Author: claimsbot

1. An image-forming system comprising:
a data-reading unit that reads first additional data from a first storing member of a sheet member;
an image-forming unit that forms a first image based on the read first additional data by the data-reading unit;
a restricting unit that gives a restriction to the first additional data stored in the first storing member after the first additional data is read, in order to restrict, after forming the first image by the image forming unit, further formation of the first image based on the first additional data stored in the first storing member;
a first determining unit that determines whether or not the first image has been formed on the sheet member, and wherein the image-forming unit forms on a recording medium the first image based on the additional data if the first determining unit determines that the first image has not been formed on the sheet member;
a second determining unit that determines whether or not the recording medium has a second storing member, and wherein the image-forming unit forms on the recording medium the first image based on the additional data if the second determining unit determines that the recording medium does not have the second storing member; and
a third determining unit that determines whether or not the second storing member stores second additional data that is allowed to form a second image based on the second additional data, if the second determining unit determines that the recording medium has the second storing member, and wherein the image-forming unit forms on the recording medium the first image based on the additional data if the third determining unit determines that the second storing member does not store the second additional data.
2. The image-forming system according to claim 1, wherein the image-forming unit forms the first image on the sheet member based on the first additional data, and
wherein the restricting unit gives the restriction to the first additional data in order to prohibit forming the first image based on the first additional data.
3. The image-forming system according to claim 1, wherein the restricting unit gives the restriction to the first additional data stored in the first storing member before the image-forming unit forms the first image based on the read first additional data by the data-reading unit.
4. The image-forming system according to claim 1, wherein the first storing member stores a plurality of sets of additional data,
wherein the data-reading unit reads at least one set of additional data from the plurality of additional data sets in the first storing member,
wherein the image-forming unit forms at least one image based on the at least one set of additional data, and
wherein the restricting unit gives a restriction to the at least one set of additional data stored in the first storing member after the at least one set of additional data are read, in order to restrict the at least one image from being formed based on the at least one set of additional data stored in the first storing member subsequently.
5. The image-forming system according to claim 1, further comprising a determining unit that determines whether or not the restricting unit gives the restriction to the first additional data, and
wherein the restricting unit gives the restriction to the first additional data based on a determining result of the determining unit.
6. The image-forming system according to claim 5, wherein the determining unit that determines based on instruction data stored in the first storing member.
7. The image-forming system according to claim 1, wherein the restriction indicates that restriction data is written to the first storing member, the restriction data indicating that the first image is restricted from being formed based on the first additional data stored in the first storing member.
8. The image-forming system according to claim 1, wherein the restriction indicates that the first additional data is deleted from the first storing member.
9. An image-forming device comprising
a data-reading unit that reads first additional data from a first storing member of a sheet member;
an image-forming unit that forms a first image based on the read first additional data by the data-reading unit;
a processor; and
a memory storing instructions that, when executed by the processor, cause the processor to perform the following steps;
giving a restriction to the first additional data stored in the first storing member after the first additional data is read, in order to restrict the first image from being formed based on the first additional data stored in the first storing member subsequently,
first determining whether or not the first image has been formed on the sheet member,
second determining whether or not a recording medium has a second storing member,
third determining whether or not the second storing member stores second additional data that is allowed to form a second image based on the second additional data, if a result of the second determining is that the recording medium has the second storing member, and
wherein the image-forming unit forms on the recording medium the first image based on the additional data if a result of the first determining is that the first image has not been formed on the sheet member,
wherein the image-forming unit forms on the recording medium the first image based on the additional data if a result of the second determining is that the recording medium does not have the second storing member, and
wherein the image-forming unit forms on the recording medium the first image based on the additional data if a result of the third determining is that the second storing member does not store the second additional data.

The claims below are in addition to those above.
All refrences to claim(s) which appear below refer to the numbering after this setence.

