Author: claimsbot

1. A system comprising a plurality of apparatuses connected to a network, wherein each apparatus in said plurality of apparatuses comprises:
a management information storing portion in which a monitoring object identifier and a monitor identifier are registered;
a monitoring unit that monitors said monitoring object apparatus indicated by said monitoring object identifier; and
a responding unit that responds to the monitor apparatus indicated by said monitor identifier.
2. The system according to claim 1, wherein each apparatus in said plurality of apparatuses further comprises a separation processing unit comprising:
a searching unit that searches for a search target apparatus in said plurality of apparatuses in said system; and
a management information changing unit that changes said monitoring object identifier registered in said apparatus to an identifier of said search target apparatus, and changes said monitor identifier registered in said search target apparatus to an identifier of said apparatus.
3. The system according to claim 2, wherein said searching unit
searches for said search target apparatus by requesting other apparatuses in said plurality of apparatuses in said system to send back a monitor identifier registered in each apparatus; and
determines said search target apparatus to be a responding apparatus which sends back a monitor identifier which indicates said monitoring object apparatus of said apparatus.
4. The system according to claim 3, wherein
requesting is performed sequentially and begins with said monitor apparatus of said apparatus and then is sequentially made to said monitor apparatus of succeeding apparatuses in said plurality of apparatuses until an apparatus sends back said monitor identifier which indicates said monitoring object apparatus of said apparatus in response to a request.
5. The system according to claim 3, wherein said searching unit
searches for said search target apparatus by requesting by broadcast other apparatuses of said plurality of apparatuses in said system to send back a monitor identifier registered in each apparatus of said plurality of apparatuses.
6. The system according to claim 2, wherein
1) each apparatus in said plurality of apparatuses further comprises
a log information storing portion in which log information of said monitoring object apparatus is registered, and
a log collecting unit that collects log information of said apparatus, and
2) said responding unit sends back said log information of said apparatus collected by said log collecting unit to said monitor apparatus in response to a log acquirement request from said monitor apparatus, and
3) said monitoring unit sends said log acquirement requests to said monitoring object apparatus and registers said log information sent back in said log information storing portion, and if said log information is not sent back, determines that trouble has occurred in said monitoring object apparatus, and
4) said separation processing unit of said apparatus further comprises
a log information updating unit that updates said log information registered in said log information storing portion with said log information received from said monitoring object apparatus.
7. The system according to claim 1, wherein each apparatus of said plurality of apparatuses further comprises:
a selection unit that selects a first apparatus and a second apparatus from said plurality of apparatuses in said system; and
a management information managing unit that registers an identifier of said apparatus of said plurality of apparatuses as a monitor identifier of said first apparatus and as a monitoring object identifier of said second apparatus, and that registers an identifier of said first apparatus as said monitoring object identifier of said apparatus of said plurality of apparatuses, and registers an identifier of said second apparatus as said monitor identifier of said apparatus of said plurality of apparatuses.
8. An apparatus for use in a system comprising a plurality of said apparatuses connected to a network comprising:
a management information storing portion in which a monitoring object identifier and a monitor identifier are registered;
a monitoring unit that monitors said monitoring object apparatus indicated by said monitoring object identifier; and
a responding unit that responds to said monitor apparatus indicated by said monitor identifier.
9. The apparatus according to claim 8, further comprising:
a separation processing unit comprising:
a searching unit that searches for a search target apparatus in said plurality of apparatuses in said system; and
a management information changing unit that changes said monitoring object identifier registered in said apparatus to an identifier of said search target apparatus, and changes said monitor identifier registered in said search target apparatus to an identifier of said apparatus.
10. The apparatus according to claim 9, wherein said searching unit
searches for said search target apparatus by requesting other apparatuses in said plurality of apparatuses in said system to send back a monitor identifier registered in each apparatus in said plurality of apparatuses; and
determines said search target apparatus to be a responding apparatus which sends back a monitor identifier which indicates said monitoring object apparatus of said apparatus.
11. The apparatus according to claim 10, wherein
requesting is performed sequentially and begins with said monitor apparatus of said apparatus and then is sequentially made to said monitor apparatus of succeeding apparatuses in said plurality of apparatuses until an apparatus sends back said monitor identifier which indicates said monitoring object apparatus of said apparatus in response to a request.
12. The apparatus according to claim 10, wherein said searching unit
searches for said search target apparatus by requesting by broadcast other apparatuses of said plurality of apparatuses in said system to send back a monitor identifier registered in each apparatus of said plurality of apparatuses.
13. The apparatus according to claim 9, further comprising:
1) a log information storing portion in which log information of said monitoring object apparatus is registered; and
a log collecting unit that collects log information of said apparatus, and wherein
2) said responding unit sends back said log information of said apparatus collected by said log collecting unit to said monitor apparatus in response to a log acquirement request from said monitor apparatus, and
3) said monitoring unit sends said log acquirement requests to said monitoring object apparatus and registers said log information sent back in said log information storing portion, and if said log information is not sent back, determines that trouble has occurred in said monitoring object apparatus; and
4) said separation processing unit of said apparatus further comprises
a log information updating unit which updates said log information registered in said log information storing portion with said log information received from said monitoring object apparatus.
14. The apparatus according to claim 8, further comprising:
a selection unit that selects a first apparatus and a second apparatus from said plurality of apparatuses in said system; and
a management information managing unit that registers an identifier of said apparatus of said plurality of apparatuses as a monitor identifier of said first apparatus and as a monitoring object identifier of said second apparatus, and that registers an identifier of said first apparatus as said monitoring object identifier, and registers an identifier of said second apparatus as said monitor identifier.
15. A method performed by an apparatus
in a system comprising a plurality of apparatuses connected to a network, and
with a management information storing portion in which a monitoring object identifier and a monitor identifier are registered; comprising
monitoring a monitoring object apparatus indicated by said monitoring object identifier; and
responding to monitoring by a monitor apparatus indicated by said monitor identifier.
16. The method according to claim 15, further comprising: a separation processing step which performs the steps of:
searching for a search target apparatus in said plurality of apparatuses in said system; and
a management information changing step for changing said monitoring object identifier registered in said apparatus to an identifier of said search target apparatus, and changing said monitor identifier registered in said search target apparatus to an identifier of said apparatus.
17. The method according to claim 16, wherein said searching step
searches for said search target apparatus by requesting other apparatuses in said plurality of apparatuses in said system to send back a monitor identifier registered in each apparatus of said plurality of apparatuses; and
includes the step of determining said search target apparatus to be an apparatus which sends back a monitor identifier which indicates said monitoring object apparatus of said apparatus.
18. The method according to claim 17, wherein
requesting is performed sequentially and begins with said monitor apparatus of said apparatus and then is sequentially made to said monitor apparatus of succeeding apparatuses in said plurality of apparatuses until an apparatus sends back said monitor identifier which indicates said monitoring object apparatus of said apparatus in response to a request.
19. The method according to claim 17, wherein said searching step searches for said search target apparatus by requesting by broadcast other apparatuses of said plurality of apparatuses in said system to send back a monitor identifier registered in each apparatus of said plurality of apparatuses.
20. The method according to claim 15, further comprising:
selecting a first apparatus and a second apparatus from said plurality of apparatuses in said system; and
a management information managing step for registering an identifier of said apparatus of said plurality of apparatuses as a monitor identifier of said first apparatus and as a monitoring object identifier of said second apparatus, and for registering an identifier of said first apparatus as said monitoring object identifier of said apparatus of said plurality of apparatuses, and registering an identifier of said second apparatus as said monitor identifier of said apparatus of said plurality of apparatuses.
21. A signal-bearing medium tangibly embodying a program of machine-readable instructions executable by a digital programming apparatus,
in a system comprising a plurality of said apparatuses connected to a network, and
with a management information storing portion in which a monitoring object identifier and a monitor identifier are registered
to perform
a monitoring step for monitoring a monitoring object apparatus indicated by said monitoring object identifier; and
a responding step for responding to a monitor apparatus indicated by said monitor identifier.
22. The signal-bearing medium according to claim 21 wherein said program further performing:
a separation processing step comprising:
a searching step for searching for a search target apparatus in said plurality of apparatuses in said system; and
a management information changing step for changing said monitoring object identifier registered in said apparatus to an identifier of said search target apparatus, and changing said monitor identifier registered in said search target apparatus to an identifier of said apparatus.
23. The signal-bearing medium according to claim 22 wherein said searching step
searches for said search target apparatus by requesting other apparatuses in said plurality of apparatuses in said system to send back a monitor identifier registered in each of said plurality of apparatuses; and
includes the step of determining said search target apparatus to be an apparatus which sends back a monitor identifier which indicates said monitoring object apparatus of said apparatus.
24. A signal-bearing medium according to claim 23 wherein
requesting is performed sequentially and begins with said monitor apparatus of said apparatus and then is sequentially made to said monitor apparatus of succeeding apparatuses in said plurality of apparatuses until an apparatus sends back said monitor identifier in which indicates said monitoring object apparatus of said apparatus response to a request.
25. A signal-bearing medium according to claim 23 wherein said searching step
searches for said search target apparatus by requesting by broadcast other apparatuses of said plurality of apparatuses in said system to send back a monitor identifier registered in the requested apparatus of said plurality of apparatuses.
26. A signal-bearing medium according to claim 21 wherein said program further performing:
a selection step for selecting a first apparatus and a second apparatus from said plurality of apparatuses in said system; and
a management information managing step for registering an identifier of said apparatus of said plurality of apparatuses as a monitor identifier of said first apparatus and as a monitoring object identifier of said second apparatus, and for registering an identifier of said first apparatus as said monitoring object identifier of said apparatus of said plurality of apparatuses, and registering an identifier of said second apparatus as said monitor identifier of said apparatus of said plurality of apparatuses.

