Author: claimsbot

1. A droplet dispensing control method comprising:
detecting an amount of positional deviation in a rotation direction in a stage plane between a stage mounting a substrate on which an imprint material from an ink jet head lands and a template that is pressed into the imprint material on the substrate, as a template positional deviation amount;
detecting an amount of positional deviation in a rotation direction in the stage plane between a movement direction of the stage and a nozzle array direction of a plurality of nozzles provided on the ink jet head, as a nozzle positional deviation amount;
calculating a stage movement direction correction value configured to correct the movement direction of the stage and an ejection timing correction value configured to correct the ejection timing of the imprint material ejected from the respective nozzles, as a correction value for eliminating the positional deviation of a landing position of the imprint material occurring due to the template positional deviation amount and the nozzle positional deviation amount; and
controlling the movement direction of the stage using the stage movement direction correction value and controlling the ejection timing of the imprint material ejected from the respective nozzles using the ejection timing correction value.
2. The droplet dispensing control method according to claim 1,
wherein position detection marks are formed in advance on the template, and
wherein the template positional deviation amount is detected by measuring the positions of the position detection marks when the template is loaded on the stage.
3. The droplet dispensing control method according to claim 1,
wherein the template positional deviation amount is detected by measuring the position of a template pattern on the template when the template is loaded on the stage.
4. The droplet dispensing control method according to claim 1,
wherein the template positional deviation amount is detected in a state where the template is pressed into the imprint material on the substrate.
5. The droplet dispensing control method according to claim 1,
wherein the nozzle positional deviation amount is detected by measuring the landing position when the imprint material is dispensed onto the substrate from the ink jet head without correcting the movement direction of the stage and the ejection timing of the imprint material.
6. The droplet dispensing control method according to claim 1,
wherein, when the template positional deviation amount is \u03b8t, the nozzle positional deviation amount is \u03b8d, and the movement direction of the stage before correcting the movement direction of the stage is an X-direction,
the movement directions X\u2032 and Y\u2032 of the stage after correcting the movement direction of the stage are expressed by X\u2032=X\u2212(X\xd7\u03b8t\xd7cos((1\u2212\u03b8t)2)) and Y\u2032=X\xd7sin((1\u2212\u03b8t)2), respectively.
7. The droplet dispensing control method according to claim 1,
wherein, when the template positional deviation amount is \u03b8t, the nozzle positional deviation amount is \u03b8d, the nozzle pitch of the nozzle array is D, and the movement direction of the stage before correcting the movement direction of the stage is an X-direction,
an ejection timing correction value X(Dn) of the imprint material for a nozzle that is disposed on the n-th order from a reference nozzle position is expressed by X(Dn)=n(\u03b8t+\u03b8d).
8. A droplet dispensing control device comprising:
a first detection unit that detects an amount of positional deviation of a rotation direction in a stage plane between a stage mounting a substrate on which an imprint material from an ink jet head lands and a template that is pressed into the imprint material on the substrate, as a template positional deviation amount;
a second detection unit that detects an amount of positional deviation of a rotation direction in the stage plane between a movement direction of the stage and a nozzle array direction of a plurality of nozzles provided on the ink jet head, as a nozzle positional deviation amount;
a correction value calculation unit that calculates a stage movement direction correction value configured to correct the movement direction of the stage and an ejection timing correction value configured to correct the ejection timing of the imprint material ejected from the respective nozzles, as a correction value for eliminating the positional deviation of a landing position of the imprint material occurring due to the template positional deviation amount and the nozzle positional deviation amount; and
a first control unit that controls the movement direction of the stage using the stage movement direction correction value; and
a second control unit that controls the ejection timing of the imprint material ejected from the respective nozzles using the ejection timing correction value.
9. The droplet dispensing control device according to claim 8,
wherein position detection marks are formed in advance on the template, and
wherein the first detection unit detects the template positional deviation amount by measuring the positions of the position detection marks when the template is loaded on the stage.
