Author: claimsbot

1. A conductive element comprising a metal core and a coating, wherein the coating comprises at least one layer of aluminum, an aluminum alloy, an aluminide, silicon, a silicon alloy, a silicide, and combinations thereof, and wherein the at least one layer has a predetermined thickness.
2. The conductive element according to claim 1, wherein the metal core comprises a metal that is selected from the group consisting of niobium, tungsten, molybdenum, combinations thereof, and alloys thereof.
3. The conductive element according to claim 1, wherein the aluminide comprises an aluminide of at least one of chromium, titanium, niobium, zirconium, hafnium, iron, tin, yttrium, combinations thereof, and alloys thereof.
4. The conductive element according to claim 3, wherein the aluminide is a titanium aluminide.
5. The conductive element according to claim 3, wherein the aluminide is a niobium aluminide.
6. The conductive element according to claim 1, wherein the aluminide layer is formed from a layer of an aluminum coating on the metal core.
7. The conductive element according to claim 1, wherein the aluminide layer has been formed from a layer of an aluminum alloy coating on the metal core.
8. The conductive element according to claim 1, wherein the silicide comprises a silicide of at least one of aluminum, chromium, titanium, germanium, niobium, iron, hafnium, zirconium, combinations thereof, and alloys thereof.
9. The conductive element according to claim 8, wherein the silicide is niobium-chromium-titanium silicide.
10. The conductive element according to claim 8, wherein the silicide is niobium-chromium-titanium-iron silicide.
11. The conductive element according to claim 1, wherein the silicide layer has been formed from a layer of a silicon coating on the metal core.
12. The conductive element according to claim 1, wherein the silicide layer has been formed from a layer of a silicon alloy coating on the metal core.
13. The conductive element according to claim 1, wherein the predetermined thickness of the at least one layer is about 5 micrometers to about 500 micrometers.
14. The conductive element according to claim 13, wherein the predetermined thickness of the at least one layer is about 30 micrometers to about 300 micrometers.
15. The conductive element according to claim 14, wherein the predetermined thickness of the at least one layer is about 50 micrometers to about 150 micrometers.
16. A structure comprising:
a sealed envelope that is transparent or translucent;
at least two electrode tips disposed within the sealed envelope; and
at least two conductive feedthroughs, each of which is coupled to one of the at least two electrode tips, comprising a metal core and a coating, wherein the coating comprises at least one layer of aluminum, an aluminum alloy, an aluminide, silicon, a silicon alloy, a silicide, and combinations thereof, and wherein the at least one layer has a predetermined thickness.
17. The structure according to claim 16, wherein the sealed envelope comprises a material selected from the group consisting of quartz, polycrystalline alumina, micro grain polycrystalline alumina, yttria, yttrium aluminum garnet, and ytterbium aluminum garnet.
18. The structure according to claim 16, wherein the at least two electrode tips comprises molybdenum.
19. The structure according to claim 16, wherein the at least two electrode tips comprises tungsten.
20. The structure according to claim 16 further comprising a dosing substance disposed within the sealed envelope.
21. The structure according to claim 20, wherein the dosing substance comprises a luminous gas.
22. The structure according to claim 16, wherein the metal core comprises a metal selected from the group consisting of niobium, tungsten, molybdenum, combinations thereof, and alloys thereof
23. The structure according to claim 16, wherein the aluminide comprises an aluminide of at least one of chromium, titanium, niobium, zirconium, hafnium, iron, tin, yttrium, combinations thereof, and alloys thereof.
24. The structure according to claim 23, wherein the aluminide is a titanium aluminide.
25. The structure according to claim 23, wherein the aluminide is a niobium aluminide.
26. The structure according to claim 16, wherein the aluminide layer has been formed from a layer of an aluminum coating on the metal core.
27. The structure according to claim 16, wherein the aluminide layer has been formed from a layer of an aluminum alloy coating on the metal core.
28. The structure according to claim 16, wherein the silicide comprises a silicide of at least one of aluminum, chromium, titanium, germanium, niobium, iron, hafnium, zirconium, combinations thereof, and alloys thereof.
29. The structure according to claim 28, wherein the silicide is niobium-chromium-titanium silicide.
30. The structure according to claim 28, wherein the silicide is niobium-chromium-titanium-iron silicide.
31. The structure according to claim 16, wherein the silicide layer has been formed from a layer of a silicon coating on the metal core.
