Author: claimsbot

1. A method comprising:
storing a system code in a first nonvolatile memory;
heating the first nonvolatile memory device and a second nonvolatile memory device to a temperature sufficient to change a state of at least some memory cells in the second nonvolatile memory device during assembly of an electronic system comprising the first and second nonvolatile memory devices; and
copying the system code stored in the first nonvolatile memory into the second nonvolatile memory after the heating.
2. The method of claim 1, wherein the first nonvolatile memory is less vulnerable to temperature-related data alteration than the second nonvolatile memory.
3. The method of claim 2, wherein the first nonvolatile memory comprises a NAND flash memory and wherein the second nonvolatile memory comprises a variable resistance memory.
4. The method of claim 1, further comprising deleting the system code stored in the first nonvolatile memory after copying the system code stored in the first nonvolatile memory into the second nonvolatile memory.
5. The method of claim 1, wherein copying the system code stored in the first nonvolatile memory into the second nonvolatile memory after the heating comprises copying the system code stored in the first nonvolatile memory into the second nonvolatile memory responsive to detecting absence of the system code from the second nonvolatile memory.
6. The method of claim 1, further comprising updating a copy flag indicating that the system code stored in the first nonvolatile memory has been copied into the second nonvolatile memory.
7. The method of claim 6, further comprising foregoing copying the system code stored in the first nonvolatile memory into the second nonvolatile memory responsive to the copy flag indicating that the system code stored in the first nonvolatile memory is copied into the second nonvolatile memory.
8. The method of claim 1, wherein the system code comprises data for initializing the electronic system.
9. The method of claim 1:
wherein copying the system code stored in the first nonvolatile memory into the second nonvolatile memory is preceded by loading a bootloader from a boot memory to a volatile memory of the electronic device and initiating execution of the loaded bootloader in a processor of the electronic device; and
wherein copying the system code stored in the first nonvolatile memory into the second nonvolatile memory comprises the processor executing the bootloader to cause the system code stored in the first nonvolatile memory to be copied into the second nonvolatile memory.
10. The method of claim 9, further comprising the processor executing the system code stored in the second nonvolatile memory.
11. An electronic system comprising:
a first nonvolatile memory configured to store a system code;
a second nonvolatile memory that is more vulnerable to temperature-related data alteration than the first nonvolatile memory;
a control circuit operatively coupled to the first and second memories and configured to copy the system code stored in the first nonvolatile memory into the second nonvolatile memory.
12. The system of claim 11, wherein the first nonvolatile memory comprises a NAND flash memory and wherein the second nonvolatile memory comprises a variable resistance memory
13. The system of claim 11, wherein the control circuit comprises:
a processor operatively coupled to the first and second nonvolatile memories;
a volatile memory operatively coupled to the processor; and
a boot memory operatively coupled to the processor and configured to store a bootloader, the bootloader configured to be executed by the processor to cause copying of the system code stored in the first nonvolatile memory into the second nonvolatile memory.
14. The system of claim 11, wherein the control circuit is configured to operate the system as a solid state drive.

The claims below are in addition to those above.
All refrences to claim(s) which appear below refer to the numbering after this setence.

1. A method of super-resolving images comprising the steps of:
a) providing multiple low resolution input images of the same scene with unknownknown and irregularregular sub-pixel shifts among images;
b) applying a gross shift estimation algorithm to the input low resolution images to obtain the overall shift of each image with respect to a reference image;
c) aligning the input images according to the gross shift estimates;
d) applying a sub-pixel shift estimation algorithm to the aligned input images to obtain the sub-pixel shift of each image with respect to a reference image; and
e) applying an error-energy reduction algorithm to the input low resolution images with the estimated sub-pixel shifts among images to produce a high-resolution (alias-free) output image.
2. A method of super-resolving images that is to minimize the warping effect in the input images comprising the steps of:
a) providing multiple low resolution input images of the same scene with sub-pixel shifts among images;
b) dividing the input images into sub-patches in the spatial domain, where each sub-patch contains multiple small images;
c) for each sub-patch:
i) applying a gross shift estimation algorithm to obtain the overall shift of each small image with respect to a reference small image;
ii) aligning the small images according to the gross shift estimates;
iii) applying a sub-pixel shift estimation algorithm to the aligned small images to obtain the sub-pixel shift of each small image with respect to a reference small image; and
iv) applying an error-energy reduction algorithm to the small images with the estimated sub-pixel shifts among small images to produce a high-resolution (alias-free) sub-patch image; and

d) combining all super-resolved sub-patches to form the entire high-resolution output image.
