Author: claimsbot

1. A method for controlling the temperature of a baking oven including a catalyst, a heating source, an oven chamber temperature sensor, and a catalyst temperature sensor, the method comprising:
generating a first electrical control signal based on a first control state, the first control state being a function of respective electrical sensor signals from the oven chamber temperature sensor and the catalyst temperature sensor, the first control state being reached when a catalyst temperature is higher than an oven chamber temperature and a temperature difference between the catalyst temperature and the oven chamber temperature is increasing and exceeds a first threshold value; and
controlling the heating source using the first electrical control signal so that the oven chamber temperature is maintained substantially constant.
2. The method as recited in claim 1 wherein the heating source includes an electrical heating element of the baking oven.
3. The method as recited in claim 1 further comprising generating a second electrical control signal based on a second control state, the second control state being a function of the electrical sensor signals and being reached when the catalyst temperature is higher than the oven chamber temperature, and the temperature difference between the catalyst temperature and the oven chamber temperature is smaller than a second threshold value and was previously greater than the first threshold value.
4. The method as recited in claim 3 further comprising controlling the heating source using the second electrical control signal so that the oven chamber temperature is increased or maintained substantially constant at a first predefined value for a first predetermined period of time.
5. The method as recited in claim 1 further comprising generating a third electrical control signal based on a third control state, the third control state being a function of the electrical sensor signals and being reached when the catalyst temperature is higher than the oven chamber temperature and the temperature difference between the catalyst temperature and the oven chamber temperature is greater than or equal to a third threshold value.
6. The method as recited in claim 5 further comprising controlling the heating source using the third electrical control signal so that the oven chamber temperature falls to or below a fourth threshold value.
7. The method as recited in claim 6 further comprising generating a fourth electrical control signal based on a fourth control state, the fourth control state being a function of the electrical sensor signals and being reached when the catalyst temperature is higher than the oven chamber temperature, the oven chamber temperature is at the fourth threshold value, and the temperature difference between the catalyst temperature and the oven chamber temperature was previously greater than or equal to the third threshold value.
8. The method as recited in claim 7 further comprising controlling the heating source using the fourth electrical control signal so that the oven chamber temperature is maintained substantially constant at the fourth threshold value.
9. The method as recited in claim 1 further comprising controlling the heating source using the first electrical control signal so that the oven chamber temperature is maintained substantially constant at a second predefined value for at least a second predetermined period of time.
10. The method as recited in claim 5 further comprising controlling the heating source using the third electrical control signal so that the oven chamber temperature is maintained substantially constant at a second predefined value for at least a second predetermined period of time.
11. The method as recited in claim 1 wherein the baking oven includes a control unit having an evaluation circuit configured to process the electrical sensor signals, and wherein the generating is performed by the control unit.
12. A method for controlling the temperature of a baking oven including a catalyst, a heating source, an oven chamber temperature sensor, and a catalyst temperature sensor, the method comprising:
generating a first electrical control signal based on a first control state, the first control state being a function of respective electrical sensor signals from the oven chamber temperature sensor and the catalyst temperature sensor, the first control state being reached when a catalyst temperature is higher than an oven chamber temperature and a temperature difference between the catalyst temperature and the oven chamber temperature is greater than or equal to a first threshold value;
controlling the heating source using the first electrical control signal so that the oven chamber temperature is maintained substantially constant; and
generating a second electrical control signal based on a second control state, the second control state being a function of the electrical sensor signals and being reached when the catalyst temperature is higher than the oven chamber temperature, and the temperature difference between the catalyst temperature and the oven chamber temperature is smaller than a second threshold value and was previously greater than the first threshold value.
13. The method as recited in claim 12 wherein the heating source includes an electrical heating element of the baking oven.
14. The method as recited in claim 12 further comprising controlling the heating source using the second electrical control signal so that the oven chamber temperature is increased or maintained substantially constant at a first predefined value for a first predetermined period of time.
15. The method as recited in claim 12 further comprising generating a third electrical control signal based on a third control state, the third control state being a function of the electrical sensor signals and being reached when the catalyst temperature is higher than the oven chamber temperature and the temperature difference between the catalyst temperature and the oven chamber temperature is greater than or equal to a third threshold value.
16. The method as recited in claim 15 further comprising controlling the heating source using the third electrical control signal so that the oven chamber temperature falls to or below a fourth threshold value.
17. The method as recited in claim 16 further comprising generating a fourth electrical control signal based on a fourth control state, the fourth control state being a function of the electrical sensor signals and being reached when the catalyst temperature is higher than the oven chamber temperature, the oven chamber temperature is at the fourth threshold value, and the temperature difference between the catalyst temperature and the oven chamber temperature was previously greater than or equal to the third threshold value.
18. The method as recited in claim 17 further comprising controlling the heating source using the fourth electrical control signal so that the oven chamber temperature is maintained substantially constant at the fourth threshold value.
19. The method as recited in claim 12 further comprising controlling the heating source using the first electrical control signal so that the oven chamber temperature is maintained substantially constant at a second predefined value for at least a second predetermined period of time.
20. The method as recited in claim 15 further comprising controlling the heating source using the third electrical control signal so that the oven chamber temperature is maintained substantially constant at a second predefined value for at least a second predetermined period of time.
21. The method as recited in claim 12 wherein the baking oven includes a control unit having an evaluation circuit configured to process the electrical sensor signals, and wherein the generating is performed by the control unit.