32. The structure according to claim 16, wherein the silicide layer has been formed from a layer of a silicon alloy coating on the metal core.
33. The structure according to claim 16, wherein the predetermined thickness of the at least one layer is about 5 micrometers to about 500 micrometers.
34. The structure according to claim 33, wherein the predetermined thickness of the at least one layer is about 30 micrometers to about 300 micrometers.
35. The structure according to claim 34, wherein the predetermined thickness of the at least one layer is about 50 micrometers to about 150 micrometers.
36. The structure according to claim 16, wherein the structure is a high intensity discharge lamp.
37. The structure according to claim 16, wherein the structure is a ceramic metal halide lamp.
38. The structure according to claim 16, wherein the structure is a high-pressure sodium lamp.
39. The structure according to claim 16, wherein the structure is an automotive lamp.
40. The structure according to claim 16, wherein the sealed envelope and the conductive feedthrough are exposed to air.
41. A method of making a conductive element, the method comprising:
providing a metal core;
providing a coating material comprising at least one of aluminum and silicon, and combinations thereof;
depositing the coating material on the metal core to form a coated metal core; and
heating the coated metal core to a predetermined temperature in an inert atmosphere to form at least one layer of aluminum, an aluminum alloy, an aluminide, silicon, a silicon alloy, a silicide, and combinations thereof.
42. The method according to claim 41, wherein the coating material further comprises at least one of chromium, titanium, germanium, niobium, iron, tin, yttrium, and combinations thereof, and alloys thereof.
43. The method according to claim 41, wherein the metal core comprises a metal that from a group consisting of niobium, tungsten, molybdenum, combinations thereof, and alloys thereof.
44. The method according to claim 41, wherein the depositing comprises a method selected from the group consisting of chemical vapor deposition, physical vapor deposition, slurry coating, spray coating, pack cementation, and combinations thereof.
45. The method according to claim 41, wherein the predetermined temperature is in a range from about 100\xb0 C. to about 1500\xb0 C.
46. The method according to claim 41, wherein the inert atmosphere comprises argon, helium, neon, krypton, xenon, and combinations thereof.
47. A method of making a conductive feedthrough for a lamp, the method comprising:
providing a niobium alloy core;
providing at least one precursor of a coating material in a slurry;
depositing the slurry on the niobium alloy core such that the niobium alloy core is covered by the slurry; and
heating the niobium alloy core covered by the slurry at a predetermined temperature in an inert atmosphere for a predetermined period of time to form a coating on the niobium alloy core.
48. The method according to claim 47, wherein the at least one precursor of a coating material comprises a metal elemental powder.
49. The method according to claim 47, wherein the metal elemental powder comprises at least one of aluminum, chromium, silicon, titanium, germanium, niobium, iron, tin, and yttrium.
50. The method according to claim 47, wherein the coating material comprises at least one alloy precursor.
51. The method according to claim 47, wherein the metal precursor comprises at least one of aluminum, chromium, silicon, titanium, germanium, niobium, iron, tin, and yttrium, combinations thereof, alloys thereof.
52. The method according to claim 47, wherein the slurry is formed by mixing the at least one precursor with a medium.
53. The method according to claim 52, wherein the medium comprises at least one of acid, alcohol, water, and combinations thereof.
54. The method according to claim 47, wherein the method further comprises adding a binder to the slurry.
55. The method according to claim 54, wherein the binder is magnesium oxide.
56. The method according to claim 47, wherein the depositing comprises immersing the metal core in the slurry for a time in a range from about 30 seconds to 1 hour.
57. The method according to claim 47, wherein the heating is carried out in a vacuum heating furnace.
58. The method according to claim 47, wherein the predetermined temperature is in a range from about 100\xb0 C. to about 1500\xb0 C.
59. The method according to claim 47, wherein the predetermined period of time is in a range from about 30 minutes to about 5 hours.
60. The method according to claim 59, wherein the predetermined period of time is in a range from about 1 hour to about 3 hours.
61. The method according to claim 47, wherein the inert atmosphere comprises argon, helium, neon, krypton, xenon, and combinations thereof.
62. An article of manufacture comprising the conductive element of claim 1.
63. The article of manufacture according to claim 62, wherein the article of manufacture is selected from a group consisting of lamps, electric motors, sensors, and thermocouples.