3. The method of claim 1 wherein said step of applying a gross shift estimation algorithm to obtain the overall shift of one selected image with a reference image further includes the steps of:
a) providing two input images, denoting the reference image to be the first input image and the selected image the second input image;
b) applying the Fourier transform to the first input image;
c) applying a low-passing windowing to the first Fourier transformed image to obtain the first low-pass windowed image;
d) applying the Fourier transform to the second input image;
e) applying a low-pass windowing to the second Fourier transformed image to obtain the second low-pass windowed image;
f) obtaining the conjugate of the second low-pass windowed image;
g) correlating the first low-pass windowed image with the second conjugated low-pass windowed image;
h) applying the inverse Fourier transform to the said correlated image;
i) finding the peak of the said inverse Fourier transformed correlated image; and
j) outputting the found peak as the spatial overall shift of the selected image with respect to the reference image.
4. The computationally efficient method of claim 1 wherein said step of applying a gross shift estimation algorithm to obtain the overall shift of one selected image with a reference image further includes the steps of:
a) providing two input images, denoting the reference image to be the first input image and the selected image the second input image;
b) applying the Fourier transform to the first input image;
c) applying the Fourier transform to the second input image;
d) obtaining the conjugate of the second Fourier transformed image;
e) correlating the first Fourier transformed image with the second conjugated Fourier transformed image;
f) applying a low-pass windowing to the said correlated image to obtain the low-pass correlated image;
g) applying the inverse Fourier transform to the said low-pass correlated image to obtain the inverse correlated image;
h) finding the peak of the said inverse correlated image; and
i) outputting the found peak as the spatial overall shift of the selected image with respect to the reference image.
5. The method of claim 1 wherein said step of applying a sub-pixel shift estimation algorithm to obtain the sub-pixel shift of one selected image with a reference image further includes the steps of:
a) providing two input low resolution images, denoting the reference image to be the first input image and the selected image the second input image;
b) applying the Fourier transform to the first image;
c) applying a upsample procedure to the first Fourier transformed image to obtain the first upsampled image;
d) applying the Fourier transform to the second image;
e) applying a upsampling procedure to the second Fourier transformed image to obtain the second upsampled image;
f) obtaining the conjugate of the second upsampled image;
g) correlating the first upsampled image with the second conjugated upsampled image;
h) applying a low-pass windowing to the said upsampled correlated image to obtain the low-pass upsampled correlated image;
i) applying the inverse Fourier transform to the said low-pass upsampled correlated image to obtain the inverse upsampled correlated image;
j) finding the peak of the said inverse upsampled correlated image; and
k) outputting the found peak as the sub-pixel shift of the selected image with respect to the reference image.
6. The computationally efficient method of claim 1 wherein said step of applying a sub-pixel shift estimation algorithm to obtain the sub-pixel of one selected image with a reference image further includes the steps of:
a) providing two input low resolution images, denoting the reference image to be the first input image and the selected image the second input image;
b) applying the Fourier transform to the first image;
c) applying the Fourier transform to the second image;
d) obtaining the conjugate of the second Fourier transformed image;
e) correlating the first Fourier transformed image with the second conjugated Fourier transformed image to obtain the correlated image;
f) applying a upsampling procedure to the said correlated image to obtain the upsampled correlated image;
g) applying a low-pass windowing to the said upsampled correlated image to obtain the low-pass upsampled correlated image;
h) applying the inverse Fourier transform to the said low-pass upsampled correlated image to obtain the inverse upsampled correlated image;
i) finding the peak of the said inverse upsampled correlated image; and
j) outputting the found peak as the sub-pixel shift of the selected image with respect to the reference image.
7. The method of claim 1 wherein said step of applying a error-energy reduction algorithm further includes the steps of:
a) initializing a processing array by populating the grids using the input image values and sub-pixel shift estimates;
b) applying the 2D Fourier transform to the said processing array;
c) applying spatial frequency domain constraints to the Fourier transformed processing array to obtain the constrained spatial frequency domain processing array;
d) applying the inverse 2D Fourier transform to the constrained spatial frequency domain processing array to obtain the inverse processing array;
e) applying spatial domain constraints to the said inverse processing array to obtain the constrained spatial domain processing array;
f) checking the error-energy reduction condition;
g) if the stopping criterion is not satisfied, going back to the step of applying the 2D Fourier transform;
h) if the stopping criterion is satisfied, going to the next step;
i) reducing the bandwidth from the processing array to the desired output array; and
j) outputting the super-resolved image with the desired bandwidth.