The claims below are in addition to those above.
All refrences to claim(s) which appear below refer to the numbering after this setence.

1. A method for selectively displaying a watermark existing in a digital media file, the method comprising:
in response to uploading a digital media file to a media player searching each pixel of image data of the digital media file for a transparency level coordinate value, wherein the transparency level coordinate value is selected to cause a pixel red color level, green color level and blue color level data of a pixel to be displayed within image data of the digital media file by the media player;
if the searching of the image pixels finds the transparency level coordinate value in any of the pixels, determining if a group of the digital media file image data pixels each comprise the transparency level coordinate value and together define a known watermark pattern of individual image pixels represented by red color level coordinates, green color level coordinates, and blue color level coordinates of the group of pixels;
if the group of pixels comprises the transparency level coordinate value and defines the known pattern of individual image pixels, determining whether the media player is a designated media player;
if determined that the media player is a designated media player, modifying the value of the transparency level coordinate of each of the group of pixels so that the known watermark pattern defined by the group of pixels is not visible when the image pixel data of the digital media file is displayed by the media player; and
if determined that the media player is not a designated media player, not modifying the value of the transparency level coordinate of each of the group of pixels so that the known watermark pattern as defined by the red color level coordinates, the green color level coordinates and the blue color level coordinates of the group of pixels is visible when the image pixel data of the digital media file is displayed in an image by the media player.
2. The method of claim 1, wherein the known watermark pattern group of pixels are identified in meta-data stored in association with the digital media file, and wherein the meta-data comprises code representing a set pattern of pixels.
3. The method of claim 2, wherein the meta-data is accessed from within an application displaying the digital media and the meta-data is further represented as a series of (X, Y) coordinates further describing a location of the known watermark pattern group of pixels.
4. The method of claim 1, wherein the transparency level coordinate value is selected to cause the known watermark pattern as defined by the red color level coordinates, the green color level coordinates, and the blue color level coordinates of the group of pixels to be opaque and thereby visible when the image pixel data of the digital media file is displayed by the media player.
5. The method of claim 1, wherein the transparency level coordinate value is selected to cause the known watermark pattern as defined by the red color level coordinates, the green color level coordinates, and the blue color level coordinates of the group of pixels to be transparent and thereby visible against a solid background of display of the digital media file image data by the media player.
6. A method for providing a service for selectively displaying a watermark existing in a digital media file, the method comprising:
providing a media player computer infrastructure that:
in response to uploading a digital media file to the media player, searches each pixel of image data of the digital media file for a transparency level coordinate value, wherein the transparency level coordinate value is selected to cause a red color level, a green color level and a blue color level of a pixel to be displayed within image data of the digital media file by the media player;
if the searching of the image pixels finds the transparency level coordinate value in any of the pixels, determines if a group of the digital media file image data pixels each comprise the transparency level coordinate value and together define a known watermark pattern of individual image pixels represented by red color level coordinates, green color level coordinates, and blue color level coordinates of the group of pixels;
if the group of pixels comprises the transparency level coordinate value and defines the known pattern of individual image pixels, determines whether the media player is a designated media player;
if determined that the media player is a designated media player, modifies the value of the transparency level coordinate of each of the group of pixels so that the known watermark pattern defined by the group of pixels is not visible when the image pixel data of the digital media file is displayed by the media player; and
if determined that the media player is not a designated media player, does not modify the value of the transparency level coordinate of each of the group of pixels, so that the known watermark pattern as defined by the red color level coordinates, the green color level coordinates, and the blue color level coordinates of the group of pixels is visible when the image pixel data of the digital media file is displayed in an image by the media player.
7. The method of claim 6, wherein the transparency level coordinate value is selected to cause the known watermark pattern as defined by the red color level coordinates, the green color level coordinates, and the blue color level coordinates of the group of pixels to be opaque and thereby visible when the image pixel data of the digital media file is displayed by the media player.
8. The method of claim 6, wherein the transparency level coordinate value is selected to cause the known watermark pattern as defined by the red color level coordinates, the green color level coordinates, and the blue color level coordinates of the group of pixels to be transparent and thereby visible against a solid background of a display of the digital media file image data by the media player.
9. The method of claim 6, wherein the known watermark pattern group of pixels are identified in meta-data stored in association with the digital media file, and wherein the meta-data comprises code representing a set pattern of pixels.
10. The method of claim 9, wherein the media player computer infrastructure accesses the meta-data from within an application displaying the digital media, and wherein the meta-data is further represented as a series of (X, Y) coordinates describing a location of the known watermark pattern group of pixels.
11. An article of manufacture, comprising:
a computer-readable tangible storage device having computer readable program code embodied therewith, the computer readable program code comprising instructions that, when executed by a computer system processing unit of a media player, cause the media player processing unit to:
in response to an upload of a digital media file to the media player, search each pixel of image data of the digital media file for a transparency level coordinate value, wherein the transparency level coordinate value is selected to cause a red color level, a green color level and a blue color level of a pixel to be displayed within image data of the digital media file by the media player;