The claims below are in addition to those above.
All refrences to claim(s) which appear below refer to the numbering after this setence.

1. A method for characterizing a retinal parameter as a function of polar angle \u03b8, the method comprising the steps of:
determining a first interval of polar angles bounded by a first polar angle and a second polar angle wherein, at each polar angle within the first interval, the value of a first measurement parameter function is less than the value of a reference parameter function;
calculating a first integral comprising an integral of the reference parameter function over the first interval;
calculating a second integral comprising an integral of the first measurement parameter function over the first interval; and
calculating a first characterization value based at least in part on the first integral and the second integral.
2. The method of claim 1, wherein the step of calculating a first characterization value comprises the step of:
calculating a first ratio comprising the ratio of the second integral to the first integral.
3. The method of claim 2, further comprising the step of:
diagnosing the health of an eye based at least in part on the first ratio.
4. The method of claim 2, further comprising the steps of:
comparing the first ratio to a threshold value; and
performing user-defined ophthalmological diagnostics if the first ratio is less than the threshold.
5. The method of claim 1, wherein:
the step of calculating a first integral comprises the step of calculating:
A
L

=
\u222b

\u03b8
1
\u03b8
2
\u2062
L
\u2061

(
\u03b8
)
\u2062

\u2146
\u03b8
,
wherein \u03b81 is the first polar angle, \u03b82 is the second polar angle, and L(\u03b8) is the reference parameter function; and
the step of calculating a second integral comprises the step of calculating:
A
M

=
\u222b

\u03b8
1
\u03b8
2
\u2062
M
\u2061

(
\u03b8
)
\u2062

\u2146
\u03b8
,
wherein M(\u03b8) is the first measurement parameter function.
6. The method of claim 5, further comprising the step of:
calculating a first ratio D=AMAL.
7. The method of claim 1, wherein the retinal parameter comprises a retinal thickness.
8. The method of claim 1, wherein the first measurement parameter function is generated from a three-dimensional optical coherence tomography volume dataset.
9. The method of claim 1, wherein the reference parameter function represents a p-th percentile value of a reference population.
10. The method of claim 1, wherein the first measurement parameter function is generated from values of the retinal parameter at each measurement locus in a set of measurement loci along a circle.
11. The method of claim 1, wherein the first measurement parameter function is generated from values of the retinal parameter in a neighborhood about each measurement locus in a set of measurement loci along a circle.
12. The method of claim 1, wherein the first measurement parameter function is based at least in part on values of the retinal parameter at a first time.
13. The method of claim 12, further comprising the steps of:
receiving a second measurement parameter function based at least in part on values of the retinal parameter at a second time;
determining a second interval of polar angles bounded by a third polar angle and a fourth polar angle wherein, at each polar angle within the second interval, the value of the second measurement parameter function is less than the value of the reference parameter function;
calculating a third integral comprising an integral of the reference parameter function over the second interval;
calculating a fourth integral comprising an integral of the second measurement parameter function over the second interval; and
calculating a second characterization value based at least in part on the third integral and the fourth integral.
14. The method of claim 13, wherein the step of calculating a second characterization value comprises the step of:
calculating a second ratio comprising the ratio of the fourth integral to the third integral.
15. The method of claim 13, further comprising the step of:
diagnosing the health of an eye based at least in part on at least one of:
the first polar angle;
the second polar angle;
the third polar angle;
the fourth polar angle;
the first characterization value; and
the second characterization value.
16. An apparatus for characterizing a retinal parameter as a function of polar angle \u03b8, the apparatus comprising:
means for determining a first interval of polar angles bounded by a first polar angle and a second polar angle wherein, at each polar angle within the first interval, the value of a first measurement parameter function is less than the value of a reference parameter function;
means for calculating a first integral comprising an integral of the reference parameter function over the first interval;
means for calculating a second integral comprising an integral of the first measurement parameter function over the first interval; and
means for calculating a first characterization value based at least in part on the first integral and the second integral.
17. The apparatus of claim 16, wherein the means for calculating a first characterization value comprises:
means for calculating a first ratio comprising the ratio of the second integral to the first integral.
18. The apparatus of claim 16, wherein:
the means for calculating a first integral comprises means for calculating:
A
L