8. The method of claim 7 wherein said step of initializing a processing array further includes the steps of:
a) providing input low resolution images;
b) providing the estimated sub-pixel shift of each image with respect to a reference image;
c) generating a 2D processing array with a sample spacing smaller than one of the desired high-resolution output image, that is, a 2D processing array with a larger size than the desired high-resolution output image;
d) assigning the known image values to each sub-pixel shifted grid location of the processing array; and
e) assigning zeros to other grid locations.
9. The method of claim 7 wherein said step of applying spatial frequency domain constraints further includes the steps of:
a) replacing zeros outside the desired bandwidth; and
b) applying a window function to avoid ripple effect.
10. The method of claim 7 wherein said step of applying spatial domain constraints further includes the steps of:
a) replacing image values at known grid locations of the processing array with the known original low resolution image values; and
b) keeping image values at other grid locations of the processing array.
11. The method of claim 7 wherein said step of checking the error-energy reduction condition further includes the steps of:
a) defining an error-energy using the constrained spatial domain processing array; and
b) checking if the error-energy is less than a threshold.
12. A method of super-resolution reconstruction that includes the following steps in the following order:
a) providing multiple low resolution input images with sub-pixel shifts among images;
b) dividing input images into sub-sequences;
c) for each sub-sequence, applying the method of super-resolution image reconstruction algorithm to generate a high-resolution (alias-free) output image;
d) re-group the output images to form a new sequence;
e) dividing the new sequence into sub-sequences;
f) for each new sub-sequence, applying the method of super-resolution image reconstruction algorithm to generate a high-resolution (alias-free) output image;
g) checking if the resolution of the desired output image is reached;
h) if the resolution of the desired output image is not reached, going to the step of re-group the said output images to form a new sequence; and
i) if the resolution of the desired output image is reached, outputing the desired high-resolution output image.

1. An apparatus comprising:
a livestock carcass travel path;
at least one liquid dispenser configured to dispense liquid to the carcass travel path;
at least one treatment electrode; and
a control circuit configured to cause an alternating electric field to be generated between the electrode and a surface of a carcass along the travel path, through the dispensed liquid.
2. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the control circuit lacks a corresponding return electrode for the treatment electrode, wherein the control circuit is configured such that the carcass serves as a circuit ground for the alternating electric field with respect to the treatment electrode.
3. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the control circuit is configured to apply an alternating voltage potential to the treatment electrode having a frequency in a range of about 20 kilohertz to about 800 kilohertz and a voltage of about 2 kV to about 20 kV peak-to-peak.
4. The apparatus of claim 3, wherein:
the frequency is in a range selected from the group consisting of between 20 kHz and 100 kHz, between 25 kHz and 50 kHz, between 30 kHz and 60 kHz, between 28 kHz and 40 kHz, and about 30 kHz.
5. The apparatus of claim 1 and further comprising:
a liquid flow path, from a liquid source through the liquid dispenser; and
an output liquid travel path from the liquid dispenser to the carcass travel path,
wherein the treatment electrode is positioned to make electrical contact with feed liquid traveling along at least one of the liquid flow path or the output spray travel path.
6. The apparatus of claim 5, wherein the liquid dispenser comprises a spray nozzle and the treatment electrode is secured to the spray nozzle.
7. The apparatus of claim 1, further comprising:
a liquid flow path, from a liquid source through the liquid dispenser; and
an electrolysis cell in the liquid flow path and comprising electrolysis cell electrodes separated from one another by a gap, wherein the electrolysis cell electrodes are distinct from the treatment electrode.
8. The apparatus of claim 7, wherein the electrolysis cell comprises a barrier positioned in the gap between the electrolysis cell electrodes, wherein the barrier has pores having diameters selected from the group consisting of a range of 100 microns to 200 microns, and a range of 100 microns to 110 microns.
9. The apparatus of claim 8, wherein the electrolysis cell produces an anolyte and a catholyte and wherein the treatment electrode is positioned to apply the alternating potential to at least one of the following, which is dispensed from the liquid dispenser:
the anolyte;
the catholyte; or
a combination of the anolyte and the catholyte.
10. The apparatus of claim 7, wherein the apparatus comprises a further control circuit which is configured to apply a DC voltage to the electrolysis cell electrodes in a range of 5 volts to 60 volts.
11. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the apparatus further comprises:
a conveyor extending along the travel path; and
a poultry shackle carried by the conveyor and configured to carry a poultry carcass.