10. The droplet dispensing control device according to claim 8,
wherein the first detection unit detects the template positional deviation amount by measuring the position of a template pattern on the template when the template is loaded on the stage.
11. The droplet dispensing control device according to claim 8,
wherein the first detection unit detects the template positional deviation amount in a state where the template is pressed into the imprint material on the substrate.
12. The droplet dispensing control device according to claim 8,
wherein the second detection unit detects the nozzle positional deviation amount by measuring the landing position when the imprint material is dispensed onto the substrate from the ink jet head without correcting the movement direction of the stage and the ejection timing of the imprint material.
13. The droplet dispensing control device according to claim 8,
wherein, when the template positional deviation amount is \u03b8t, the nozzle positional deviation amount is \u03b8d, and the movement direction of the stage before correcting the movement direction of the stage is an X-direction,
the correction value calculation unit calculates the movement directions X\u2032 and Y\u2032 of the stage after correcting the movement direction of the stage by an expression of X\u2032=X\u2212(X\xd7\u03b8t\xd7cos((1\u2212\u03b8t)2)) and Y\u2032=X\xd7sin((1\u2212\u03b8t)2), respectively.
14. The droplet dispensing control device according to claim 8,
wherein, when the template positional deviation amount is \u03b8t, the nozzle positional deviation amount is \u03b8d, the nozzle pitch of the nozzle array is D, and the movement direction of the stage before correcting the movement direction of the stage is an X-direction,
the correction value calculation unit calculates an ejection timing correction value X(Dn) of the imprint material for a nozzle that is disposed on the n-th order from a reference nozzle position by an expression of X(Dn)=n(\u03b8t+\u03b8d).
15. A method of manufacturing semiconductor devices comprising:
detecting an amount of positional deviation of a rotation direction in a stage plane between a stage mounting a substrate on which an imprint material from an ink jet head lands and a template that is pressed into the imprint material on the substrate, as a template positional deviation amount;
detecting an amount of positional deviation of a rotation direction in the stage plane between a movement direction of the stage and a nozzle array direction of a plurality of nozzles provided on the ink jet head, as a nozzle positional deviation amount;
calculating a stage movement direction correction value configured to correct the movement direction of the stage and an ejection timing correction value configured to correct the ejection timing of the imprint material ejected from the respective nozzles as a correction value for eliminating the positional deviation of a landing position of the imprint material occurring due to the template positional deviation amount and the nozzle positional deviation amount;
dispensing the imprint material onto the substrate while controlling the movement direction of the stage using the stage movement direction correction value and controlling the ejection timing of the imprint material ejected from the respective nozzles using the ejection timing correction value;
pressing the template into the imprint material on the substrate to thereby transfer the pattern of the template to the imprint material.
16. The method of manufacturing semiconductor devices according to claim 15,
wherein position detection marks are formed in advance on the template, and
wherein the template positional deviation amount is detected by measuring the positions of the position detection marks when the template is loaded on the stage.
17. The method of manufacturing semiconductor devices according to claim 15,
wherein the template positional deviation amount is detected by measuring the position of a template pattern on the template when the template is loaded on the stage.
18. The method of manufacturing semiconductor devices according to claim 15,
wherein the template positional deviation amount is detected in a state where the template is pressed into the imprint material on the substrate.
19. The method of manufacturing semiconductor devices according to claim 15,
wherein the nozzle positional deviation amount is detected by measuring the landing position when the imprint material is dispensed onto the substrate from the ink jet head without correcting the movement direction of the stage and the ejection timing of the imprint material.