=
\u222b

\u03b8
1
\u03b8
2
\u2062
L
\u2061

(
\u03b8
)
\u2062

\u2146
\u03b8
,
wherein \u03b81 is the first polar angle, \u03b82 is the second polar angle, and L(\u03b8) is the reference parameter function; and
the means for calculating a second integral comprises means for calculating:
A
M

=
\u222b

\u03b8
1
\u03b8
2
\u2062
M
\u2061

(
\u03b8
)
\u2062

\u2146
\u03b8
,
wherein M(\u03b8) is the first measurement parameter function.
19. The apparatus of claim 18, wherein the means for calculating a first characterization value based at least in part on the first integral and the second integral comprises:
means for calculating a first ratio D=AMAL.
20. The apparatus of claim 16, further comprising:
means for generating the first measurement parameter function from values of the retinal parameter at each measurement locus in a set of measurement loci along a circle.
21. The apparatus of claim 16, further comprising:
means for generating the first measurement parameter function from values of the retinal parameter in a neighborhood about each measurement locus in a set of measurement loci along a circle.
22. The apparatus of claim 16, wherein the first measurement parameter function is based at least in part on values of the retinal parameter at a first time.
23. The apparatus of claim 22, further comprising:
means for receiving a second measurement parameter function based at least in part on values of the retinal parameter at a second time;
means for determining a second interval of polar angles bounded by a third polar angle and a fourth polar angle wherein, at each polar angle within the second interval, the value of the second measurement parameter function is less than the value of the reference parameter function;
means for calculating a third integral comprising an integral of the reference parameter function over the second interval;
means for calculating a fourth integral comprising an integral of the second measurement parameter function over the second interval; and
means for calculating a second characterization value based at least in part on the third integral and the fourth integral.
24. The apparatus of claim 23, wherein the means for calculating a second characterization value comprises:
means for calculating a second ratio comprising the ratio of the fourth integral to the third integral.
25. A non-transitory computer readable medium storing computer program instructions for characterizing a retinal parameter as a function of polar angle \u03b8, the computer program instructions defining the steps of:
determining a first interval of polar angles bounded by a first polar angle and a second polar angle wherein, at each polar angle within the first interval, the value of a first measurement parameter function is less than the value of a reference parameter function;
calculating a first integral comprising an integral of the reference parameter function over the first interval;
calculating a second integral comprising an integral of the first measurement parameter function over the first interval; and
calculating a first characterization value based at least in part on the first integral and the second integral.
26. The non-transitory computer readable medium of claim 25, wherein the computer program instructions for calculating a first characterization value comprise computer program instructions defining the step of:
calculating a first ratio comprising the ratio of the second integral to the first integral.
27. The non-transitory computer readable medium of claim 25, wherein:
the computer program instructions defining the step of calculating a first integral comprise computer program instructions defining the step of calculating:
A
L

=
\u222b

\u03b8
1
\u03b8
2
\u2062
L
\u2061

(
\u03b8
)
\u2062

\u2146
\u03b8
,
wherein \u03b81 is the first polar angle, \u03b82 is the second polar angle, and L(\u03b8) is the reference parameter function; and
the computer program instructions defining the step of calculating a second integral comprise computer program instructions defining the step of calculating:
A
M

=
\u222b

\u03b8
1
\u03b8
2
\u2062
M
\u2061

(
\u03b8
)
\u2062

\u2146
\u03b8
,
wherein M(\u03b8) is the first measurement parameter function.
28. The non-transitory computer readable medium of claim 27, wherein the computer program instructions for characterizing a retinal parameter as a function of polar angle \u03b8 further comprise computer program instructions defining the step of:
calculating a first ratio D=AMAL.
29. The non-transitory computer readable medium of claim 27, wherein the first measurement parameter function is based at least in part on values of the retinal parameter at a first time.
30. The non-transitory computer readable medium of claim 29, wherein the computer program instructions for characterizing a retinal parameter as a function of polar angle \u03b8 further comprise computer instructions defining the steps of:
receiving a second measurement parameter function based at least in part on values of the retinal parameter at a second time;
determining a second interval of polar angles bounded by a third polar angle and a fourth polar angle wherein, at each polar angle within the second interval, the value of the second measurement parameter function is less than the value of the reference parameter function;
calculating a third integral comprising an integral of the reference parameter function over the second interval;
calculating a fourth integral comprising an integral of the second measurement parameter function over the second interval; and
calculating a second characterization value based at least in part on the third integral and the fourth integral.
31. The non-transitory computer readable medium of claim 30, wherein the computer program instructions defining the step of calculating a second characterization value comprise computer program instructions defining the step of:
calculating a second ratio comprising the ratio of the fourth integral to the third integral.