if the search of the image pixels finds the transparency level coordinate value in any of the pixels, determine if a group of the digital media file image data pixels each comprise the transparency level coordinate value and together define a known watermark pattern of individual image pixels represented by red color level coordinates, green color level coordinates, and blue color level coordinates of the group of pixels;
if the group of pixels comprises the transparency level coordinate value and defines the known pattern of individual image pixels, determine whether the media player is a designated media player;
if determined that the media player is a designated media player, modify the value of the transparency level coordinate of each of the group of pixels so that the known watermark pattern defined by the group of pixels is not visible when the image pixel data of the digital media file is displayed by the media player; and
if determined that the media player is not a designated media player, not modify the value of the transparency level coordinate of each of the group of pixels, so that the known watermark pattern as defined by the red color level coordinates, the green color level coordinates, and the blue color level coordinates of the group of pixels is visible when the image pixel data of the digital media file is displayed in an image by the media player.
12. The article of manufacture of claim 11, wherein the transparency level coordinate value is selected to cause the known watermark pattern as defined by the red color level coordinates, the green color level coordinates, and the blue color level coordinates of the group of pixels to be opaque and thereby visible when the image pixel data of the digital media file is displayed by the media player.
13. The article of manufacture of claim 11, wherein the transparency level coordinate value is selected to cause the known watermark pattern as defined by the red color level coordinates, the green color level coordinates, and the blue color level coordinates of the group of pixels to be transparent and thereby visible against a solid background of a display of the digital media file image data by the media player.
14. The article of manufacture of claim 11, wherein the known watermark pattern group of pixels are identified in meta-data stored in association with the digital media file, and wherein the meta-data comprises code representing a set pattern of pixels.
15. The article of manufacture of claim 14, wherein the computer readable program code instructions, when executed by the processing unit, further cause the processing unit to access the meta-data from within an application displaying the digital media, and wherein the meta-data is further represented as a series of (X, Y) coordinates describing a location of the known watermark pattern group of pixels.
16. A media player system, comprising:
a processing unit, a computer readable memory and a computer-readable storage medium;
wherein the processing unit, when executing program instructions stored on the computer-readable storage medium via the computer readable memory:
in response to an upload of a digital media file to the media player, searches each pixel of image data of the digital media file for a transparency level coordinate value, wherein the transparency level coordinate value is selected to cause a red color level, a green color level and a blue color level of a pixel to be displayed within image data of the digital media file by the media player;
if the search of the image pixels finds the transparency level coordinate value in any of the pixels, determines if a group of the digital media file image data pixels each comprise the transparency level coordinate value and together define a known watermark pattern of individual image pixels represented by red color level coordinates, green color level coordinates, and blue color level coordinates of the group of pixels;
if the group of pixels comprises the transparency level coordinate value and defines the known pattern of individual image pixels, determines whether the media player is a designated media player;
if determined that the media player is a designated media player, modifies the value of the transparency level coordinate of each of the group of pixels so that the known watermark pattern defined by the group of pixels is not visible when the image pixel data of the digital media file is displayed by the media player; and
if determined that the media player is not a designated media player, does not modify the value of the transparency level coordinate of each of the group of pixels, so that the known watermark pattern as defined by the red color level coordinates, the green color level coordinates, and the blue color level coordinates of the group of pixels is visible when the image pixel data of the digital media file is displayed in an image by the media player.
17. The system of claim 16, wherein the transparency level coordinate value is selected to cause the known watermark pattern as defined by the red color level coordinates, the green color level coordinates, and the blue color level coordinates of the group of pixels to be opaque and thereby visible when the image pixel data of the digital media file is displayed by the media player.
18. The system of claim 16, wherein the transparency level coordinate value is selected to cause the known watermark pattern as defined by the red color level coordinates, the green color level coordinates, and the blue color level coordinates of the group of pixels to be transparent and thereby visible against a solid background of a display of the digital media file image data by the media player.
19. The system of claim 16, wherein the known watermark pattern group of pixels are identified in meta-data stored in association with the digital media file, and wherein the meta-data comprises code representing a set pattern of pixels.
20. The system of claim 19, wherein the processing unit accesses the meta-data from within an application displaying the digital media, and wherein the meta-data is further represented as a series of (X, Y) coordinates describing a location of the known watermark pattern group of pixels.

1. A compound of the following formula, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or N oxide thereof:
wherein:
W is CRW, X is CRX, Y is CRY, and Z is CRZ; or
W is N, X is CRX, Y is CRY, and Z is CRZ; or
W is CRW, X is N, Y is CRY, and Z is CRZ; or
W is N, X is CRX, Y is CRY, and Z is N; or
W is CRW, X is N, Y is N, and Z is CRZ; or
W is N, X is CRX, Y is N, and Z is CRZ; or
W is N, X is N, Y is CRY, and Z is CRZ;

wherein:
\u2014RW is independently \u2014H or \u2014RWW;
\u2014RX is independently \u2014H or \u2014RXX;
\u2014RY is independently \u2014H or \u2014RYY; and
\u2014RZ is independently \u2014H or \u2014RZZ;

wherein:
\u2014RWW is independently \u2014X1, \u2014R1, \u2014OH, \u2014CF3, or \u2014OCF3;
\u2014RXX is independently \u2014X1, \u2014R1, \u2014OH, \u2014CF3, or \u2014OCF3;
\u2014RYY is independently \u2014X1, \u2014R1, \u2014OH, \u2014CF3, or \u2014OCF3; and
\u2014RZZ is independently \u2014X1, \u2014R1, \u2014OH, \u2014CF3, or \u2014OCF3;

