1460732363-a88dc700-4659-4526-933b-d19c97712add

1. A method of testing a memory device comprising a memory cell array, the method comprising:
a) dividing the memory cell array into a plurality of memory cell array subunits, each memory cell array subunit comprising a plurality of resistivity changing memory cells;
b) simultaneously testing all resistivity changing memory cells of one of the memory cell array subunits using a common testing signal, thereby generating a test result reflecting memory states of the resistivity changing memory cells of the memory cell array subunit; and
c) repeating b) for all further memory cell array subunits.
2. The method according to claim 1, wherein a memory cell array subunit is deactivated if the test result for the resistivity changing memory cells of that memory cell array subunit does not match a target test result.
3. The method according to claim 2, further comprising assigning a redundant memory cell array subunit to the deactivated memory cell array subunit.
4. The method according to claim 1, wherein the testing is at least partially performed within the memory device.
5. The method according to claim 1, wherein each memory cell array subunit comprises a first testing signal terminal and a second testing signal terminal, and wherein each memory cell comprises a first electrode layer, a second electrode layer, and a resistivity changing layer disposed between the first electrode layer and the second electrode layer, wherein all first electrodes are connected to the first testing signal terminal, and wherein all second electrodes are connected to the second testing signal terminal.
6. The method according to claim 5, wherein the common testing signal is a testing voltage applied between the first testing signal terminal and the second testing signal terminal.
7. The method according to claim 5, wherein the common testing signal is a testing current routed from the first testing signal terminal to the second testing signal terminal.
8. The method according to claim 1, simultaneously testing comprises measuring a total resistance of the resistivity changing memory cells of the memory cell array subunit using the common testing signal.
9. The method according to claim 5, wherein the first testing signal terminal is a common source line, and the second testing signal terminal is a word line.
10. The method according to claim 1, wherein the number of resistivity changing memory cells of the memory cell array subunit is 4.
11. A method of testing a memory device comprising a memory cell array comprising a plurality of multi-level resistivity changing memory cells, the method comprising:
a) dividing the memory cell array into a plurality of memory cell array subunits, each memory cell array subunit comprising a plurality of multi-level resistivity changing memory cells;
b) testing a resistance level of the multi-level resistivity changing memory cell, thereby generating a test result reflecting a memory state of the resistivity changing memory cell;
c) if the test result for the resistance level does not match a predetermined target test result, deactivating the resistance level for all multi-level resistivity changing memory cells belonging to the same memory cell array subunit as the multi-level resistivity changing memory cell that has been tested; and
d) repeating b) and c) for all further multi-level resistivity changing memory cells.
12. The method according to claim 11, wherein all memory cells being connected to the same bit line form one memory cell array subunit.
13. The method according to claim 11, wherein all memory cells being connected to the same word line form one memory cell array subunit.
14. The method according to claim 11, wherein each memory cell array subunit comprises a first testing signal terminal and a second testing signal terminal, and wherein each memory cell comprises a first electrode layer, a second electrode layer, and a resistivity changing layer disposed between the first electrode layer and the second electrode layer, wherein all first electrodes are connected to the first testing signal terminal, and wherein all second electrodes are connected to the second testing signal terminal.
15. The method according to claim 14, wherein the testing is carried out using a common testing voltage applied between the first testing signal terminal and the second testing signal terminal.
16. The method according to claim 14, wherein the testing is carried out using a common testing current routed from the first testing signal terminal to the second testing signal terminal.
17. The method according to claim 16, comprising measuring a total resistance of the resistivity changing memory cells of the memory cell array subunit using the common testing voltage or the common testing current.
18. The method according to claim 11, wherein the deactivation is achieved by storing deactivation information within a deactivation information storing element.
19. The method according to claim 18, wherein the deactivation information storing element is a latch.
20. The method according to claim 11, wherein the number of resistance levels of the multi-level resistivity changing memory cells is 4.
21. The method according to claim 11, wherein the resistance level that is tested is a resistance level between a highest possible resistance level and a lowest possible resistance level.
22. The method according to claim 11, wherein the testing is at least partially performed within the memory device.
23. A method of manufacturing an integrated circuit, the method comprising:
a) forming a memory cell array comprising a plurality of resistivity changing memory cells;
b) dividing the memory cell array into a plurality of memory cell array subunits, each memory cell array subunit comprising a plurality of the resistivity changing memory cells;
c) simultaneously testing all resistivity changing memory cells of one of the memory cell array subunits using a common testing signal, thereby generating a test result reflecting memory states of the resistivity changing memory cells of the memory cell array subunit; and
d) repeating c) for all further memory cell array subunits.
24. An integrated circuit made by the method of claim 23.
25. A method of manufacturing an integrated circuit comprising, the method comprising:
a) forming a memory cell array comprising a plurality of multi-level resistivity changing memory cells;
b) dividing the memory cell array into a plurality of memory cell array subunits, each memory cell array subunit comprising a plurality of multi-level resistivity changing memory cells;
c) testing a resistance level of the multi-level resistivity changing memory cell, thereby generating a test result reflecting a memory state of the resistivity changing memory cell;
d) if the test result for the resistance level does not match a predetermined target test result, deactivating the resistance level for all multi-level resistivity changing memory cells belonging to the same memory cell array subunit as the multi-level resistivity changing memory cell that has been tested; and
e) repeating c) and d) for all further multi-level resistivity changing memory cells.