12. The apparatus of claim 11, wherein the apparatus further comprises:
a rinse cabinet comprising the at least one liquid dispenser and the at least one treatment electrode; and
a plucker positioned along the carcass travel path, wherein the conveyor is configured to move poultry carcasses through the plucker and then through the rinse cabinet at a rate such that each carcass is contacted by liquid dispensed from the liquid dispenser within a time period of greater than zero seconds and less than or equal to 30 seconds.
13. The apparatus of claim 11, wherein:
the at least one liquid dispenser comprises a plurality of liquid dispensers arranged along the carcass travel path, each liquid dispenser having a corresponding treatment electrode and being positioned such that the plurality of liquid dispensers maintain consistent contact between a carcass and a liquid output of at least one of the liquid dispensers as the carcass moves along a section of the carcass travel path within the rinse cabinet; and
the conveyor is configured to move the carcass along the carcass travel path at a rate such that the plurality of liquid dispensers maintain the consistent contact between the carcass and the liquid output for a time period of 6 seconds to 24 seconds.
14. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the apparatus further comprises one or more liquid travel paths and wherein:
the at least one liquid dispenser comprises first and second sets of spray nozzles on first and second opposing sides of the carcass travel path, each spray nozzle in the first and second sets being coupled to at least one of the liquid travel paths and being oriented to direct a respective spray output toward the carcass travel path; and
the at least one treatment electrode comprises a respective treatment electrode for each of the spray nozzles in the first and second sets, wherein each treatment electrode is electrically coupled to at least one of the respective liquid travel path or the respective spray output; and
the control circuit is electrically coupled the treatment electrodes to generate the alternating electric field between each of the treatment electrodes and the surface of the carcass, through the spray outputs.
15. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the apparatus further comprises:
a plurality of liquid dispensers positioned on opposing sides of the carcass travel path, each liquid dispenser comprising a spray nozzle oriented toward the carcass travel path and positioned within a range of three inches to six inches of the carcass travel path.
16. A method comprising:
receiving a livestock carcass along a travel path;
dispensing a liquid from at least one liquid dispenser to the carcass along the travel path, so as to create an electrically conductive path from the liquid dispenser to the carcass; and
during the step of dispensing, generating an alternating electric field through the liquid along the conductive path, wherein the electric field is applied to the liquid with a treatment electrode and is sufficient to destroy at least one microorganism on a surface of the carcass.
17. The method of claim 16, wherein the alternating electric field is generated with a control circuit that is coupled to the treatment electrode and lacks a corresponding return electrode for the treatment electrode, wherein the control circuit is configured such that the carcass serves as a circuit ground for the alternating electric field with respect to the treatment electrode.
18. The method of claim 16, wherein the alternating electric field is generated by applying an alternating voltage potential to the treatment electrode having a frequency in a range of about 20 kilohertz to about 800 kilohertz and a voltage of about 2 kV to about 20 kV peak-to-peak.
19. The method of claim 18, wherein:
the frequency is in a range selected from the group consisting of between 20 kHz and 100 kHz, between 25 kHz and 50 kHz, between 30 kHz and 60 kHz, between 28 kHz and 40 kHz, and about 30 kHz.
20. The method of claim 16, wherein:
dispensing comprises receiving the liquid from a liquid flow path; and
generating comprises positioning the treatment electrode to make electrical contact with the liquid along at least one of the liquid flow path or the electrically conductive path created by the liquid between the liquid dispenser and the carcass.
21. The method of claim 20, wherein the liquid dispenser comprises a spray nozzle and the alternating electric field is generated by applying an alternating voltage potential to the spray nozzle.
22. The method of claim 16, and further comprising:
electrolyzing a source liquid with an electrolysis cell prior to the step of dispensing to produce an electrochemically activated liquid, wherein the electrolysis cell comprises electrolysis cell electrodes separated from one another by a gap, which are distinct from the treatment electrode; and
wherein the step of dispensing comprises dispensing the electrochemically activated liquid, through which the alternating electric field is created.
23. The method of claim 22, wherein the electrolysis cell comprises a barrier positioned in the gap between the electrolysis cell electrodes.
24. The method of claim 22, wherein the electrolysis cell produces an anolyte and a catholyte and wherein the treatment electrode is positioned to apply the alternating potential to at least one of the following, which is dispensed from the liquid dispenser:
the anolyte;
the catholyte; or
a combination of the anolyte and the catholyte.
25. The method of claim 22, wherein electrolyzing comprises applying a DC voltage to the electrolysis cell electrodes in a range of 5 volts to 60 volts.