20. The method of manufacturing semiconductor devices according to claim 15,
wherein, when the template positional deviation amount is \u03b8t, the nozzle positional deviation amount is \u03b8d, the nozzle pitch of the nozzle array is D, and the movement direction of the stage before correcting the movement direction of the stage is an X-direction,
the movement directions X\u2032 and Y\u2032 of the stage after correcting the movement direction of the stage are expressed by X\u2032=X\u2212(X\xd7\u03b8t\xd7cos((1\u2212\u03b8t)2)) and Y\u2032=X\xd7sin((1\u2212\u03b8t)2), respectively, and
an ejection timing correction value X(Dn) of the imprint material for a nozzle that is disposed on the n-th order from a reference nozzle position is expressed by X(Dn)=n(\u03b8t+\u03b8d).

The claims below are in addition to those above.
All refrences to claim(s) which appear below refer to the numbering after this setence.

1. A bobbin for a bar antenna, comprising:
a core holding portion being configured to be mounted with a stick-shaped core; and
a restriction portion being connected to the core holding portion, the restriction portion being configured to restrict a turned-back portion of a conductive wire from moving to a side where a lamination portion is positioned, the conductive wire forming the lamination portion by being wound to the core in a first direction in a longitudinal direction of the core, the turned-back portion serving as a portion being turned back in a second direction that is different from the first direction.
2. The bobbin for the bar antenna according to claim 1, wherein
the restriction portion includes a first restriction portion and a second restriction portion; and
the first restriction portion and the second restriction portion are arranged to be spaced apart from each other in a transverse direction of the core.
3. The bobbin for the bar antenna according to claim 2, wherein
the first restriction portion serving as the first restriction portion of the restriction portion includes a first lamination side surface serving as a surface being formed at the side where the lamination portion is positioned, the first restriction portion includes a first restriction surface serving as a surface being positioned opposite to the first lamination side surface in the longitudinal direction of the core; and
the second restriction portion serving as the second restriction portion of the restriction portion includes a second lamination side surface serving as a surface being formed at the side where the lamination portion is positioned, the second restriction portion includes a second restriction surface serving as a surface being positioned opposite to the second lamination side surface in the longitudinal direction of the core.
4. The bobbin for the bar antenna according to claim 3, wherein the first lamination side surface and the second lamination side surface are dislocated from each other in the longitudinal direction of the core.
5. The bobbin for the bar antenna according to claim 1, further comprising:
a core housing portion being formed with a space that is configured to contain the core; wherein
the core holding portion is connected to an end portion of the core housing portion in the longitudinal direction of the core; and
the restriction portion is formed at one of the core housing portion and the core holding portion.
6. The bobbin for the bar antenna according to claim 5, wherein the core housing portion is formed with a plurality of grooves being positioned along a winding direction of the conductive wire.
7. The bobbin for the bar antenna according to claim 4, wherein the first lamination side surface and the second lamination side surface are dislocated from each other by a length that is different from a diameter of the conductive wire in the longitudinal direction of the core.
8. The bobbin for the bar antenna according to claim 7, wherein the first lamination side surface and the second lamination side surface are dislocated from each other by a length that is a half of the diameter of the conductive wire in the longitudinal direction of the core.
9. A bar antenna, comprising:
a stick-shaped core;
a conductive wire being wound around the core; and
a bobbin of the bar antenna including:
a core holding portion being mounted with the core; and
a restriction portion being connected to the core holding portion,
the restriction portion restricting a turned-back portion of the conductive wire from moving to a side where a lamination portion is positioned, the conductive wire forming the lamination portion by being wound to the core in a first direction in a longitudinal direction of the core, the turned-back portion serving as a portion being turned back in a second direction that is different from the first direction.
10. The bar antenna according to claim 9, wherein
the restriction portion includes a first restriction portion and a second restriction portion; and
the first restriction portion and the second restriction portion are arranged to be spaced apart from each other in a transverse direction of the core.