The claims below are in addition to those above.
All refrences to claim(s) which appear below refer to the numbering after this setence.

1. A method for regulating an actuator for a control surface, which actuator has an angular position controlled by an autopilot on an aircraft with mechanical flight control, the autopilot comprising a means for regulating the maximum speed of movement of the control surface, the method for regulating the actuator comprising:
a first step of controlling a first setpoint angular position for the control surface using the autopilot, and
a second step of measuring a torque exerted by the actuator on the control surface and compensating for a torque generated by external forces on the control surface, and
a third step of regulating the actuator torque, comprising the sub-steps:
testing whether the torque exerted by the actuator lies between a first torque value and a second torque value, and in that case continuously regulating the speed of movement of the control surface,
testing whether the torque exerted by the actuator is equal to the second torque value, and in that case maintaining the speed of movement of the control surface at a nil value in such a way as to freeze the control surface.
2. The method as claimed in claim 1, in which the regulation of the maximum speed of movement of the control surface depends on the variations in the torque generated by the external forces.
3. The method as claimed in claim 2, in which the maximum speed of movement of the control surface decreases when the torque increases.
4. The method as claimed in claim 1, in which the third step further comprises testing whether the torque exerted by the actuator is greater than the second torque value of the actuator, and in that case modifying the setpoint angular position of the control surface in such a way as to limit the torque exerted by the actuator to the second torque value.
5. The method as claimed in claim 4, in which the third step comprises testing whether the torque exerted by the actuator is less than the second value, and in that case regulating the setpoint angular position of the control surface in such a way as to deactivate the torque limitation.
6. The method as claimed in claim 1, in which the second step further comprises reducing the measurement noise for the torque exerted by the external forces on the control surface.