The claims below are in addition to those above.
All refrences to claim(s) which appear below refer to the numbering after this setence.

1. A motorcycle brake system with a hydraulically operable front-wheel brake circuit and rear-wheel brake circuit, comprising two master brake cylinders for the independent actuation of both brake circuits, one inlet valve and one outlet valve provided in each brake circuit for brake slip control, one pump for the pressure supply of the front-wheel brake circuit and rear-wheel brake circuit, the supply pressure of the pump that is active in the rear-wheel brake circuit being applicable not only to a front-wheel brake but also to a rear-wheel brake depending on a force-proportional actuation of the master brake cylinder connected to the front-wheel brake circuit;
wherein an accommodating member having several pressure channels is provided for the hydraulic connection of the two master brake cylinders to the front-wheel brake and rear-wheel brake, of the front-wheel brake circuit and rear-wheel brake circuit, and first and second wheel brake connections that are connectable to the rear-wheel brake and front-wheel brake open into a lateral surface of the accommodating member, which wheel brake connections are arranged between first and second pressure connections that are connectable to the two master brake cylinders being operable independently of each other.
2. The motorcycle brake system as claimed in claim 1,
wherein a distance between the first wheel brake connection and an accommodating bore provided for the inlet valve in the accommodating member is dimensioned in such a way that a direct hydraulic connection is established to the first wheel brake connection, which is part of the front-wheel brake circuit or the rear-wheel brake circuit, by means of a blind-end bore opening into an orifice of the inlet valve accommodating bore.
3. The motorcycle brake system as claimed in claim 2, including a first pressure sensor for sensing the master cylinder pressure that can be supplied to the front-wheel brake circuit, as well as a second pressure sensor for sensing the wheel brake pressure in a rear-wheel brake connected to the rear-wheel brake circuit;
wherein the first pressure sensor is inserted into an accommodating bore, which is arranged remote from the first pressure connection and laterally relative to a first bore row, said first pressure sensor accommodating bore opening into an end surface of the accommodating member transversely to the first pressure connection, and in that the second pressure sensor is inserted into an accommodating bore of a second bore row remote from the second pressure connection, which opens transversely to the second pressure connection into the end surface of the accommodating member.
4. The motorcycle brake system as claimed in claim 2,
wherein several accommodating bores are arranged in the accommodating member in a first bore row and a second bore row, and the first bore row accommodates exclusively the inlet valve and outlet valve required for brake slip control in the front-wheel brake circuit while the second row accommodates the inlet valve and outlet valve required for brake slip control in the rear-wheel brake circuit and the second pressure sensor.
5. The motorcycle brake system as claimed in claim 4,
wherein the two pressure connections opening into the lateral surface of the accommodating member are arranged so as to be in alignment in the longitudinal planes of the first and second bore rows.
6. The motorcycle brake system as claimed in claim 4,
wherein the wheel brake connections opening into the lateral surface of the accommodating member are arranged between the longitudinal planes of the first and second bore rows.
7. The motorcycle brake system as claimed in claim 4,
wherein the second bore row further accommodates an electric separating valve.
8. The motorcycle brake system as claimed in claim 2,
wherein arranged between first and second bore rows is a pair of accommodating bores in the end surface of the accommodating member into which an electric change-over valve and an additional pressure sensor are inserted.
9. The motorcycle brake system as claimed in claim 8,
wherein a pressure channel traverses the accommodating bores provided for the additional pressure sensor and the electric change-over valve in the direction of the second pressure connection, which can be connected to the master brake cylinder provided for the actuation of the rear-wheel brake circuit.
10. The motorcycle brake system as claimed in claim 1,
wherein the wheel brake connections opening into the lateral surface of the accommodating member are arranged between the longitudinal planes of first and second bore rows which accommodate the inlet and outlet valves.