wherein:
each \u2014X1 is independently \u2014F, \u2014CI, \u2014Br, or \u2014I; and
each \u2014R1 is independently linear or branched saturated C1-4alkyl;

and wherein:
-L3P- is independently a single covalent bond or -L3PL-;

wherein:
-L3PL- is independently -L3PR1-, \u2014C(\u2550O)\u2014, -L3PR2-C(\u2550O)\u2014, \u2014S(\u2550O)2\u2014, -L3PR3-S(\u2550O)2\u2014, or \u2014O-L3PR4-;
wherein:
each -L3PR1- is linear or branched saturated C1-4alkylene;
each -L3PR2- is linear or branched saturated C1-4alkylene;
each -L3PR3- is linear or branched saturated C1-4alkylene;
each -L3PR4- is linear or branched saturated C1-4alkylene;

and wherein:
\u2014R3N is independently \u2014NH2, NHRA, NRARB, or \u2014NRCRD;

wherein:
each \u2014RA is independently:
\u2014RA1, \u2014RA2, \u2014RA3, \u2014RA4, \u2014RA5, -LA-RA2, -LA\u2014RA3, -LA\u2014RA4, or -LA\u2014RA5;

each \u2014RA1 is linear or branched saturated C1-6alkyl,
and is optionally substituted with one or more groups \u2014RS1;

each \u2014RA2 is saturated C3-6cycloalkyl,
and is optionally substituted with one or more groups \u2014RS2C;

each \u2014RA3 is non-aromatic C3-7heterocyclyl,
and is optionally substituted on carbon with one or more groups \u2014RS2C,
and is optionally substituted on secondary nitrogen, if present, with a group \u2014RSN;

each \u2014RA4 is independently phenyl or naphthyl,
and is optionally substituted with one or more groups \u2014RS3C;

each \u2014RA5 is C5-10heteroaryl,
and is optionally substituted on carbon with one or more groups \u2014RS3C,
and is optionally substituted on secondary nitrogen, if present, with a group \u2014RSN;

each -LA- is linear or branched saturated C1-4alkylene;
and wherein:
each \u2014RS1 is independently:
\u2014F, \u2014Cl, \u2014Br, \u2014I,
\u2014OH, \u2014ORTT,
\u2014OCF3,
\u2014NH2, \u2014NHRTT, \u2014NRTT2, \u2014RTM,
\u2014C(\u2550O)OH, \u2014C(\u2550O)ORTT, \u2014OC(\u2550O)RTT,
\u2014C(\u2550O)NH2, \u2014C(\u2550O)NHRTT, \u2014C(\u2550O)NRTT2, \u2014C(\u2550O)RTM,
\u2014NHC(\u2550O)RTT, \u2014NRTNC(\u2550O)RTT,
\u2014NHC(\u2550O)NH2, \u2014NHC(\u2550O)NHRTT, \u2014NHC(\u2550O)NRTT2, \u2014NHC(\u2550O)RTM,
\u2014NRTNC(\u2550O)NH2, \u2014NRTNC(\u2550O)NHRTT, \u2014NRTNC(\u2550O)NRIT2, \u2014NRTNC(\u2550O)RTM,
\u2014NHC(\u2550O)ORTT, \u2014NRTNC(\u2550O)ORTT,
\u2014OC(\u2550O)NH2, \u2014OC(\u2550O)NHRTT, \u2014OC(\u2550O)NRTT2, \u2014OC(\u2550O)RTM,
\u2014C(\u2550O)RTT,
\u2014S(\u2550O)2NH2, \u2014S(\u2550O)2NHRTT, \u2014S(\u2550O)2NRTT2, \u2014S(\u2550O)2RTM,
\u2014NHS(\u2550O)2RTT, \u2014NRTNS(\u2550O)2RTT,
\u2014S(\u2550O)2RTT,
\u2014CN, \u2014NO2, \u2014SRTT, or \u2550O;

each \u2014RS2C is independently:
\u2014RTT,
\u2014F, \u2014Cl, \u2014Br, \u2014I,
\u2014OH, \u2014ORTT,
-LT-OH, -LT-ORTT,
\u2014CF3, \u2014OCF3,
\u2014NH2, \u2014NHRTT, \u2014NRTT2, \u2014RTM,
-LT-NH2, -LT-NHRTT, -LT-NRTT2, -LT-RTM,
\u2014C(\u2550O)OH, \u2014C(\u2550O)ORTT, \u2014OC(\u2550O)RTT,
\u2014C(\u2550O)NH2, \u2014C(\u2550O)NHRTT, \u2014C(\u2550O)NRTT2, \u2014C(\u2550O)RTM,
\u2014NHC(\u2550O)RTT, \u2014NRTNC(\u2550O)RTT,
\u2014NHC(\u2550O)NH2, \u2014NHC(\u2550O)NHRTT, \u2014NHC(\u2550O)NRTT2, \u2014NHC(\u2550O)RTM,
\u2014NRTNC(\u2550O)NH2, \u2014NRTNC(\u2550O)NHRTT, \u2014NRTNC(\u2550O)NRIT2, \u2014NRTNC(\u2550O)RTM,
\u2014NHC(\u2550O)ORTT, \u2014NRTNC(\u2550O)ORTT,
\u2014OC(\u2550O)NH2, \u2014OC(\u2550O)NHRTT, \u2014OC(\u2550O)NRTT2, \u2014OC(\u2550O)RTM,
\u2014C(\u2550O)RTT,
\u2014S(\u2550O)2NH2, \u2014S(\u2550O)2NHRTT, \u2014S(\u2550O)2NRTT2, \u2014S(\u2550O)2RTM,
\u2014NHS(\u2550O)2RTT, \u2014NRTNS(\u2550O)2RTT,
\u2014S(\u2550O)2RTT,
\u2014CN, \u2014NO2, \u2014SRTT, or \u2550O;

