezoelectric actuator according to claim 20 wherein the orientation degree of the pseudo-cubic {100} planes of the crystal-oriented piezoelectric ceramic calculated according to the Lotgering’s method is 30% or more, and the crystal system is the tetragonal system over a temperature range from 10\xb0 C. to 160\xb0 C.
22. The piezoelectric actuator according to claim 1 wherein the orientation degree of the pseudo-cubic {100}planes of the crystal-oriented piezoelectric ceramic calculated according to the Lotgering’s method is 30% or more, and the crystal system is the tetragonal system over a temperature range from 10\xb0 C. to 160\xb0 C.