11. The bar antenna according to claim 10, wherein
the first restriction portion serving as the first restriction portion of the restriction portion includes a first lamination side surface serving as a surface being formed at the side where the lamination portion is positioned, the first restriction portion includes a first restriction surface serving as a surface being positioned opposite to the first lamination side surface in the longitudinal direction of the core; and
the second restriction portion serving as the second restriction portion of the restriction portion includes a second lamination side surface serving as a surface being formed at the side where the lamination portion is positioned, the second restriction portion includes a second restriction surface serving as a surface being positioned opposite to the second lamination side surface in the longitudinal direction of the core.
12. The bar antenna according to claim 11, wherein the first lamination side surface and the second lamination side surface are dislocated from each other in the longitudinal direction of the core.
13. The bar antenna according to claim 9, further comprising:
a core housing portion being formed with a space that contains the core; wherein
the core holding portion is connected to an end portion of the core housing portion in the longitudinal direction of the core; and
the restriction portion is formed at one of the core housing portion and the core holding portion.
14. The bar antenna according to claim 13, wherein the core housing portion is formed with a plurality of grooves being positioned along a winding direction of the conductive wire.
15. The bar antenna according to claim 12, wherein the first lamination side surface and the second lamination side surface are dislocated from each other by a length that is different from a diameter of the conductive wire in the longitudinal direction of the core.
16. The bar antenna according to claim 15, wherein the first lamination side surface and the second lamination side surface are dislocated from each other by a length that is a half of the diameter of the conductive wire in the longitudinal direction of the core.

1. An apparatus for creating derivative identification information from original user identification information received from a user terminal, the apparatus comprising:
at least one identification (ID) creating apparatus disposed to be receptive of the original user identification information from the user terminal, the at least one ID creating apparatus including a storage unit on which an encryption key is registered and the at least one ID creating apparatus further including:
a derivative value creating unit for creating at least one of a first derivative value and a second derivative value which is different than the first derivative value, wherein the first and second derivative values are based either on a predetermined sequence of numbers or on random numbers;
a user identification information encrypting unit, coupled to the derivative value creating unit, for at least one of: (i) creating a first encrypted identification information, which is encrypted information including the original user identification information and the first derivative value, based on the encryption key, the encryption key corresponding to a decryption key retained by a judging apparatus configured to judge whether the derivative identification information is created from the user identification information and, if the second derivative value is present, (ii) creating a second encrypted identification information, which is encrypted information including the original user identification information and the second derivative value, based on the encryption key corresponding to the decryption key retained by the judging apparatus configured to judge whether the derivative identification information is created from the user identification information, the user identification information encrypting unit not creating the second encrypted identification information if the second derivative value is not present; and
a derivative identification information creating unit, coupled to the user identification information encrypting unit, for at least one of: (i) creating a first derivative identification information based on the first encrypted identification information and transmitting the first derivative identification information to the user terminal and, if the second encrypted identification information is present, (ii) creating a second derivative identification information based on the second encrypted identification information and transmitting the second derivative identification information to the user terminal, the derivative identification information creating unit not creating the second derivative identification information if the second encrypted identification information is not present.
2. The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the user identification information encrypting unit comprises:
a hashing unit for converting the original user identification information into hashed identification information having a data length shorter than a data length of the original user identification information by use of a predetermined hash function; and
a hashed identification information encrypting unit for creating (i) the first encrypted identification information, which is encrypted information including the hashed identification information and the first derivative value, based on the encryption key corresponding to the decryption key retained by the judging apparatus configured to judge whether the derivative identification information is created from the original user identification information and, if the second derivative value is present, for (ii) creating the second encrypted identification information, which is encrypted information including the hashed identification information and the second derivative value, based on the encryption key corresponding to the decryption key retained by the judging apparatus configured to judge whether the derivative identification information is created from the original user identification information, the hashed identification information encrypting unit not creating the second encrypted identification information if the second derivative value is not present.
3. The apparatus according to claim 2,
wherein the hashed identification information encrypting unit creates the first and second encrypted identification information each having the data length shorter than the data length of the original user identification information; and
wherein the derivative identification information creating unit creates the first and second derivative identification information each having the same data length as the data length of the original user identification information.