each \u2014RS3C is independently:
\u2014RTT,
\u2014F, \u2014Cl, \u2014Br, \u2014I,
\u2014OH, \u2014ORTT,
-LT-OH, -LT-ORTT,
\u2014CF3, \u2014OCF3,
\u2014NH2, \u2014NHRTT, \u2014NRTT2, \u2014RTM,
-LT-NH2, -LT-NHRTT, -LT-NRTT2, -LT-RTM,
\u2014C(\u2550O)OH, \u2014C(\u2550O)ORTT, \u2014OC(\u2550O)RTT,
\u2014C(\u2550O)NH2, \u2014C(\u2550O)NHRTT, \u2014C(\u2550O)NRTT2, \u2014C(\u2550O)RTM,
\u2014NHC(\u2550O)RTT, \u2014NRTNC(\u2550O)RTT,
\u2014NHC(\u2550O)NH2, \u2014NHC(\u2550O)NHRTT, \u2014NHC(\u2550O)NRTT2, \u2014NHC(\u2550O)RTM,
\u2014NRTNC(\u2550O)NH2, \u2014NRTNC(\u2550O)NHRTT, \u2014NRTNC(\u2550O)NRIT2, \u2014NRTNC(\u2550O)RTM,
\u2014NHC(\u2550O)ORTT, \u2014NRTNC(\u2550O)ORTT,
\u2014OC(\u2550O)NH2, \u2014OC(\u2550O)NHRTT, \u2014OC(\u2550O)NRTT2, \u2014OC(\u2550O)RTM,
\u2014C(\u2550O)RTT,
\u2014S(\u2550O)2NH2, \u2014S(\u2550O)2NHRTT, \u2014S(\u2550O)2NRTT2, \u2014S(\u2550O)2RTM,
\u2014NHS(\u2550O)2RTT, \u2014NRTNS(\u2550O)2RTT,
\u2014S(\u2550O)2RTT,
\u2014CN, \u2014NO2, or \u2014SRTT;
and additionally, two adjacent groups \u2014RS3C, if present, may together form:
\u2014O\u2014CH2\u2014O\u2014 or \u2014O\u2014CH2CH2\u2014O\u2014;

each \u2014RSN is independently:
\u2014RTT,
-LT-OH, -LT-ORTT,
-LT-NH2, -LT-NHRTT, -LT-NRTT2, -LT-RTM,
\u2014C(\u2550O)RTT,
\u2014C(\u2550O)ORTT,
\u2014C(\u2550O)NH2, \u2014C(\u2550O)NHRTT, \u2014C(\u2550O)NRTT2, \u2014C(\u2550O)RTM, or
\u2014S(\u2550O)2RTT;

wherein:
each -LT- is linear or branched saturated C1-4alkylene;
each \u2014RTT is independently linear or branched saturated C1-4alkyl, saturated C3-6cycloalkyl, saturated C3-6cycloalkyl-methyl, phenyl, or benzyl; wherein said linear or branched saturated C1-4alkyl is optionally substituted with \u2014OH or \u2014ORTTT, wherein \u2014RTTT is linear or branched saturated C1-4alkyl;
each \u2014RTN is linear or branched saturated C1-4alkyl;
each \u2014RTM is independently azetidino, pyrrolidino, piperidino, piperazino, morpholino, azepano, or diazepano, and is:
optionally substituted on carbon with one or more groups selected from: \u2014RTMM, \u2014C(\u2550O)RTMM, \u2014S(\u2550O)2RTMM, \u2014F, \u2014NH2, \u2014NHRTMM, \u2014NRTMM2, \u2014OH, and \u2014ORTMM; and
optionally substituted on secondary nitrogen, if present, with a group selected from: \u2014RTMM, \u2014C(\u2550O)RTMM, \u2014C(\u2550O)ORTMM, and \u2014S(\u2550O)2RTMM;
wherein each \u2014RTMM is independently linear or branched saturated C1-4alkyl, saturated C3-6cycloalkyl, saturated C3-6cycloalkyl-methyl, phenyl, or benzyl;

and wherein:
\u2014RB is independently \u2014RB1, \u2014RB2, or -LB-RB2;
\u2014RB1 is linear or branched saturated C1-6alkyl, and is optionally substituted with \u2014OH or \u2014ORBB,

wherein \u2014RBB is linear or branched saturated C1-4alkyl;
\u2014RB2 is saturated C3-6cycloalkyl; and
-LB- is linear or branched saturated C1-4alkylene;

and wherein:
\u2014NRCRD is independently \u2014NRC1RD1, \u2014NRC2RD2, \u2014NRC3RD3, \u2014NRC4RD4, or \u2014NRC5RD5;

wherein:
\u2014NRC1RD1 is a monocyclic non-aromatic heterocyclyl group having from 4 to 8 ring atoms, wherein exactly 1 of said ring atoms is a ring heteroatom, and is N, or exactly 2 of said ring atoms are ring heteroatoms, and are both N, or exactly 2 of said ring atoms are ring heteroatoms, and are N and O, or exactly 2 of said ring atoms are ring heteroatoms, and are N and S, wherein said S is optionally in the form of S(\u2550O) or S(\u2550O)2;
and wherein said monocyclic non-aromatic heterocyclyl group is:

optionally substituted on carbon with one or more groups \u2014RNC, and
optionally substituted on secondary nitrogen, if present, with a group \u2014RNN;
\u2014NRC2RD2 is a fused bicyclic non-aromatic heterocyclyl group having from 7 to 12 ring atoms, wherein exactly 1 of said ring atoms is a ring heteroatom, and is N, or exactly 2 of said ring atoms are ring heteroatoms, and are both N, or exactly 2 of said ring atoms are ring heteroatoms, and are N and O, or exactly 2 of said ring atoms are ring heteroatoms, and are N and S, wherein said S is optionally in the form of S(\u2550O) or S(\u2550O)2, or exactly 3 of said ring atoms are ring heteroatoms, one of which is N, and each of the other two is independently N, O, or S, wherein said S is optionally in the form of S(\u2550O) or S(\u2550O)2;
and wherein said fused bicyclic non-aromatic heterocyclyl group is:

optionally substituted on carbon with one or more groups \u2014RNC, and
optionally substituted on secondary nitrogen, if present, with a group \u2014RNN;
\u2014NRC3RD3 is a bridged non-aromatic heterocyclyl group having from 7 to 11 ring atoms, wherein exactly 1 of said ring atoms is a ring heteroatom, and is N, or exactly 2 of said ring atoms are ring heteroatoms, and are both N, or exactly 2 of said ring atoms are ring heteroatoms, and are N and O, or exactly 2 of said ring atoms are ring heteroatoms, and are N and S, wherein said S is optionally in the form of S(\u2550O) or S(\u2550O)2, or exactly 3 of said ring atoms are ring heteroatoms, one of which is N, and each of the other two is independently N, O, or S, wherein said S is optionally in the form of S(\u2550O) or S(\u2550O)2;
and wherein said bridged non-aromatic heterocyclyl group is:

optionally substituted on carbon with one or more groups \u2014RNC, and
optionally substituted on secondary nitrogen, if present, with a group \u2014RNN;
\u2014NRC4RD4 is a spiro non-aromatic heterocyclyl group having from 6 to 12 ring atoms, wherein exactly 1 of said ring atoms is a ring heteroatom, and is N, or exactly 2 of said ring atoms are ring heteroatoms, and are both N, or exactly 2 of said ring atoms are ring heteroatoms, and are N and O, or exactly 2 of said ring atoms are ring heteroatoms, and are N and S, or exactly 3 of said ring atoms are ring heteroatoms, one of which is N, and each of the other two is independently N, O, or S, wherein said S is optionally in the form of S(\u2550O) or S(\u2550O)2;
and wherein said spiro non-aromatic heterocyclyl group is:

optionally substituted on carbon with one or more groups \u2014RNC, and
optionally substituted on secondary nitrogen, if present, with a group \u2014RNN;
wherein:
each \u2014RNC is independently:
\u2014RQQ,
\u2014F, \u2014Cl, \u2014Br, \u2014I,
\u2014OH, \u2014ORQQ,
-LQ-OH, -LQ-ORQQ,
\u2014CF3, \u2014OCF3,
\u2014NH2, \u2014NHRQQ, \u2014NRQQ2, \u2014RQM,
-LQ-NH2, -LQ-NHRQQ, -LQQ-NRQQ2, -LQ-RQM,
\u2014C(\u2550O)OH, \u2014C(\u2550O)ORQQ, \u2014OC(\u2550O)RQQ,
\u2014C(\u2550O)NH2, \u2014C(\u2550O)NHRQQ, \u2014C(\u2550O)NRQQ2, \u2014C(\u2550O)RQM,
\u2014NHC(\u2550O)RQQ, \u2014NRQNC(\u2550O)RQQ,
\u2014NHC(\u2550O)NH2, \u2014NHC(\u2550O)NHRQQ, \u2014NHC(\u2550O)NRQQ2, \u2014NHC(\u2550O)RQM,
\u2014NRQNC(\u2550O)NH2, \u2014NRQNC(\u2550O)NHRQQ,
\u2014NRQNC(\u2550O)NRQQ2, \u2014NRQNC(\u2550O)RQM,
\u2014NHC(\u2550O)ORQQ, \u2014NRQNC(\u2550O)ORQQ,
\u2014OC(\u2550O)NH2, \u2014OC(\u2550O)NHRQQ, \u2014OC(\u2550O)NRQQ2, \u2014OC(\u2550O)RQM,
\u2014C(\u2550O)RQQ,
\u2014S(\u2550O)2NH2, \u2014S(\u2550O)2NHRQQ, \u2014S(\u2550O)2NRQQ2, \u2014S(\u2550O)2RQM,
\u2014NHS(\u2550O)2RQQ, \u2014NRQNS(\u2550O)2RQQ,
\u2014S(\u2550O)2RQQ,
\u2014CN, \u2014NO2, \u2014SRQQ, or \u2550O;

each \u2014RNN is independently:
\u2014RQQ,
-LQ-OH, -LQ-ORQQ,
-LQ-NH2, -LQ-NHRQQ, -LQ-NRQQ2, -LQ-RQM,
\u2014C(\u2550O)RQQ,
\u2014C(\u2550O)ORQQ,
\u2014C(\u2550O)NH2, \u2014C(\u2550O)NHRQQ, \u2014C(\u2550O)NRQQ2, \u2014C(\u2550O)RQM, or
\u2014S(\u2550O)2RQQ;

wherein:
each -LQ- is linear or branched saturated C1-4alkylene;
each \u2014RQQ is independently linear or branched saturated C1-4alkyl, saturated C3-6cycloalkyl, saturated C3-6cycloalkyl-methyl, phenyl or benzyl; wherein said linear or branched saturated C1-4alkyl is optionally substituted with \u2014OH or \u2014ORQQQ, and said phenyl and benzyl are optionally substituted with \u2014RQQQ, wherein each \u2014RQQQ is linear or branched saturated C1-4alkyl;
each \u2014RQN is linear or branched saturated C1-4alkyl;
each \u2014RQM is independently azetidino, pyrrolidino, piperidino, piperazino, morpholino, azepano, or diazepano, and is:
optionally substituted on carbon with one or more groups selected from: \u2014RQMM, \u2014C(\u2550O)RQMM, \u2014S(\u2550O)2RQMM, \u2014F, \u2014NH2, \u2014NHRQMM, \u2014NRQMM2, \u2014OH, and \u2014ORQMM; and
optionally substituted on secondary nitrogen, if present, with a group selected from: \u2014RQMM, \u2014C(\u2550O)RQMM, \u2014C(\u2550O)ORQMM, and \u2014S(\u2550O)2RQMM;
wherein each \u2014RQMM is independently linear or branched saturated C1-4alkyl, saturated C3-6cycloalkyl, saturated C3-6cycloalkyl-methyl, phenyl, or benzyl;

and wherein:
\u2014NRC5RD5 is independently: 1H-pyrrol-1-yl; 2H-isoindol-2-yl; 1H-indol-1-yl; 1H-pyrazol-1-yl; 1H-benzoimidazol-1-yl; 1H-imidazol-1-yl; 2H-indazol-2-yl; 1H-indazol-1-yl; 4H-1,2,4triazol-4-yl; 1H-1,2,3triazol-1-yl; 1H-1,2,4triazol-1-yl; 1H-benzotriazol-1-yl; or 1H-tetrazol-1-yl; and is optionally substituted with one or more groups \u2014RH;

wherein each \u2014RH is independently:
\u2014RHH,
\u2014F, \u2014Cl, \u2014Br, \u2014I,
\u2014OH, \u2014ORHH,
-LH-OH, -LH-ORHH,
\u2014CF3, \u2014OCF3,
\u2014NH2, \u2014NHRHH, \u2014NRHH2, \u2014RHM,
-LH-NH2, -LH-NHRHH, -LH-NRHH2, -LH-RHM,
\u2014C(\u2550O)OH, \u2014C(\u2550O)ORHH, \u2014OC(\u2550O)RHH,
\u2014C(\u2550O)NH2, \u2014C(\u2550O)NHRHH, \u2014C(\u2550O)NRHH2, \u2014C(\u2550O)RHM,
\u2014NHC(\u2550O)RHH, \u2014NRHHC(\u2550O)RHH,
\u2014NHC(\u2550O)NH2, \u2014NHC(\u2550O)NHRHH, \u2014NHC(\u2550O)NRHH2, \u2014NHC(\u2550O)RHM,
\u2014NRHNC(\u2550O)NH2, \u2014NRHNC(\u2550O)NHRHH, \u2014NRHNC(\u2550O)NRHH2, \u2014NRHNC(\u2550O)RHM,
\u2014NHC(\u2550O)ORHH, \u2014NRHNC(\u2550O)ORHH,
\u2014OC(\u2550O)NH2, \u2014OC(\u2550O)NHRHH, \u2014OC(\u2550O)NRHH2, \u2014OC(\u2550O)RHM,
\u2014C(\u2550O)RHH,
\u2014S(\u2550O)2NH2, \u2014S(\u2550O)2NHRHH, \u2014S(\u2550O)2NRHH2, \u2014S(\u2550O)2RHM,
\u2014NHS(\u2550O)2RHH, \u2014NRHNS(\u2550O)2RHH,
\u2014S(\u2550O)2RHH,
\u2014CN, \u2014NO2, or \u2014SRHH;