26. The method of claim 16, wherein:
the livestock carcass comprises a poultry carcass;
receiving comprises receiving the poultry carcass from a plucker along a conveyor, which includes a shackle from which the poultry carcass hangs along the carcass travel path; and
within a time period of greater than zero seconds and less than or equal to 30 seconds after the poultry carcass leaves the plucker, contacting the poultry carcass with the liquid dispensed from the at least one liquid dispenser and with the alternating electric field conducted through the dispensed liquid.
27. The method of claim 16, wherein the method further comprises:
maintaining consistent contact between the carcass and the liquid dispensed from the at least one liquid dispenser as the carcass moves along a section of the travel path; and
moving the carcass along the travel path at a constant rate, wherein the rate is selected such that the at least one liquid dispenser maintains the consistent contact between the carcass and the dispensed liquid for a time period of 6 seconds to 24 seconds.
28. The method of claim 16, wherein the method further comprises:
positioning each of the liquid dispensers within a range of three inches to six inches of the carcass travel path.
29. The method of claim 16, wherein the method further comprises:
suspending the at least one microorganism from the surface of the carcass by at least one of the group consisting of charged nanobubbles or a detergent, delivered to the surface by the liquid.
30. The method of claim 16, wherein the electric field is sufficient to cause irreversible electroporation of the microorganism.
31. A poultry rinse cabinet comprising:
a poultry carcass travel path extending through the rinse cabinet;
at least one liquid flow path;
first and second sets of spray nozzles on first and second opposing sides of the carcass travel path, each spray nozzle in the first and second sets being coupled to at least one of the liquid flow paths and being oriented to direct a respective spray output toward the carcass travel path;
a respective treatment electrode for each of the spray nozzles in the first and second sets, wherein each treatment electrode is electrically coupled to at least one of the respective liquid travel path or the respective spray output; and
a control circuit configured to cause an alternating electric field to be generated between each of the treatment electrodes and the carcass travel path, through the respective spray outputs, which is sufficient to destroy at least one microorganism on a surface of a carcass along the travel path.

The claims below are in addition to those above.
All refrences to claim(s) which appear below refer to the numbering after this setence.

1.-4. (canceled)
5. An apatite particle represented by a molecular formula Ca10-xMgx(PO4)6(OH)2, where x=1, 2, . . . , 9, or a chemical formula Ca8-xMgxH2(PO4)6, where x=1, 2, . . . , 7, wherein the particle has a size of approximately 30 nm to 2500 nm.
6. The apatite particle of claim 1, wherein the particle size is approximately 50 nm to 1000 nm.
7. The apatite particle of claim 1, wherein the particle size is approximately 50 nm to 300 nm.
8. A method of producing an apatite particle represented by a molecular formula Ca10-xMgx(PO4)6(OH)2, where x=1, 2, . . . , 9, or a chemical formula Ca8-xMgxH2(PO4)6, where x=1, 2, . . . , 7, wherein the particle has a size of approximately 30 nm to 2500 nm, the method comprising incubating a solution containing inorganic phosphoric acid, calcium ions and magnesium ions for a predetermined time.
9. The method of claim 8, wherein the particle size is approximately 50 nm to 1000 nm.
10. The method of claim 8, wherein the particle size is approximately 50 nm to 300 nm.
11. An apatite particle- gene complex in which a specified gene is combined with an apatite particle, the particle being represented by a molecular formula Ca10-xMgx(PO4)6(OH)2, where x=1, 2, . . . 9, or a chemical formula Ca8-xMgxH2(PO4)6, where x=1, 2, . . . , 7, wherein the particle has a size of approximately 30 nm to 2500 nm.
12. The apatite particle-gene complex of claim 11, wherein the particle size is approximately 50 nm to 1000 nm.
13. The apatite particle-gene complex of claim 11, wherein the particle size is approximately 50 nm to 300 nm.
14. A method of transfecting a preset gene into a specified cell by incubating, with said specified cell, an apatite particle- gene complex in which a preset gene is combined with an apatite particle represented by a molecular formula Ca10-xMgx(PO4)6(OH)2, where x=1, 2, . . . , 9, or by a chemical formula Ca8-xMgxH2(PO4)6, where x=1, 2, . . . , 7, wherein the particle has a size of approximately 30 nm to 2500 nm.
15. The method of claim 14, wherein the particle size is approximately 50 nm to 1000 nm.
16. The method of claim 14, wherein the particle size is approximately 50 nm to 300 nm.