1460732354-107581c9-41b3-4936-9a45-731d5eceaa22

1. A system for the design and production of reinforcement for buildings, comprising
at least two modules wherein each one of the at least two modules comprises:
a) database for storage of the data describing elements of the building;
b) visualization software for the visualization of content of the database, wherein the visualization software is in electronic communication with the database; and
c) communication protocol, for digitally dispatching data from one module and automatically updating the database of the other modules, so that the content of the databases of all modules is identical;
and where at least one of the at least two modules further comprises:
d) input software for the input of the data of the structural elements of the building wherein the input software is in electronic communication with the database;
e) calculation software for the calculation of construction details of each structural element wherein the calculation software is in electronic communication with the database; and
f) a unit for the creation of commands for CNC reinforcement cutting machines wherein the unit is in electronic communication with the database.
2. System for the design and production of reinforcement for buildings according to claim 1, wherein the visualization software includes software for the virtual representation of reinforcement in two dimensions.
3. System for the design and production of reinforcement for buildings according to claim 1, wherein the visualization software includes software for the virtual representation of reinforcement in three dimensions.
4. System for the design and production of reinforcement for buildings according to claim 1, wherein the visualization software includes software for the stereoscopic visualization of the building, the structural elements and their reinforcement.
5. System for the design and production of reinforcement for buildings according to claim 1, wherein the system comprises table to store the regulations and statutory building codes for structural projects.
6. System for the design and production of reinforcement for buildings, comprising:
a) a database for storage of the data describing i) the geometry of the building, ii) the structural elements of the building, and iii) the details of the structural elements and their reinforcement;
b) input software for the input of the data of the structural elements of the building, wherein the input software is in electronic communication with the database;
c) calculation software for the calculation of construction details of each structural element, wherein the calculation software is in electronic communication with the database;
d) visualization software for the visualization of the content of the database, wherein the visualization software is in electronic communication with the database; and
e) a unit for the creation of commands for CNC reinforcement cutting machines wherein the unit is in electronic communication with the database.
7. System for the design and production of reinforcement for buildings according to claim 6, wherein the visualization software includes software for the virtual representation of reinforcement in two dimensions.
8. System for the design and production of reinforcement for buildings according to claim 6, wherein the visualization software includes software for the virtual representation of reinforcement in three dimensions.
9. System for the design and production of reinforcement for buildings according to claim 6, wherein the visualization software includes software for the stereoscopic visualization of the building, the structural elements and their reinforcement.
10. System for the design and production of reinforcement for buildings according to claim 6, wherein the system comprises table to store the regulations and statutory building codes for structural projects.
11. Method for the design and production of reinforcement for buildings comprising of the following steps:
a) selection of parameters describing the building and its structural elements;
b) storing the selected parameters in a database, where data of the building, its structural elements and the reinforcement are kept;
c) retrieval of the parameters of the building and the structural elements from the said database and calculation of the dimensions of structural elements and their reinforcement;
d) storing the dimensions of the structural elements and their reinforcement to the said database;
e) retrieval of dimensions of the reinforcement from the said database and generation of the electronic commands for CNC machines for the production of the reinforcement of the structural elements.
12. Process for the design and production of reinforcement for buildings according to claim 11, whereby at least a mirror image of the said database is automatically updated via a communication protocol, upon entering, deleting or amending any field of the said database.
13. Process for the design and production of reinforcement for buildings according to claim 11, whereby the reinforcement material is steel.
14. Process for the design and production of reinforcement for buildings according to claim 11, whereby the reinforcement material is made of composite materials.

The claims below are in addition to those above.
All refrences to claim(s) which appear below refer to the numbering after this setence.

1. An electronic device comprising:
a first transmission line composed of a first signal line transmitting a given high frequency wave signal and a first ground;
a second transmission line composed of a second signal line transmitting the high frequency wave signal and a second ground; and
a ground-coupling portion coupling the first ground and the second ground,
a phase difference between the high frequency wave signals at both ends of the ground-coupling portion being substantially integral multiple of 180 degrees.
2. The electronic device as claimed in claim 1, wherein the phase difference is 180 degrees plus or minus 5 degrees.
3. The electronic device as claimed in claim 1, wherein the first transmission line or the second transmission line is a micro strip line having a dielectric layer between a signal line and a ground.
4. The electronic device as claimed in claim 1, wherein:
the first signal line and the second signal line are provided on a dielectric layer;
the ground-coupling portion couples the first ground and the second ground; and
at least a part of the ground-coupling portion goes through on the dielectric layer.
5. The electronic device as claimed in claim 1, wherein at least one of the first transmission line and the second transmission line is composed of a ground layer and a signal line provided on a semiconductor chip.
6. The electronic device as claimed in claim 1, wherein the first ground and the second ground are coupled to each other through a resistor in parallel with the ground-coupling portion.
7. The electronic device as claimed in claim 1, wherein the first transmission line or the second transmission line is a coplanar line composed of a signal line on a dielectric layer and grounds at both sides of the signal line.
8. The electronic device as claimed in claim 1, wherein the first signal line and the second signal line are coupled to each other through a signal-coupling portion having a third signal line, a first wire and a second wire,
the first wire-coupling the first signal line and the third signal line,
the second wire-coupling the second signal line and the third signal line.
9. The electronic device as claimed in claim 8, wherein impedance of the signal-coupling portion is defined so that a characteristic impedance of the first transmission line matches with a characteristic impedance of the second transmission line.