wherein:
each -LH- is linear or branched saturated C1-4alkylene;
each \u2014RHH is independently linear or branched saturated C1-4alkyl, saturated C3-6cycloalkyl, saturated C3-6cycloalkyl-methyl, phenyl, or benzyl; wherein said linear or branched saturated C1-4alkyl is optionally substituted with \u2014OH or \u2014ORHHH, wherein \u2014RHHH is linear or branched saturated C1-4alkyl;
each \u2014RHN is linear or branched saturated C1-4alkyl;
each \u2014RHM is independently azetidino, pyrrolidino, piperidino, piperazino, morpholino, azepano, or diazepano, and is:
optionally substituted on carbon with one or more groups selected from: \u2014RHMM, \u2014C(\u2550O)RHMM, \u2014S(\u2550O)2RHMM, \u2014F, \u2014NH2, \u2014NHRHMM, \u2014NRHMM2, \u2014OH, and \u2014ORHMM; and

optionally substituted on secondary nitrogen, if present, with a group selected from: \u2014RHMM, \u2014C(\u2550O)RHMM, \u2014C(\u2550O)ORHMM, and \u2014S(\u2550O)2RHMM;
wherein each \u2014RHMM is independently linear or branched saturated C1-4alkyl, saturated C3-6cycloalkyl, saturated C3-6cycloalkyl-methyl, phenyl, or benzyl;

and wherein:
\u2014R5 is independently \u2014R5A, \u2014R5B, \u2014R5C, \u2014R5D, or \u2014R5E;
\u2014R5A is linear or branched saturated C1-4alkyl;
\u2014R5B is saturated C3-6cycloalkyl;
\u2014R5C is independently \u2014F, \u2014CI, \u2014Br, or \u2014I;
\u2014R5D is \u2014CF3; and
\u2014R5E is independently \u2014C\u2261CH or C3-6alkynyl optionally substituted with one or more groups \u2014REE; wherein each \u2014REE is independently selected from \u2014OH, \u2014OREEE, \u2014NH2, \u2014NHREEE, and \u2014NREEE2;

wherein each \u2014REEE is linear or branched saturated C1-4alkyl;
and wherein:
\u2014R4 is \u2014H;
\u2014R6 is independently \u2014H or \u2014F; and
\u2014R7 is independently \u2014H or \u2014F; and
\u2014R8 is independently \u2014H or \u2014F.
2. A compound according to claim 1, wherein:
W is CRW, X is CRX, Y is CRY, and Z is CRZ.
3. A compound according to claim 1, wherein:
W is CRW, X is N, Y is CRY, and Z is CRZ.
4. A compound according to claim 1, wherein:
\u2014RW, if present, is \u2014H;
\u2014RX, if present, is \u2014H;
\u2014RY, if present, is \u2014H; and
\u2014RZ, if present, is \u2014H.
5. A compound according to claim 1, wherein -L3P- is a single covalent bond.
6. A compound according to claim 1, wherein -L3P- is -L3PL-.
7. A compound according to claim 1, wherein -L3PL-, if present, is -L3PR1-.
8. A compound according to claim 1, wherein -L3PL-, if present, is \u2014C(\u2550O)\u2014.
9. A compound according to claim 1, wherein -L3PL-, if present, is -L3PR2-C(\u2550O)\u2014.
10. A compound according to claim 1, wherein:
each -L3PR1-, if present, is independently \u2014CH2\u2014, \u2014CH(Me)-, or \u2014C(Me)2-; and
each -L3PR2-, if present, is independently \u2014CH2\u2014, \u2014CH(Me)-, or \u2014C(Me)2-.
11. A compound according to claim 1, wherein \u2014R3N is \u2014NRARB.
12. A compound according to claim 1, wherein \u2014R3N is \u2014NRCRD.
13. A compound according to claim 1, wherein each \u2014RA, if present, is independently: \u2014RA1, \u2014RA3, or -LA-RA3.
14. A compound according to claim 1, wherein:
each \u2014RA1, if present, is independently linear or branched saturated C1-4alkyl, and is optionally substituted with one or more groups \u2014RS1; and
each \u2014RA3, if present, is piperidinyl,
and is optionally substituted on carbon with one or more groups \u2014RS2C,
and is optionally substituted on secondary nitrogen with a group \u2014RSN.
15. A compound according to claim 1, wherein each \u2014RSN, if present, is independently:
\u2014RTT,
\u2014C(\u2550O)RTT, or
\u2014C(\u2550O)ORTT.
16. A compound according to claim 1, wherein each \u2014RTT, if present, is -Me.
17. A compound according to claim 1, wherein \u2014NRCRD, if present, is \u2014NRC1RD1, wherein, \u2014NRC1RD1 is independently selected from the following groups, and is:
optionally substituted on carbon with one or more groups \u2014RNC, and
optionally substituted on secondary nitrogen, if present, with a group \u2014RNN:
18. A compound according to claim 1, wherein:
each \u2014RNC, if present, is independently:
\u2014RQQ,
\u2014OH, \u2014ORQQ,
\u2014NH2, \u2014NHRQQ, \u2014NRQQ2, \u2014RQM, or
\u2550O;

each \u2014RNN, if present, is independently:
\u2014RQQ,
-LQ-OH, -LQ-ORQQ,
-LQNH2, -LQ-NHRQQ, -LQ-NRQQ2, -LQ-RQM,
\u2014C(\u2550O)RQQ, or
\u2014C(\u2550O)ORQQ; and

each \u2014RQQ is independently linear or branched saturated C1-4alkyl, saturated C3-6cycloalkyl, or saturated C3-6cycloalkyl-methyl.
19. A compound according to claim 1, wherein each \u2014RQQ, if present, is -Me.
20. A compound according to claim 1, wherein \u2014NRCRD, if present, is \u2014NRC5RD5, wherein \u2014NRC5RD5 is: 1H-pyrazol-1-yl; and is optionally substituted with one or more groups \u2014RH.
21. A compound according to claim 1, wherein \u2014NRCRD, if present, is \u2014NRC5RD5, wherein \u2014NRC5RD5 is: 1H-imidazol-1-yl; and is optionally substituted with one or more groups \u2014RH.
22. A compound according to claim 1, wherein each \u2014RH, if present, is independently \u2014RHH.
23. A compound according to claim 1, wherein \u2014R5 is \u2014R5A, wherein \u2014R5A is -Me.
24. A compound according to claim 1, wherein \u2014R5 is \u2014R5C, wherein \u2014R5C is \u2014Cl.
25. A compound according to claim 1, wherein \u2014R6 is \u2014H.
26. A compound according to claim 1, selected from IQ-001 through IQ-238 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or a N-oxide thereof.
27. A pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound according to claim 1, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or diluent.
28. A method of preparing a pharmaceutical composition comprising the step of mixing a compound according to claim 1, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or diluent.
29. A method of inhibiting PARP function, TNKS1 andor TNKS2 function, or Wnt signalling in a cell, in vitro or in vivo, comprising contacting the cell with an effective amount of a compound according to claim 1.
30. A method of treatment of colorectal cancer, comprising administering to a subject in need of treatment a therapeutically-effective amount of a compound according to claim 1.