What is claimed is:

1. A gas decompression device which decompresses gas to be supplied to a fuel cell in fuel cell system, the gas decompression device comprising:
a body which includes an inlet, an outlet, and an internal space;
a diaphragm which divides the internal space into a measuring room and a back pressure room;
a valve seat which is provided for the measuring room and arranged between the inlet and the outlet;
a valve body which is provided for the valve seat and interlocked with the diaphragm;
working pressure supply means which supplies working pressure to the back pressure room;
a pressure control spring which urges the diaphragm in a direction to make the valve body separate from the valve seat;
working pressure adjust means which adjusts working pressure to be supplied to the back pressure room;
gas flow rate detect means which detects flow rate of gas from the outlet or a value corresponding to the flow rate; and
control means which controls the working pressure adjust means so as to adjust the working pressure depending on the flow rate or the value corresponding to flow rate detected by the gas flow rate detect means,
wherein
the diaphragm is displaced in a direction to make the valve body come close to the valve seat when gas pressure works on the measuring room side of the diaphragm,
the diaphragm is displaced in a direction to make the valve body separate from the valve seat when working pressure works on the back pressure room side of the diaphragm, and
gas flowing in the measuring room through the inlet and out from the outlet is decompressed by such that collaboration of at least the diaphragm and the pressure control spring makes the valve body move with reference to the valve seat.
2. The gas decompression device according to claim 1, wherein the working pressure supply means includes a compressor for compressing air and an air path for supplying working pressure, namely, air compressed by the compressor, to the back pressure room.
3. The gas decompression device according to claim 2, wherein the working pressure adjust means includes a pressure switch valve and the pressure switch valve switches states between a pressure supply state for supplying air pressure to the back pressure room and an air release state for releasing air pressure to the back pressure room.
4. The gas decompression device according to claim 3, wherein the control means is an electronic control unit for controlling the pressure switch valve.
5. A gas decompression device which decompresses gas to be supplied to a fuel cell in fuel cell system, the gas decompression device comprising:
a body which includes an inlet, an outlet, and an internal space;
a diaphragm which divides the internal space into a measuring room and a back pressure room;
a valve seat which is provided for the measuring room and arranged between the inlet and the outlet;
a valve body which is provided for the valve seat and interlocked with the diaphragm;
a compressor which compresses air;
an air path which supplies working pressure derived from air compressed by the compressor;
a pressure control spring which urges the diaphragm in a direction to make the valve body separate from the valve seat;
a pressure switch valve which is arranged on the air path so as to adjust working pressure to be supplied to the back pressure room and switches states between a pressure supply state for supplying air pressure to the back pressure room and an air release state for releasing air pressure to the back pressure room;
a flow rate sensor which detects flow rate of gas from the outlet; and
an electronic control unit which controls the pressure switch valve so as to adjust the working pressure depending on detected gas flow rate,
wherein
the diaphragm is displaced in a direction to make the valve body come close to the valve seat when gas pressure works on the measuring room side of the diaphragm,
the diaphragm is displaced in a direction to make the valve body separate from the valve seat when working pressure works on the back pressure room side of the diaphragm, and
gas flowing in the measuring room through the inlet and out from the outlet is decompressed by such that collaboration of at least the diaphragm and the pressure control spring makes the valve body move with reference to the valve seat.
6. The gas decompression device according to claim 5, wherein the electronic control unit reads a gas flow rate value detected by the flow rate sensor after start-up of the fuel cell system, calculates a conducting value of the pressure switch valve basing on the gas flow rate value read, and controls the pressure control value basing on the conducting value calculated.
7. The gas decompression device according to claim 6, wherein the electronic control unit calculates the conducting value basing on the gas flow rate value detected by referring to predetermined map data which sets relation of optimum conducting values for respective gas flow rate values.
8. The gas decompression device according to claim 7, wherein the electronic control unit controls the pressure switch valve’s switching states between the pressure supply state and the air release state in a manner of duty control, and the conducting value is a duty value directed to the duty control.
9. The gas decompression device according to claim 1, wherein gas flow rate detect means is a flow rate sensor which detects flow rate of gas to be supplied to the fuel cell.
10. The gas decompression device according to claim 1 further comprising stop detect means which detects a stop of the fuel cell system, wherein the control means controls the working pressure adjust means so as to lower the working pressure to atmospheric pressure level when a stop of the fuel cell system is detected by the stop detect means.
11. The gas decompression device according to claim 1 further comprising an ignition switch which detects a stop of the fuel cell system, wherein the electronic control unit controls the pressure switch valve to switch to the air release state so as to lower the working pressure to atmospheric pressure level when a stop of the fuel cell system is detected by the ignition switch.