1. A non-teasable switch, comprising:
a first contact movable toward a second contact from a switch-deactuated position to a switch-actuated position and movable away from said second contact from said switch-actuated position back to said switch-deactuated position, said first contact releasably contacting said second contact in said switch-actuated position and said first contact being separated from said second contact in said switch-deactuated position;
a transfer carriage operatively engaged with said first contact and being movable toward and away from said second contact between said switch-deactuated and switch-actuated positions, said transfer carriage including a flip-flop mechanism for bringing said first contact into contact with said second contact and for releasing said first contact from said second contact; said flip-flop mechanism overcoming a transfer barrier between said switch-actuated and switch-deactuated positions; and
an actuator operatively engaged with said transfer carriage and being movable toward and away from said second contact, said actuator being movable so as to impart movement on said transfer carriage and said first contact between said switch-deactuated and switch-actuated positions, and said actuator being movable so as to impart movement on said transfer carriage to overcome said transfer barrier from both said switch-deactuated and switch-actuated positions;
wherein, through said actuator and said transfer carriage, said first contact is transferred into and out of contact with said second contact,
the non-teasable switch further comprising a lock device, said lock device being configured and arranged so as to lock said actuator and said transfer carriage in either of said switch-actuated or switch-deactuated position.
2. The non-teasable switch according to claim 1, further comprising a housing and cover for containing and protecting said switch.
3. The non-teasable switch according to claim 1, further comprising at least one terminal connector and at least one line input, wherein said at least one terminal connector is connectable to at least one of an electric load and a passive component (non-power-consuming component), said at least one line input being receivable of connectors to connect said switch with a power source.
4. The non-teasable switch according to claim 1, wherein said actuator and said transfer carriage move relative to one another.
5. A non-teasable switch, comprising:
a first contact movable toward a second contact from a switch-deactuated position to a switch-actuated position and movable away from said second contact from said switch-actuated position back to said switch-deactuated position, said first contact releasably contacting said second contact in said switch-actuated position and said first contact being separated from said second contact in said switch-deactuated position;
a transfer carriage operatively engaged with said first contact and being movable toward and away from said second contact between said switch-deactuated and switch-actuated positions, said transfer carriage including a flip-flop mechanism for bringing said first contact into contact with said second contact and for releasing said first contact from said second contact; said flip-flop mechanism overcoming a transfer barrier between said switch-actuated and switch-deactuated positions; and
an actuator operatively engaged with said transfer carriage and being movable toward and away from said second contact, said actuator being movable so as to impart movement on said transfer carriage and said first contact between said switch-deactuated and switch-actuated positions, and said actuator being movable so as to impart movement on said transfer carriage to overcome said transfer barrier from both said switch-deactuated and switch-actuated positions;
wherein, through said actuator and said transfer carriage, said first contact is transferred into and out of contact with said second contact,
the non-teasable switch further comprising a trigger, said trigger being constructed and arranged to respectively activate and release said actuator and said transfer carriage in said switch-actuated position, and said switch-deactuated position.
6. A non-teasable switch, comprising:
a first contact movable toward a second contact from a switch-deactuated position to a switch-actuated position and movable away from said second contact from said switch-actuated position back to said switch-deactuated position, said first contact releasably contacting said second contact in said switch-actuated position and said first contact being separated from said second contact in said switch-deactuated position;
a transfer carriage operatively engaged with said first contact and being movable toward and away from said second contact between said switch-deactuated and switch-actuated positions, said transfer carriage including a flip-flop mechanism for bringing said first contact into contact with said second contact and for releasing said first contact from said second contact; said flip-flop mechanism overcoming a transfer barrier between said switch-actuated and switch-deactuated positions; and
an actuator operatively engaged with said transfer carriage and being movable toward and away from said second contact, said actuator being movable so as to impart movement on said transfer carriage and said first contact between said switch-deactuated and switch-actuated positions, and said actuator being movable so as to impart movement on said transfer carriage to overcome said transfer barrier from both said switch-deactuated and switch-actuated positions;
wherein, through said actuator and said transfer carriage, said first contact is transferred into and out of contact with said second contact,
wherein said actuator includes a shaft and a carriage container disposed at one end of said shaft, said carriage container contains said transfer carriage, said carriage container including cutouts so as to allow said transfer carriage to move within said carriage container.
7. A non-teasable switch, comprising:
a first contact movable toward a second contact from a switch-deactuated position to a switch-actuated position and movable away from said second contact from said switch-actuated position back to said switch-deactuated position, said first contact releasably contacting said second contact in said switch-actuated position and said first contact being separated from said second contact in said switch-deactuated position;
a transfer carriage operatively engaged with said first contact and being movable toward and away from said second contact between said switch-deactuated and switch-actuated positions, said transfer carriage including a flip-flop mechanism for bringing said first contact into contact with said second contact and for releasing said first contact from said second contact: said flip-flop mechanism overcoming a transfer barrier between said switch-actuated and switch-deactuated positions; and
an actuator operatively engaged with said transfer carriage and being movable toward and away from said second contact, said actuator being movable so as to impart movement on said transfer carriage and said first contact between said switch-deactuated and switch-actuated positions, and said actuator being movable so as to impart movement on said transfer carriage to overcome said transfer barrier from both said switch-deactuated and switch-actuated positions;
wherein, through said actuator and said transfer carriage, said first contact is transferred into and out of contact with said second contact,