The claims below are in addition to those above.
All refrences to claim(s) which appear below refer to the numbering after this setence.

1. A saddle-straddling type motor vehicle, comprising:
an air-cooled engine attached to a body frame and having a cylinder block located on a rear side in a direction in which said motor vehicle runs and a cylinder head located on a front side in the direction in which said motor vehicle runs;
a primary passage that guides air into a combustion chamber of said air-cooled engine;
a fuel injection device having an injection nozzle that injects fuel in said primary passage; and
a secondary passage that branches off from upstream of said primary passage and that guides air to a vicinity of said injection nozzle of said fuel injection device at least when said air-cooled engine is idling,
said fuel injection device being located further forward than said cylinder block in the direction in which said motor vehicle runs.
2. The saddle-straddling type motor vehicle according to claim 1, wherein said air-cooled engine further comprises an intake valve located at a border between said primary passage and said combustion chamber, and
said fuel injection device is situated at an incline between said primary passage and said intake valve.
3. The saddle-straddling type motor vehicle according to claim 1, wherein said body frame includes:
a head pipe disposed approximately uprightly in a front part of said motor vehicle; and
a main frame extending rearward and obliquely downward from said head pipe.
4. A saddle-straddling type motor vehicle, comprising:
a body frame situated from a front part to a rear part of said motor vehicle; and
an air-cooled engine attached to said body frame,
said body frame including
a head pipe disposed approximately uprightly in the front part of said motor vehicle; and
a main frame extending rearward and obliquely downward from said head pipe, and
said air-cooled engine including
a cylinder block forming a cylinder that reciprocatably accommodates a piston;
a cylinder head forming a combustion chamber together with said cylinder block and having a primary passage communicating with said combustion chamber through an intake valve opening;
an intake valve provided to open and close said intake valve opening;
a fuel injection device having an injection nozzle that injects fuel; and
a secondary passage that branches off from upstream of said primary passage and that guides air to a vicinity of said injection nozzle of said fuel injection device at least when said air-cooled engine is idling;
said cylinder head being located in a front part under said main frame and said cylinder block being located in a rear part under said main frame such that a center axis of said cylinder extends approximately horizontally in a front-to-rear direction of said motor vehicle and so that said cylinder head is hit by a wind when said motor vehicle runs, and
said fuel injection device being provided in said cylinder head so that said fuel injection device injects the fuel toward said intake valve opening from an injection passage in a side wall of said primary passage.
5. The saddle-straddling type motor vehicle according to claim 4, wherein said primary passage extends approximately uprightly from said intake valve opening, said intake valve is located so that its axis extends approximately in the front-to-rear direction, and said fuel injection device is located at an incline between said primary passage and said intake valve.
6. The saddle-straddling type motor vehicle according to claim 4, wherein said primary passage extends approximately uprightly from said intake valve opening, said intake valve is located so that its axis extends approximately in the front-to-rear direction, and said fuel injection device is located at an incline on a side of said primary passage.
7. The saddle-straddling type motor vehicle according to claim 4, wherein said air-cooled engine further comprises:
a throttle body extending upward from said primary passage; and
a first openingclosing mechanism capable of opening and closing in said throttle body,
and wherein said secondary passage branches off from a part of said throttle body that is upstream of said first openingclosing mechanism.
8. The saddle-straddling type motor vehicle according to claim 7, wherein said engine further comprises a second openingclosing mechanism capable of opening and closing and located, in said throttle body, upstream of the part from which said secondary passage branches off.
9. The saddle-straddling type motor vehicle according to claim 8, wherein, when no load is placed on said engine and when a load equal to or smaller than a first value is placed on said engine, said first openingclosing mechanism is approximately full closed and an open degree of said second openingclosing mechanism is controlled by an operation by a rider.
10. The saddle-straddling type motor vehicle according to claim 9, wherein, when a load larger than said first value is placed on said engine, an open degree of said first openingclosing mechanism is controlled by an operation by the rider, and the open degree of said second openingclosing mechanism is controlled in association with said first openingclosing mechanism.
11. The saddle-straddling type motor vehicle according to claim 10, wherein, when the load placed on said engine is equal to or smaller than a second value that is larger than said first value, an air flow rate in said secondary passage increases as the load placed on said engine increases, and when the load placed on said engine exceeds said second value, the air flow rate in said secondary passage decreases.
12. The saddle-straddling type motor vehicle according to claim 11, wherein, while the load placed on said engine is larger than said second value, the air flow rate in said secondary passage remains approximately constant.
13. The saddle-straddling type motor vehicle according to claim 12, wherein, when the load placed on said engine is larger than said first value, an air flow rate in said primary passage increases as the load placed on said engine increases.
14. The saddle-straddling type motor vehicle according to claim 4, wherein a distance from a tip of said injection nozzle of said fuel injection device to said intake valve opening is 4 cm or less.
15. The saddle-straddling type motor vehicle according to claim 4, wherein said fuel injection device is situated so that at least part of said fuel injection device is exposed outside from said cylinder head.
16. The saddle-straddling type motor vehicle according to claim 4, wherein said fuel injection device is situated to incline obliquely upward toward a front with respect to a horizontal direction.
17. The saddle-straddling type motor vehicle according to claim 4, wherein said intake valve is located so that its axis is inclined obliquely upward toward a front at an angle larger than 0 degree and smaller than 45 degrees with respect to a horizontal direction.
18. The saddle-straddling type motor vehicle according to claim 17, wherein said cylinder head has an exhaust passage that guides burned gas outside from said combustion chamber through an exhaust valve opening,
said engine further comprises an exhaust valve provided to open and close said exhaust valve opening, and
said exhaust valve is situated so that its axis is inclined obliquely downward toward the front at an angle larger than 0 degree and smaller than 45 degrees with respect to the horizontal direction.