The claims below are in addition to those above.
All refrences to claim(s) which appear below refer to the numbering after this setence.

1. An insurance enabled hybrid game, comprising:
a real world engine constructed to provide a randomly generated payout of real world credits from a wager in a gambling game;
an entertainment software engine constructed to execute an entertainment game providing outcomes based upon skillful execution of the entertainment game to earn a payout of game world credits; and
a game world engine constructed to manage the entertainment software engine and communicate gameplay gambling event occurrences based upon skillful execution of the entertainment game that trigger a wager in the gambling game to the gambling game;
wherein the insurance enabled hybrid game utilizes an insurance module constructed to:
activate an insurance proposition associated with an insurance trigger event in accordance with an insurance activation rule to generate at least one insurance relationship between an insurance safeguard that can be applied in response to a negative outcome of a challenge in exchange for an insurance fee, where an insurance relationship can be applied in a player’s insurance enabled hybrid game gameplay session in accordance with an insurance proposition rule, and where a challenge is a gameplay event dependent upon player action and the negative outcome is an outcome of the challenge defined by the insurance safeguard;
collect an insurance fee from a player profile accessible during execution of the entertainment game in accordance with the insurance proposition rule; and
apply an insurance safeguard associated with the collected insurance fee in accordance with the insurance proposition rule by altering insurance enabled hybrid game gameplay in response a negative outcome of a challenge detected by the insurance module that mitigates the negative outcome.
2. The insurance enabled hybrid game of claim 1, wherein the insurance module monitors insurance enabled hybrid game gameplay using the insurance activation rule for the insurance trigger event.
3. The insurance enabled hybrid game of claim 1, wherein an insurance database is used to store information accessible to the insurance module selected from the group consisting of: insurance trigger events, insurance relationships and insurance proposition rules.
4. The insurance enabled hybrid game of claim 1, wherein the insurance proposition generates at least one insurance relationship by retrieving at least one insurance relationship from an insurance database utilizing metadata that identifies an insurance trigger event.
5. The insurance enabled hybrid game of claim 1, wherein the insurance proposition rule requires receipt of an acceptance of an insurance relationship from a user interface associated with the player in order to collect the insurance fee from the player profile.
6. The insurance enabled hybrid game of claim 1, wherein the insurance proposition rule requires collection of the insurance fee from the player profile in order to apply the insurance safeguard.
7. The insurance enabled hybrid game of claim 1, wherein an insurance trigger event is a configuration of gameplay resources present in an insurance enabled hybrid game gameplay session associated with a player selected from the group consisting of: real world credits, game world credits and elements, where elements are a limited resource consumed within the entertainment game to advance entertainment game gameplay.
8. The insurance enabled hybrid game of claim 1, wherein the insurance fee includes an amount of gameplay resources selected from the group consisting of: real world credits, game world credits and elements, where elements are a limited resource consumed within the entertainment game to advance entertainment game gameplay.
9. The insurance enabled hybrid game of claim 1, wherein the insurance safeguard is a payout of gameplay resources to a player, where the gameplay resources are selected from the group consisting of: real world credits, game world credits and elements, where elements are a limited resource consumed within the entertainment game to advance entertainment game gameplay.
10. The insurance enabled hybrid game of claim 1, wherein the insurance safeguard rolls back entertainment game gameplay progression to a point prior to the outcome of the challenge.
11. The insurance enabled hybrid game of claim 10, wherein the insurance safeguard rolls back entertainment game gameplay progression by recording game state data that can be utilized to recreate an entertainment game at a point prior to the outcome of the challenge and restarting the entertainment game configured with the game state data to recreate entertainment game gameplay at the point prior to the outcome of the challenge.
12. The insurance enabled hybrid game of claim 1, wherein the insurance safeguard advances a player in the entertainment game to a point beyond the challenge.
13. The insurance enabled hybrid game of claim 12, wherein the insurance safeguard advances a player to a point beyond the challenge by storing game state data that can be utilized to execute an entertainment game at a point past the outcome of the challenge and restarting the entertainment game configured with the game state data to recreate entertainment game gameplay at the point past the challenge.
14. The insurance enabled hybrid game of claim 1, wherein a player of an insurance enabled hybrid game is an electronic representation of interactions associated with a player profile of the insurance enabled hybrid game.
15. The insurance enabled hybrid game of claim 1, wherein the insurance module is constructed to execute when utilized by the game world engine.
16. The insurance enabled hybrid game of claim 1, wherein the insurance module is constructed to execute on an insurance server and communicate with the game world engine via a network.
17. The insurance enabled hybrid game of claim 1, wherein the insurance module is constructed to execute when utilized by the entertainment software engine.
18. The insurance enabled hybrid game of claim 1, wherein the insurance module is constructed to execute on an insurance server and communicate with the entertainment software engine via a network.
19. A method of operating an insurance enabled hybrid game, the method comprising:
activating an insurance proposition associated with an insurance trigger event in accordance with an insurance activation rule to generate at least one insurance relationship between an insurance safeguard that can be applied in response to a negative outcome of a challenge in exchange for an insurance fee, where an insurance relationship can be applied in a player’s insurance enabled hybrid game gameplay session in accordance with an insurance proposition rule using an insurance module utilized by the insurance enabled hybrid game, where a challenge is a gameplay event dependent upon player action and the negative outcome is an outcome of the challenge defined by the insurance safeguard and wherein the insurance enabled hybrid game comprises:
a game world engine constructed to manage an entertainment software engine and communicate gameplay gambling event occurrences based upon skillful execution of an entertainment game that trigger at least one wager in a gambling game to a gambling game executed by a real world engine;
an entertainment software engine constructed to execute an entertainment game providing outcomes based upon skillful execution of the entertainment game to earn a payout of game world credits; and
a real world engine constructed to provide a randomly generated payout of real world credits from a wager in a gambling game;