wherein said transfer carriage is arranged and configured to accommodate said flip-flop mechanism,
wherein said flip-flop mechanism includes first and second carriage plates cooperating with first and second carriage cutouts and a first biasing member, said flip-flop mechanism cooperating with said actuator to move said transfer carriage within said actuator relative to the movement of said actuator.
8. The non-teasable switch according to claim 7, wherein said flip-flop mechanism further includes a bridge plate cooperating with said second carriage cutouts and a second biasing member to bias said bridge plate toward said second contact, said bridge plate including said first contact connected thereto, whereby said bridge plate is biased so as to provide contact between said first and second contacts.
9. The non-teasable switch according to claim 8, wherein said first contact includes two contact points.
10. The non-teasable switch according to claim 7, wherein said transfer carriage includes at least one cam member to cooperate with said transfer barrier, said cam member being movable toward one side of said transfer barrier in a first transfer energy storage stage when said transfer carriage and said actuator are moved to the switch-actuated position, said cam member being movable toward another side of said transfer barrier in a second transfer energy storage stage when said transfer carriage and said actuator are moved to the switch-deactuated position.
11. The non-teasable switch according to claim 10, wherein said transfer barrier includes at least one cam ball, at least one ball biasing member, and at least one ball stop, wherein one end of the ball biasing member couples to the ball stop and the other end of the ball biasing member couples to the cam ball, wherein said ball biasing member biases said cam ball toward said transfer carriage and resists the movement of said transfer carriage by means of said cam member.
12. A transfer assembly for engaging and disengaging contacts in an onoff switch, comprising:
a transfer carriage movable from a switch-deactuated position to a switch-actuated position and movable from said switch-actuated position back to said switch-deactuated position, said transfer carriage including a flip-flop mechanism delivering said transfer carriage to either of said switch-actuated or switch-deactuated positions; said flip-flop mechanism cooperating with a transfer barrier between said switch-actuated and switch-deactuated positions; and
an actuator operatively engaged with said transfer carriage and being movable so as to impart movement on said transfer carriage to overcome said transfer barrier when moving between said switch-deactuated and switch-actuated positions;
wherein said transfer carriage moves relative to said actuators
wherein said flip-flop mechanism includes first and second carriage plates cooperating with first and second carriage cutouts and a first biasing member, said flip-flop mechanism cooperating with said actuator to move said transfer carriage within said actuator relative to the movement of said actuator.

1. A method for facilitating commercial exchange of digital media comprising the steps of:
assigning a unique owner identifier to the digital media;
assigning a unique identifier to the digital media;
providing a central media database containing a list of the owner identifiers and unique digital media identifiers;
providing an exchange interface configured to facilitate an exchange of a digital media in a commercial transaction;
transferring, through said exchange interface, a payment from a buyer to a seller upon verification of an authorized sale of said digital media;
transferring, through said exchange interface, a royalty payment to an owner associated with said authorized sale of digital media; and
distributing, through said exchange interface, a copy of said digital media from said central media database to said buyer.
2. The method of claim 1 further including the step of assigning a type-code to the digital media to identify the type of work.
3. The method of claim 1 wherein said authorized sale of said digital media is a sale of a physical media storing a copy of said digital media.
4. The method of claim 1 wherein said authorized sale of said digital media is a sale between a previous buyer of said digital media and a subsequent buyer.
5. The method of claim 1 wherein said authorized sale of said digital media is a sale of an authorized copy of said digital media between an authorized commercial reseller and a buyer of said digital media.
6. The method of claim 1 wherein said authorized sale of said digital media is a referral sale of an authorized copy of said digital media between an authorized seller and a buyer of said digital media, facilitated by an referring party; and further including the step of transferring, through said exchange interface, a referral payment to said referring party.
7. A method for facilitating commercial exchange of digital media files accessible on a peer-to-peer network comprising the steps of:
providing a central media database containing a list of digital media master files, unique digital media file identifiers, associated owner identifiers, and associated copyright owner identifiers;
maintaining a searchable index of digital media files offered for sale by members of the peer-to-peer network;
searching said index to identify a digital media file desired for purchase by a buyer;
providing an exchange interface configured to facilitate exchange of digital media identified in said searchable index and stored in said central media database;
transferring, through said exchange interface, a payment from a buyer to a seller on said peer-to-peer network upon verification of an authorized sale of a digital media file located with said exchange interface;
transferring, through said exchange interface, a royalty payment to an owner associated with said authorized sale of digital media; and
distributing a copy of said digital media to said buyer from said central media database.
8. A method for operating an online exchange system, comprising:
creating a common index of content from multiple peer-to-peer networks; and
providing an interface to said common index, said interface accessible by a standard web-browser to enable searching of said common index.
9. The use of an Exchange method for the transfer or conveyance of ownership of digital media files carrying royalty payment requirements to an associated copyright or royalty owner.
10. The use of an Exchange method for the control of the payment and ownership conditions for the transfer or conveyance of ownership of digital media files by a copyright or royalty owner in real time.
11. The use of claim 9 wherein the Exchange method includes immobilizing a physical media corresponding to the digital media files.
12. The use of claim 9 wherein the Exchange method includes providing a record of the purchase (verified ownership).
13. The use of claim 9 wherein the Exchange method enables owners of digital media files (including copyright or royalty owners) to offer their digital media for sale.
14. The use of claim 13 wherein said owners (including copyright and royalty owners) may optionally control conditions of resale of said digital media online.
15. The use of claim 9 wherein said owners can use the digital media that they own within the conditions provided by the copyright or royalty owners.
16. The use of claim 9 wherein prices for sale of said digital media can be determined by independent bids and offers as well as other criteria applied online by the copyright or royalty owner.
17. The use of claim 9 wherein copyright or royalty owners receive payment on all types of transactions (trade, donation or sale) according to what they have provided online.
18. The use of claim 9 wherein plural transaction configurations are available within the Exchange method.
19. The use of claim 18 wherein one of the plural transaction configurations is a classical store.
20. The use of claim 9 wherein the Exchange method enables multiple Exchanges to exchange information with each other for the purpose of completing transactions.