4. The apparatus according to claim 1, further comprising:
an encryption key storage unit for storing the encryption keys corresponding to the decryption keys retained respectively by a plurality of identification information resolving apparatuses configured to judge whether the derivative identification information is created from the original user identification information.
5. The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the derivative identification information creating unit includes an identifier for identifying the apparatus in the first derivative identification information and, only in an event the second derivative identification information is created, includes the identifier in the second derivative identification information.
6. A method of creating derivative identification information from user identification information for use with a system, the system including a user terminal at which the user identification information is generated and at least one identification (ID) creating apparatus disposed to be receptive of the user identification information from the user terminal, the at least one ID creating apparatus including a storage unit on which an encryption key is registered, the method comprising the steps of:
creating, at a derivative value creating unit of the at least one ID creating apparatus, at least one of a first derivative value and a second derivative value which is different than the first derivative value, wherein the derivative values are based either on a predetermined sequence of numbers or on random numbers;
creating, at a user identification information encrypting unit coupled at the at least one ID creating apparatus to the derivative value creating unit, a first encrypted identification information, which is encrypted information including the user identification information and the first derivative value, based on the encryption key, the encryption key corresponding to a decryption key retained by a judging apparatus configured to judge whether the derivative identification information is created from the user identification information;
if the second derivative value is present, creating a second encrypted identification information at the user identification information encrypting unit, which is encrypted information including the user identification information and the second derivative value, based on the encryption key corresponding to the decryption key retained by the judging apparatus configured to judge whether the derivative identification information is created from the user identification information and, if the second derivative value is not present, not creating the second encrypted identification information;
creating, at a derivative identification information creating unit coupled at the at least one ID creating apparatus to the user identification information encrypting unit, a first derivative identification information based on the first encrypted identification information and transmitting the first derivative identification information to the user terminal; and
if the second encrypted identification information is present, creating a second derivative identification information at the derivative identification information creating unit based on the second encrypted identification information and transmitting the second derivative identification information to the user terminal and, if the second encrypted identification information is not present, not creating a second derivative identification information.
7. A non-transitory computer readable storage medium having executable computer readable program code stored thereon for causing, when executed, the at least one ID creating apparatus to create the derivative identification information from the user identification information according to the steps of claim 6.

The claims below are in addition to those above.
All refrences to claim(s) which appear below refer to the numbering after this setence.

1. An apparatus for directing electromagnetic energy comprising an eye mirror with at least one first stage, with both at least one defining mirror and at least one defined mirror, each of which are axially symmetric about the common axis of symmetry of that eye mirror, and at least one source extending over an area or volume in which that source extends outside the aperture described by the leading edge of the, or the outermost, first stage defining mirror and a further defined mirror lies outside that aperture, a pair of defining rays respectively emanating from different points on or within said extended source and meeting at a point of intersection on that further defined mirror, each of said defining rays being of a defining wavelength, \u03bb, said first defining ray being reflected from said further defined mirror and intersecting one of the defined mirrors of the eye mirror at a respective further point within the cone defined by the angular input aperture at that point, and said second defining ray being reflected from said further defined mirror and intersecting one of the defined mirrors of the eye mirror at a respective further point within the cone defined by the angular input aperture at that point, there being a total of two such defining rays for every point on the further defined mirror.
2. An apparatus as claimed in claim 1 in which there is only one area or volume source whose length lies along the axis of symmetry of the eye mirror, the further defined mirror is axially symmetric about that axis, and each pair of defining rays whose intersection specifies a point on that further defined mirror lie entirely in a respective plane through that axis of symmetry.
3. An apparatus as claimed in claim 2 in which the area or volume source extends inside the aperture described by the leading edge of the, or the innermost, first stage defined mirror and a concave off-axis ellipsoidal mirror is formed by the rotation about the axis of symmetry of the eye mirror of a portion of an ellipse which is inside said aperture and whose major axis lies at a distance from the axis of symmetry of the eye mirror but substantially parallel to that axis.