1. A thin-film piezoelectric element, comprising a pair of electrode layers and a piezoelectric thin film sandwiched between the pair of electrode layers, wherein a surface roughness P-V of an interface between the piezoelectric thin film and at least one of the pair of electrode layers is 220 nm or more and 500 nm or less, wherein the surface roughness P-V is defined by a difference between a maximum height (peak value P) and a minimum height (valley value V).
2. The thin-film piezoelectric element according to claim 1, wherein a surface roughness Ra of the interface is 90 nm or more and 220 nm or less, and the surface roughness Ra is larger than an average crystal grain size of crystal grains constituting the piezoelectric thin film.
3. The thin-film piezoelectric element according to claim 1, wherein the piezoelectric thin film has a thickness of 220 nm or more and 3000 nm or less.
4. The thin-film piezoelectric element according to claim 1, wherein the piezoelectric thin film is a potassium sodium niobate-based piezoelectric thin film.
5. A thin-film piezoelectric actuator comprising the thin-film piezoelectric element according to claim 1.
6. A thin-film piezoelectric sensor comprising the thin-film piezoelectric element according to claim 1.
7. A hard disk drive comprising the thin-film piezoelectric actuator according to claim 5.
8. An ink jet printer apparatus comprising the thin-film piezoelectric actuator according to claim 5.

The claims below are in addition to those above.
All refrences to claim(s) which appear below refer to the numbering after this setence.

1. An apparatus, comprising:
a filter configured to allow high frequencies of interest to pass through the filter;
an antenna configured to receive the high frequencies of interest; and
a plurality of bolometers configured to measure data regarding the high frequencies of interest received by the antenna.
2. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the filter comprises a plurality of holes configured to allow high frequencies of interest to pass through the filter.
3. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the filter comprises a plurality of square holes configured to allow high frequencies of interest to pass through the filter.
4. The apparatus of claim 1, further comprising:
a dielectric coating between the antenna and the filter configured to increase an absorption bandwidth; and.
a resonant absorber configured to reflect the high frequencies of interest received from the filter back to the antenna.
5. The apparatus of claim 4, further comprising:
a first vacuum gap between the dielectric coating and the antenna; and
a second vacuum gap between the antenna and the resonant absorber.
6. The apparatus of claim of claim 1, wherein the antenna comprises:
one or more slots configured to receive the high frequencies of interest, and
a plurality of leads, wherein each lead operatively connects a slot to a bolometer such that the bolometer is configured to measure data regarding the high frequencies of interest.
7. The apparatus of claim 6, wherein, when the antenna is a dual slot antenna, a first slot and a second slot are separated by a distance of \u02dc2(\u03bbn), where \u03bb is a wavelength of the frequency of interest and n is an index over a fraction of the square root of the effective dielectric constant.
8. The apparatus of claim 6, wherein, when the antenna is a single slot antenna, then a length of the slot is \u03bbmax\u2208eff12, where \u03bbmax represents a largest wavelength intended to detect more than one frequency and \u2208eff12 represents the square root of the effective dielectric constant.
9. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the antenna and the filter are separated by a distance based on 2*(speed of light in a vacuum)(radio frequency signal bandwidth).
10. The apparatus of claim 1, further comprising:
wiring connecting each bolometer to an amplifier configured to transmit data read by each bolometer to the amplifier.
11. An apparatus, comprising:
a quasioptical filter configured to prevent frequencies below a cut-off from passing through the filter; and
an antenna with a single slot having a plurality of tap points configured to receive and measure high frequencies of interest ranging between 1 terahertz and 10 terahertz.
12. The apparatus of claim 11, wherein the quasioptical filter comprises a plurality of circular, square, rectangular, or elliptical holes configured to allow high frequencies of interest to pass through the filter.
13. The apparatus of claim 11, further comprising:
a dielectric coating between the antenna and the filter configured to increase an absorption of the frequencies of interest; and.
a resonant absorber configured to reflect the high frequencies of interest received from the filter back to the antenna.
14. The apparatus of claim 13, further comprising:
a first vacuum gap between the dielectric coating and the antenna; and
a second vacuum gap between the antenna and the resonant absorber.
15. The apparatus of claim 11, further comprising:
a plurality of leads placed at different tap points and across the single slot in order to allow measurements at different frequencies of interest.
16. The apparatus of claim 15, further comprising:
a plurality of bolometers, each bolometer connected to a corresponding lead, and configured to measure data regarding the frequencies of interest.
17. An apparatus, comprising:
a quasioptical filter configured to prevent frequencies below a cut-off from passing through the filter; and
an antenna with a plurality of slots, each slot configured with a plurality of tap points to receive high frequencies in order to allow measurements of high frequencies of interest ranging between 1 terahertz and 10 terahertz.
18. The apparatus of claim 17, wherein the quasioptical filter comprises a plurality of circular, rectangular, square, or elliptical holes configured to allow high frequencies of interest to pass through the filter.
19. The apparatus of claim 17, further comprising:
a dielectric coating between the antenna and the filter configured to increase an absorption of the frequencies of interest; and.
a resonant absorber configured to reflect the high frequencies of interest received from the filter back to the antenna.
20. The apparatus of claim 17, wherein the antenna and the filter are separated by a distance based on 2*(speed of light in a vacuum)(RF signal bandwidth).