collecting an insurance fee from a player profile accessible during execution of the entertainment game in accordance with the insurance proposition rule using the insurance module; and
applying an insurance safeguard associated with the collected insurance fee in accordance with the insurance proposition rule by altering insurance enabled hybrid game gameplay in response a negative outcome of a challenge detected by the insurance module that mitigates the negative outcome.
20. A non-transitory machine readable medium containing processor instructions, where execution of the instructions by a processor causes the processor to perform a process comprising:
activating an insurance proposition associated with detection of an insurance trigger event to generate at least one insurance relationship between an insurance safeguard that is applied in response to detection of a negative outcome from a challenge in exchange for an insurance fee of real world credits, where:
a challenge is a gameplay event within an entertainment game in which outcomes are based upon skillful execution of the entertainment game and the challenge is dependent upon player action within the entertainment game; and
a negative outcome describes an outcome of the challenge defined by the insurance safeguard;

collecting an insurance fee from a player profile accessible during execution of the entertainment game; and
applying an insurance safeguard associated with the collected insurance fee by altering gameplay in response a negative outcome of a challenge that mitigates the negative outcome, machine readable medium containing processor instructions, where execution of the instructions by a processor causes the processor to perform a process comprising:
activating an insurance proposition associated with detection of an insurance trigger event to generate at least one insurance relationship between an insurance safeguard that is applied in response to detection of a negative outcome from a challenge in exchange for an insurance fee of real world credits, where:
a challenge is a gameplay event within an entertainment game in which outcomes are based upon skillful execution of the entertainment game and the challenge is dependent upon player action within the entertainment game; and
a negative outcome describes an outcome of the challenge defined by the insurance safeguard;

collecting an insurance fee from a player profile accessible during execution of the entertainment game; and

applying an insurance safeguard associated with the collected insurance fee by altering gameplay in response a negative outcome of a challenge that mitigates the negative outcome.