4. An apparatus as claimed in claim 2 in which the area or volume source is a water-wall arc lamp.
5. An apparatus as claimed in claim 3 in which the area or volume source is a water-wall arc lamp with a transparent tube and said major axis lies along the surface of the outer wall of that tube.
6. An apparatus as claimed in claim 1 in which there are multiple sources arranged as a circular array on the surface of a cylinder or cone axially symmetric about the axis of symmetry of the eye mirror, each of which sources extends outside the aperture described by the leading edge of the, or the outermost, first stage defining mirror, the further defined mirror is axially symmetric about the axis of symmetry of the eye mirror, and each pair of defining rays whose intersection specifies a point on that further defined mirror lie entirely in a respective plane through that axis of symmetry.
7. An apparatus as claimed in claim 6 in which each area or volume source extends inside the aperture described by the leading edge of the, or the innermost, first stage defined mirror, and is axially symmetric about its own axis of symmetry, and a concave off-axis ellipsoidal mirror is formed by the rotation about the axis of symmetry of the eye mirror of a portion of an ellipse which is inside said aperture and whose major axis lies further from the axis of symmetry of the eye mirror than the sources but substantially parallel to any one of their axes.
8. An apparatus as claimed in claim 6 in which each area or volume source is a water-wall arc lamp.
9. An apparatus as claimed in claim 7 in which each area or volume source is a water-wall arc lamp with a transparent tube and said major axis lies along the surface of the outer wall of any such tube.
10. An apparatus as claimed in claim 1 in which the further defined mirror is axially symmetric about the axis of symmetry of the eye mirror, each pair of defining rays whose intersection specifies a point on that further defined mirror lie entirely in a respective plane through that axis of symmetry, and there are multiple sources arranged as a circular array on the surface of a cylinder or cone axially symmetric about that axis, each of which sources both extends outside the aperture described by the leading edge of the, or the outermost, first stage defining mirror and inside the aperture described by the leading edge of the, or the innermost, first stage defined mirror, and is axially symmetric about its own axis of symmetry, and an individual concave off-axis ellipsoidal mirror is provided for each such source and formed by the rotation about that axis of an ellipse whose major axis is at a distance from that axis but substantially parallel to that axis, wherein there is a slot symmetric about a plane through both said axis and the axis of symmetry of the eye mirror.
11. An apparatus as claimed in claim 10 in which all the rays which pass through any of the slots are incident either to a defining mirror, or to a point either on the further defined mirror or on the, or one of a, first or second stage defined mirror, within the cone described by the angular input aperture at that point, or just outside that cone.
12. An apparatus as claimed in claim 10 in which each area or volume source is a water-wall arc lamp with a transparent tube and the respective major axis lies along the surface of the outer wall of that tube.
13. An apparatus as claimed in claim 11 in which each area or volume source is a water-wall arc lamp with a transparent tube and the respective major axis lies along the surface of the outer wall of that tube.
14. An apparatus as claimed in claim 10 in which there is an inner and an outer circular array, the off-axis ellipsoidal mirrors in the outer circular array being spaced so as to allow the electromagnetic energy from the inner circular array to pass between them.
15. An apparatus as claimed in claim 11 in which there is an inner and an outer circular array, the off-axis ellipsoidal mirrors in the outer circular array being spaced so as to allow the electromagnetic energy from the inner circular array to pass between them.
16. An apparatus as claimed in claim 12 in which there is an inner and an outer circular array, the off-axis ellipsoidal mirrors in the outer circular array being spaced so as to allow the electromagnetic energy from the inner circular array to pass between them.
17. An apparatus as claimed in claim 13 in which there is an inner and an outer circular array, the off-axis ellipsoidal mirrors in the outer circular array being spaced so as to allow the electromagnetic energy from the inner circular array to pass between them.