The claims below are in addition to those above.
All refrences to claim(s) which appear below refer to the numbering after this setence.

1. An oxygen doping method to a GaN crystal substrate comprising the steps of:
preparing a non-C-plane GaN crystal seed with a diameter more than 50 mm (2 inches), the seed having a non-C-plane surface;
supplying the non-C-plane GaN crystal seed with material gases including a carrier gas, a gallium material, a nitrogen material and an oxygen material;
growing a GaN crystal upon the non-C-plane GaN crystal seed in vapor phase;
maintaining the non-C-plane surface on the growing GaN crystal; and
doping the growing GaN crystal with oxygen via the non-C-plane surface.
2. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the non-C-plane GaN crystal seed is a {1-100}-plane (M-plane) crystal seed, a {11-20}-plane (A-plane) crystal seed, a {20-21}-plane crystal seed, a {10-11}-plane crystal seed or a {10-1-1}-plane crystal seed.
3. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein oxygen for doping is supplied by oxygen or water which is included in a carrier gas, a gallium material gas or a nitrogen material gas.
4. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein dislocation densities on the whole surface of the GaN crystal substrate are restricted within the range from 0.4 time to 2.5 times as much as the average dislocation density.
5. An oxygen doping method to a GaN crystal substrate comprising the steps of:
slicing a C-plane GaN single crystal with a diameter more than 50 mm (2 inches) in a slanting direction, the seed having, a non-C-plane surface;
obtaining a plurality of non-C-plane GaN single crystal strips;
placing a set of the non-C-plane GaN single crystal strips side by side into an integrated non-C-plane GaN seed on a susceptor;
supplying the integrated non-C-plane GaN seed with material gases including a carrier gas, a gallium material, a nitrogen material and an oxygen material;
growing GaN crystals upon the non-C-plane GaN single crystal seed in vapor phase;
maintaining the non-C-plane surface on the growing GaN crystals;
doping the growing GaN crystals with oxygen via the non-C-plane surfaces thereof;
eliminating the non-C-plane GaN single crystal strips; and
obtaining an oxygen-doped non-C-plane GaN crystal.
6. The method as claimed in claim 5, wherein the non-C-plane GaN single crystal strips are {1-100}-plane strips, {11-20}-plane strips, {20-21}-plane strips, {10-11}-plane strips or {10-1-1}-plane strips.
7. The method as claimed in claim 5, wherein oxygen for doping is supplied by oxygen or water which is included in a carrier gas, a gallium material or a nitrogen material.
8. The method as claimed in claim 5, wherein dislocation densities on the whole surface of the GaN crystal substrate, are restricted within the range from 0.4 time to 2.5 times as much as the average dislocation density.