18. An apparatus as claimed in claim 1 in which there are multiple sources arranged as a circular array on the surface of a cylinder or cone axially symmetric about the axis of symmetry of the eye mirror, each of which sources extends outside the aperture described by the leading edge of the, or the outermost, first stage defining mirror, and is axially symmetric about its own axis of symmetry, an individual further defined mirror axially symmetric about that axis is provided for each such source, and each pair of defining rays whose intersection specifies a point on that individual further defined mirror lie entirely in a respective plane through that axis.
19. An apparatus as claimed in claim 6 in which each area or volume source extends inside the aperture described by the leading edge of the, or the innermost, first stage defined mirror, and is axially symmetric about its own axis of symmetry, and an individual concave off-axis ellipsoidal mirror axially symmetric about that axis is provided for each such source and formed by the rotation about that axis of a portion of an ellipse whose major axis is at a distance from that axis but substantially parallel to that axis.
20. An apparatus as claimed in claim 18 in which each area or volume source extends inside the aperture described by the leading edge of the, or the innermost, first stage defined mirror, and is axially symmetric about its own axis of symmetry, and an individual concave off-axis ellipsoidal mirror axially symmetric about that axis is provided for each such source and formed by the rotation about that axis of a portion of an ellipse whose major axis is at a distance from that axis but substantially parallel to that axis.
21. An apparatus as claimed in claim 18 in which each area or volume source is a water-wall arc lamp.
22. An apparatus as claimed in claim 19 in which each area or volume source is a water-wall arc lamp with a transparent tube and said major axis lies along the surface of the outer wall of that tube.
23. An apparatus as claimed in claim 20 in which each area or volume source is a water-wall arc lamp with a transparent tube and said major axis lies along the surface of the outer wall of that tube.
24. An apparatus as claimed in claim 18 in which each area or volume source extends inside the aperture described by the leading edge of the, or the innermost, first stage defined mirror, and a concave off-axis ellipsoidal mirror is formed by the rotation about the axis of symmetry of the eye mirror of a portion of an ellipse which is inside said aperture and whose major axis lies further from the axis of symmetry of the eye mirror than the sources but substantially parallel to any one of their axes.
25. An apparatus as claimed in claim 24 in which each area or volume source is a water-wall arc lamp with a transparent tube and said major axis lies along the surface of the outer wall of any such tube.
26. An apparatus as claimed in any of claims 6 to 9 or 18 to 25 in which each axially symmetric source is provided with an individual further mirror in the form of a portion of a cylinder axially symmetric about its respective axis which reflects electromagnetic energy which is emitted from that source in a direction other than meridionally outwards, or approximately so, towards such a direction.
27. An apparatus as claimed in any of claims 6 to 9 or 18 to 25 in which each axially symmetric source is provided with an individual further mirror in the form of a portion of a truncated cone axially symmetric about its respective axis which reflects electromagnetic energy which is emitted from that source in a direction other than meridionally outwards, or approximately so, towards such a direction.
28. An apparatus as claimed in any of claims 6 to 9 or 18 to 25 in which each axially symmetric source is provided with an individual further mirror in the form of a parabolic cylinder, whose foci lie on its respective axis, which reflects electromagnetic energy which is emitted from that source in a direction other than meridionally outwards, or approximately so, towards such a direction.
29. An apparatus as claimed in any of claims 6 to 9 or 18 to 25 in which each axially symmetric source is provided with an individual further mirror in the form of a reverse concentrator which reflects electromagnetic energy which is emitted from that source in a direction other than meridionally outwards, or approximately so, towards such a direction.
30. A method of directing electromagnetic energy comprising the steps of:
(a) providing an apparatus as in any of claims 1 to 25 but whose source(s) are not energised; and
(b) emitting electromagnetic energy from the source(s) extending over area(s) or volume(s) in the manner described for the rays thereof in the claim(s) for said apparatus.